Symphypleona

Symphypleona
	Allacma fusca from forest near Cologne, Germany
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Collembola
Order:	Symphypleona
Superfamilies
	Dicyrtomoidea; Katiannoidea; Sminthuroidea; Sminthurididoidea; Sturmioidea
Synonyms
	Neopleona

The order Symphypleona, also known as the globular springtails, is one of the three main groups of springtails (Collembola), tiny hexapods related to insects. When the springtails were still believed to be an order of insects, the Symphypleona were ranked as a suborder.

They can be best distinguished from the other springtail groups by their body shape. The Symphypleona are very round animals, almost spherical, and usually have long antennae. The Poduromorpha, by contrast, always have short legs and a plump body, but more oval in shape than the Symphypleona. The Entomobryomorpha are the slimmest springtails, some with long and some with short legs and antennae, but always with a very slender body.

Systematics

The Symphypleona order was previously suggested to also contain family Neelidae, as a very apomorphic relative in the Sminthuridae superfamily.^{[citation needed]} Phylogenetic studies however suggest Neelidae to be the only family of Neelipleona order.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Families

*Sminthurus nigromaculatus* Sminthuridae

The following is a list of the families within Symphypleona, grouped by superfamily. It includes extinct families known only from fossil remains.

Superfamily Sminthuridoidea

Family Mackenziellidae
Family Sminthurididae

Superfamily Katiannoidea

Family Katiannidae
Family Spinothecidae
Family Arrhopalitidae
Family Collophoridae

Superfamily Sturmioidea

Family Sturmiidae

Superfamily Sminthuroidea

Family Sminthuridae
Family Bourletiellidae

Superfamily Dicyrtomoidea

Family Dicyrtomidae

References

^ Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun & Luan, Yun-Xia (2008): Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Hexapods Reconstructed from Nearly Complete 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences. Zool. Sci. 25(11): 1139-1145. doi:10.2108/zsj.25.1139 PMID 19267625 (HTML abstract)
^ Xiong, Y; Gao, Y; Yin, W; Luan, Y (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Collembola inferred from ribosomal RNA genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (3): 728–735. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.007. ISSN 1055-7903.
^ Leo, Chiara; Carapelli, Antonio; Cicconardi, Francesco; Frati, Francesco; Nardi, Francesco (2019). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Collembola: Phylogeny, Dating and Gene Order". Diversity. 11 (9): 169. doi:10.3390/d11090169. hdl:11365/1079696. ISSN 1424-2818.
^ Sun, Xin; Ding, Yinhuan; Orr, Michael C.; Zhang, Feng (2020). "Streamlining universal single‐copy orthologue and ultraconserved element design: A case study in Collembola". Molecular Ecology Resources. 20 (3). doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13146. ISSN 1755-098X.

External links

Media related to Symphypleona at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun & Luan, Yun-Xia (2008): Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Hexapods Reconstructed from Nearly Complete 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences. Zool. Sci. 25(11): 1139-1145. doi:10.2108/zsj.25.1139 PMID 19267625 (HTML abstract)

[XiongGao2008-2] Xiong, Y; Gao, Y; Yin, W; Luan, Y (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Collembola inferred from ribosomal RNA genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (3): 728–735. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.007. ISSN 1055-7903.

[LeoCarapelli2019-3] Leo, Chiara; Carapelli, Antonio; Cicconardi, Francesco; Frati, Francesco; Nardi, Francesco (2019). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Collembola: Phylogeny, Dating and Gene Order". Diversity. 11 (9): 169. doi:10.3390/d11090169. hdl:11365/1079696. ISSN 1424-2818.

[SunDing2020-4] Sun, Xin; Ding, Yinhuan; Orr, Michael C.; Zhang, Feng (2020). "Streamlining universal single‐copy orthologue and ultraconserved element design: A case study in Collembola". Molecular Ecology Resources. 20 (3). doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13146. ISSN 1755-098X.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]