Jump to content

Sibling abuse

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sibling abuse includes the physical, psychological, or sexual abuse of one sibling by another. More often than not, the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling.[1][2] Sibling abuse is the most common of family violence in the US, but the least reported.[3] As opposed to sibling rivalry, sibling abuse is characterized by the one-sided treatment of one sibling to another.[4]

Sibling abuse has been found to most commonly occur in dysfunctional families where abuse from parents is present. In the US, 40% of children have engaged in physical aggression towards a sibling, and as many as 85% of children have engaged in verbal abuse towards their sibling.[5]

Types and prevalence

[edit]

Physical abuse

[edit]

Sibling physical abuse is defined as a sibling deliberately causing violence to another sibling.[6] The abuse can be inflicted with shoving, hitting, slapping, kicking, biting, pinching, scratching, and hair-pulling. Sibling physical abuse is more common than peer bullying and other forms of family abuse, such as spousal or child abuse,[2] though for a multitude of reasons, it is very difficult to calculate exact prevalence rates. Even when sibling abuse is recognized it remains heavily under-reported, due to the lack of resources provided to families, such as child protective services and mandatory reporters.[7] Professional childcare providers have considerably different definitions of the term, and lack a system to track reports. Sibling physical abuse persists from childhood through adulthood, with prevalence rates varying across studies, though its intensity and frequency declines as the victim and/or perpetrator grow up.[2]

Sibling aggression is somewhat common even in families that could not be classified as pervasively abusive, with 37% of 498 children committing at least one act of serious abuse during the previous year; in abusive families, 100% of children committed at least one act of serious abuse.[8] In Pakistani immigrant families in the UK, siblings have the highest proportion of physical abuse compared to other family members, with 35% being done by siblings, compared to 33% by mothers and 19% by fathers.[9]

Several studies show that sisters are more likely to be victimized by brothers than vice versa.[10][11] Additionally, age is also a contributing factor to sibling abuse, where older siblings are more likely to abuse the younger siblings.[12]

Psychological abuse

[edit]

Psychological abuse among siblings is even more difficult to identify. Psychological abuse in siblings can be identified by both the frequency and intensity of harmful interaction.[6] These interactions can include ridicule to express contempt, as well as degradation towards the other's self-esteem. Adults, such as the parents or professional care providers have difficulty differentiating between psychological aggression and abuse because it is difficult to identify when the balance of power is not evenly distributed. Hence, the consequences of the aggression are not only injury, but also control or domination of one sibling over the other.[2]

Although it has been found to be the most prevalent type of abuse in sibling conflict, prevalence rates are difficult to calculate, due to the difficulty in differentiating aggression from abuse.[2] Whipple and Finton[13][who?] report that "Psychological maltreatment between siblings is one of the most common, yet often under-recognized forms of child abuse." Several researchers have found negative psychological, academic, and social consequences to be related to sibling aggression and abuse; however, causal inference requires more study.[2] One study found that adult sibling abuse survivors have much higher rates of emotional cutoff (34%) with brothers and sisters than what is evident in the general population (<6%).[14]

Sexual abuse

[edit]
Further information: Child-on-child sexual abuse

Sexual sibling abuse is defined as sexual behavior "that is not age appropriate, not transitory, and not motivated by developmentally appropriate curiosity."[6] To identify sexual abuse, there needs to be coercion and domination over one sibling.[15] Prevalence rates are also difficult to calculate for several reasons: victims often do not realize that they are suffering abuse, until they reach maturity and have a better understanding of the role they played during the encounters; they are afraid of reporting; and there is no consensus on a definition of sibling sexual abuse.[2]

As with other forms of abuse among siblings, there is a large lack of reporting in sibling sexual abuse, as parents either do not recognize it as being abuse or try to cover the abuse.[15] An increased risk of sibling sexual abuse may be found in a heightened sexual climate in a family, or in a rigidly, sexually repressed family environments.[6] Sexual abuse in siblings may have long-term affects on the victims. Many victims have been diagnosed with a variety of psychological problems.[16] Victims have been recorded to correlate pain and fear with sex, leading to long term issues with intimacy.[5]

Rudd and Herzberger report that brothers who committed incest were more likely to use force than fathers who commit incest (64% vs. 53%).[17] Similarly, Cyr and colleagues found that about 70% of sibling incest involved sexual penetration, substantially higher than other forms of incest.[18] Bass and colleagues write that "sibling incest occurs at a frequency that rivals and may even exceed other forms of incest," yet only 11% of studies into child sexual abuse examined sibling perpetrators.[19] Rayment and Owen report that "[in comparison of] the offending patterns of sibling offenders with other teenage sex offenders ... Sibling abusers admitted to more sexual offenses, had a higher recidivism rate, and a majority engaged in more intrusive sexual behaviour than other adolescent sex offenders. The sibling perpetrator has more access to the victim and exists within a structure of silence and guilt."[20] A survey of eight hundred college students reported by David Finkelhor in the Journal of Marriage and Family Counseling found that fifteen percent of females and ten percent of males had been sexually abused by an older sibling.[21]

Identification

[edit]

Sibling rivalry, competition, and disagreements are considered normal components of childhood and adolescence. To identify physical, psychological, and relational sibling abuse, practitioners and parents need to observe behavior and ask questions about the sibling's relationships that will help them understand if there are characteristics that differentiate aggression from abuse. Sexual sibling abuse requires additional considerations.[2] Victims may initially deny the existence of any type of abuse but this may be because they have not realized it yet. Different questions about the prevalence of types of aggression, frequency, the intention of harm, the magnitude of the aggression, and unidirectional dominance help assess the existence of abuse.[1][2] Regarding sexual abuse, individuals are less likely to openly talk about it, unlike other forms of abuse such as physical or psychological. For this reason, in addition to asking direct questions about sibling sexual abuse, practitioners and parents must look out for behaviors that may indicate the presence of sexual abuse. Another challenge comes when differentiating between sexual abuse and adequate sexual behavior.[1][2] The biggest difference relies on how incest happens with the consensus of both siblings while sexual abuse does not. A victim may not be aware that they did not consent because of innocence or lack of understanding of what was happening. The latter generally happens to children who are too young to understand sexual implications and boundaries.[citation needed]

Weihe suggests that four criteria should be used to determine if questionable behavior is rivalry or abusive. First, one must determine if the questionable behavior is age-appropriate, since children use different conflict-resolution tactics during various developmental stages. Second, one must determine if the behavior is an isolated incident or part of an enduring pattern: abuse is, by definition, a long-term pattern rather than occasional disagreements. Third, one must determine if there is an "aspect of victimization" to the behavior: rivalry tends to be incident-specific, reciprocal, and obvious to others, while abuse is characterized by secrecy and an imbalance of power. Fourth, one must determine the goal of the questionable behavior: the goal of abuse tends to be embarrassment or domination of the victim.[1]

Risk factors

[edit]

There are several important risk factors associated with sibling abuse.[22] They can be categorized into family system, parenting behavior, individual, and other risk factors.[22]

Family system

[edit]

This category of risk factors associated with sibling abuse looks at the family system as a whole. It includes negative and conflictual parent-child relationships,[16][22] parental hostility toward a child,[23][22] spousal abuse, partner conflict, marital conflict,[24][25][16][26][22] mother's marital dissatisfaction and negative emotional expressiveness,[27][22] maternal self-criticism,[28][29][30][22] financial stress,[31][32][22] low family cohesion, family disorganization and household chaos,[33][34][35][22] husband's losses of temper,[34][22] low maternal education,[36][22] and family triangulation.[37][38][39][22]

Parenting behavior

[edit]

This category of risk factors associated with sibling abuse examines the parenting behavior of adult caregivers. It includes parental differential treatment of children,[40][22] fathers favoring later-born sisters,[41][22] active and direct judgmental comparison,[42][22] parents labeling their children "bad-good" and "easy-difficult",[43][44][22] low parental involvement, particularly by fathers,[41][22] ineffective parenting,[45][22] inconsistent discipline,[46][22] coercive parenting,[47][22] maternal coercive, rejecting, and over-controlling behaviors,[34][48][22] parental abuse of children,[49][22] parent's use of violence to resolve parent-child conflict,[50][22] parental neglect and approval of aggression,[51][22] corporal punishment,[34][22] not providing supervision,[52][22] not intervening in sibling conflict,[53][22] not acknowledging child-voiced claims of maltreatment,[54][22] not reinforcing pro-social behaviors,[55][22] and restricting children's efforts to diversify interests and specialization.[56][22]

Individual

[edit]

This category of risk factors associated with sibling abuse considers individual traits of the offender child and the victim child. For offender children, known individual risk factors include lack of empathy for victims,[57][22] aggressive temperament,[58][22] lower or higher self-esteem than peers,[59][50][22] unmet personal needs for physical contact in emotion-deprived environments,[60][37][22] experience of victimization, including by siblings,[61][22] sibling caretaking of younger brothers and sisters,[62][63][22] and boredom.[64][22] For victim children, a known risk factor is psychological distress such as anger, depression, and anxiety from violence victimization by siblings (linked to re-victimization).[65][66][22]

Other risk factors

[edit]

Several other risk factors are associated with sibling abuse. One is birth order and age spacing. A study found that first-born children were more likely to be sibling abuse offenders.[67][22] Imitating an older sibling's aggressive behavior,[68][22] being given the task of sibling caretaking,[62][22] and close age spacing[69][70][22] were also found to be closely associated with sibling abuse.

Another risk factor is gender. The presence of a male child within the sibling group[36][16][71][72][22] and older brother-younger sister pairs[69][73][49][61][10][22] are associated with the occurrence of sibling abuse and being female[74][22] is associated with the experience of victimization by a sibling.

Sociocultural background also factors into sibling abuse. Some known sociocultural background risk factors include cultural practices such as primogeniture and patriarchy,[75][56][22] disability of a sibling,[59][76][22] family economic pressure,[32][22] excessive sibling caregiving,[63][22] and ethnic/cultural background in which sibling aggression is widely condoned.[77][22]

Parental alcoholism,[22] parental support of child aggression,[22] and social glorification of violence in the media[22] have also been associated with sibling abuse.

Potential effects

[edit]

The effects of sibling abuse closely parallel those of other forms of child abuse.[78] Potential effects of sibling abuse include difficulty separating pleasure from pain and fear from desire in a sexual relationship,[79] re-victimization in adulthood,[80] difficulty in developing and sustaining intimate relationships,[81] trouble negotiating boundaries, intimacy issues, and interdependency in relationships.[82]

It is possible that there may be significant problems following sibling abuse such as affect regulation and accompanying affect disorders, impulse control, somatization, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia nervosa, substance abuse issues, major depression and problems with socialization.[83] Siblings may exhibit internalizing or externalizing behaviors that can be disruptive to the family unit.[84] Such behaviors problems may escalate into other behavior problems such as aggression and delinquency.[85] Siblings that have been affected by sibling abuse may be more susceptible to developing conduct disorder and having more mental health distress caused by sibling abuse. Siblicide may be an effect of sibling abuse in which a sibling commits homicide against another sibling; typically seen as a male sibling entering life as an adult against a younger brother.[86]

Prevention

[edit]

Jonathan Caspi identified several prevention methods for children and families, educators and practitioners, researchers, and the culture at large in Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment (2012).[87] For children and families, pro-social skill development to increase social-emotional competencies with siblings[88][89][90][87] and parental training can be used to prevent sibling abuse.[87][91] For educators and practitioners, addressing sibling relationships in the curriculum can help prevent sibling abuse.[87][92] For researchers, giving attention to sibling relationships and developing prevention programs in collaboration with practitioners may create potential prevention methods for sibling abuse. For the culture at large, Caspi proposes not accepting sibling aggression as normal, public awareness and educational campaigns, and making sibling aggression visible.[87]

Treatment

[edit]

John V. Caffaro outlines clinical best practices for treatment of sibling abuse in Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults (2014). They include "extra precautions to ensure the victim's safety, such as locks on doors, increased adult supervision, and cooperation of parents, extended family members, and the community", "individual treatment for the victim and the offender, often with different clinicians possessing expertise in child abuse trauma", and "no conjoint sibling or family meetings with the offender until he or she has accepted full responsibility for the abuse and until the therapist is satisfied that the family can and will protect the victim from further abuse".[93]

Notable examples

[edit]

Cheyenne Brando, the daughter of the legendary actor Marlon Brando, confessed that her brother Christian seemed to be in love with her, and that he was jealous of her boyfriend Dag Drollet; that is why Christian killed him in 1990, according to Cheyenne. Christian stated during his trial that Cheyenne told him that Dag was abusive to her, and that he wanted to protect her, and that he never meant to kill Dag; it was a "terrible accident". Christian was sentenced to ten years in jail in 1991, and Cheyenne committed suicide in 1995. Cheyenne was abusive toward her two sisters, Maimiti and Raiatua, as well as towards Marlon Brando and Tarita, her parents, particularly her mother. Tarita Teriipaia wrote a book in 2005, which revealed Cheyenne terrorized her own family, as a result of her suffering from schizophrenia.[94]

The French serial killer Guy Georges physically abused his adoptive elder sisters when he was 14, nearly killing them.[95]

In 2013, the Australian actor Hugh Jackman opened up about the physical and verbal abuse by his older brother. He said the abuse helped his acting in Wolverine, and that when his brother apologized, Jackman felt released.[96][97][98][99]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d R., Wiehe, Vernon (1997). Sibling abuse : hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. ISBN 9780761910091. OCLC 811563767.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Caspi, Jonathan (2012). Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment. eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost): Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 9780826124159.
  3. ^ Greydanus, Donald E.; Greydanus-Rutgers, Suzanne M.; Merrick, Joav (2018-04-01). "Sibling abuse: a Cadmean victory for societal indifference!". International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 30 (2). doi:10.1515/ijamh-2016-0129. ISSN 2191-0278. PMID 27977402. S2CID 4702308. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  4. ^ Darlene Lancer (Feb 3, 2020). "Sibling Bullying and Abuse: The Hidden Epidemic". Psychology Today. Retrieved 26 July 2022. Often labeled rivalry and ignored, sibling bullying and abuse cause real trauma.
  5. ^ a b Morrill, Mandy; Bachman, Curt (2013). "Confronting the Gender Myth: An Exploration of Variance in Male Versus Female Experience With Sibling Abuse". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 28 (8): 1693–1708. doi:10.1177/0886260512468324. ISSN 0886-2605. PMID 23262823. S2CID 45717967. Archived from the original on 2024-06-01. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  6. ^ a b c d Kiselica, Mark S.; Morrill-Richards, Mandy (2007). "Sibling Maltreatment: The Forgotten Abuse". Journal of Counseling & Development. 85 (2): 148–160. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  7. ^ Stutey, Diane; Clemens, Elysia V. (2014). "Hidden Abuse Within the Home: Recognizing and Responding to Sibling Abuse". Professional School Counseling. 18 (1): 2156759X0001800. doi:10.1177/2156759X0001800119. ISSN 1096-2409. S2CID 219962584. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  8. ^ Hotaling, G. T., Straus, M. A., & Lincoln, A. J. (1990). Intrafamily violence and crime and violence outside the family. In M. A. Straus and R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical Violence in American Families (pp. 431–470). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books
  9. ^ "Disciplining, Chastisement and Physical Child Abuse: Perceptions and Attitudes of the British Pakistani Community" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-03-20. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
  10. ^ a b Graham-Bermann, S. A.; Cutler, S. E. (1994). "The Brother-Sister Questionnaire: Psychometric assessment and discrimination of well-functioning from dysfunctional relationships". Journal of Family Psychology. 8 (2): 224–238. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.8.2.224.
  11. ^ Finkelhor, D.; Baron, L. (1986). "Risk factors for child sexual abuse". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1 (1): 43–71. doi:10.1177/088626086001001004. S2CID 145646774.
  12. ^ Meyers, Amy (2017). "Lifting the veil: The lived experience of sibling abuse". Qualitative Social Work. 16 (3): 333–350. doi:10.1177/1473325015612143. ISSN 1473-3250. S2CID 146886153. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  13. ^ Whipple, E.; Finton, S. (1995). "Psychological maltreatment by siblings: An unrecognized form of abuse". Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 12 (2): 135–146. doi:10.1007/BF01876209. S2CID 144194464. Archived from the original on 2024-06-01. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  14. ^ Caffaro, John; Conn-Caffaro, Allison (2005-07-01). Treating sibling abuse families. Vol. 10. Archived from the original on 2024-06-01. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  15. ^ a b Kiselica, Mark (2007). "Sibling Maltreatment: The Forgotten Abuse". Journal of Counseling & Development. 85 (2): 148–160. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x – via EBSCO.
  16. ^ a b c d Hoffman, Kiecolt, & Edwards (2005). "Physical violence between siblings: a theoretical and empirical analysis". Journal of Family Issues. 2698): 185–200.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Rudd, J. M.; Herzberger, S. D. (1999). "Brother-sister incest/father-daughter incest: A comparison of characteristics and consequences". Child Abuse and Neglect. 23 (9): 915–928. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00058-7. PMID 10505905.
  18. ^ Cyr, M.; Wright, J.; McDuff, P.; Perron, A. (2002). "Intrafamilial sexual abuse: Brother-sister incest does not differ from father-daughter and stepfather-stepdaughter incest". Child Abuse and Neglect. 26 (9): 957–973. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00365-4. PMID 12433139.
  19. ^ Bass, L., Taylor, B., Kunutson-Martin, C. and Huenergardt, D. (2006) Making Sense of Abuse: Case Studies in Sibling Incest Archived 2024-06-01 at the Wayback Machine. Contemporary Family Therapy, Vol 28, no 1, pp 87-109
  20. ^ S. Rayment and N Owen. (1999) WORKING WITH INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES WHERE SIBLING INCEST HAS OCCURRED: THE DYNAMICS, DILEMMAS AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Archived 2009-12-22 at the Wayback Machine. A paper presented at the Children and Crime: Victims and Offenders Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology and held in Brisbane, 17–18 June 1999
  21. ^ Finkelhor, D (1978). "Psychological, cultural, and family factors in incest and family sexual abuse". Journal of Marriage and Family Counseling. 4 (4): 41–79. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1978.tb00539.x.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Caspi, Jonathan (2012). Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 14–19, 223–226.
  23. ^ Williams, Conger, & Blozis (2007). "The development of interpersonal aggression during adolescence: the importance of parents, siblings, and family economics". Child Development. 78(50 (5): 1526–1542. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01081.x. PMID 17883446.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Haj-Yahia & Dawud-Noursi (1998). "Predicting the use of different conflict tactics among Arab siblings in Israel: a study based on social learning theory". Journal of Family Violence. 13: 81–103. doi:10.1023/A:1022864801027. S2CID 37677091.
  25. ^ Hotaling, Straus, & Lincoln (Straus & Gelles Eds.) (1990). Intrafamily violence and crime and violence outside the family in Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. pp. 431–470.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Stocker & Youngblade (1999). "Marital conflict and parental hostility: links with children's sibling and peer relationships". Journal of Family Psychology. 13 (4): 598–609. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.13.4.598.
  27. ^ Stocker, Ahmed, & Stall (1997). "Marital satisfaction and maternal emotional expressiveness: links with children's sibling relationships". Social Development. 6 (3): 373–385. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00112.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Garcia, Shaw, Winslow, & Yaggi (2000). "Destructive sibling conflict and the development of conduct problems in young boys". Developmental Psychology. 36 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.44. PMID 10645743.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ MacKinnon-Lewis, Starnes, Volling & Johnson (1997). "Perceptions of parenting as predictors of boys' sibling and peer relations". Developmental Psychology. 33 (6): 1024–1031. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1024. PMID 9383624. S2CID 13286268.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Volling & Belsky (1992). "The contribution of mother-child and father-child relationships to the quality of sibling interaction: a longitudinal study". Child Development. 63 (5): 1209–1222. doi:10.2307/1131528. JSTOR 1131528. PMID 1446550.
  31. ^ Hardy (2001). "Physical aggression and sexual behavior among siblings: a retrospective study". Journal of Family Violence. 16 (3): 255–268. doi:10.1023/A:1011186215874. S2CID 19966643.
  32. ^ a b Williams, Conger, & Blozis (2007). "The development of interpersonal aggression during adolescence: the importance of parents, siblings, and family economics". Child Development. 78 (5): 1526–1542. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01081.x. PMID 17883446.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Brody, Stoneman, & McCoy (1994). "Forecasting sibling relationships in early adolescence from child temperaments and family processes in middle childhood". Child Development. 65 (3): 771–784. doi:10.2307/1131417. JSTOR 1131417. PMID 8045166.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ a b c d Eriksen & Jensen (2006). "All in the family? Family environment factors in sibling violence". Journal of Family Violence. 21 (8): 497–507. doi:10.1007/s10896-006-9048-9. S2CID 34382270.
  35. ^ Kretschmer & Pike (2009). "Young children's sibling relationship quality: distal and proximal correlates". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 50 (5): 581–589. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02016.x. PMID 19236529.
  36. ^ a b Ensor, Marks, Jacobs, & Hughes (2010). "Trajectories of antisocial behaviour towards siblings predict antisocial behaviour towards peers". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 51 (11): 1208–1216. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02276.x. PMID 20584100. S2CID 31755375.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ a b Haskins (2003). "Treating sibling incest using a family systems approach". Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 25 (4): 337–350. doi:10.17744/mehc.25.4.r0vm1whayctmlmww.
  38. ^ Kerig (1995). "Triangles in the family circle: effects of family structure on marriage, parenting, and child adjustment". Journal of Family Psychology. 9 (1): 28–43. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.9.1.28.
  39. ^ Kiselica & Morrill-Richards (2007). "Sibling maltreatment: the forgotten abuse". Journal of Counseling & Development. 85 (2): 148–160. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x. S2CID 144831012.
  40. ^ Dunn (Pillimer & McCartney Eds.) (1991). The developmental importance of differences in siblings experiences within the family in Parent-child relations throughout life.
  41. ^ a b Updegraff, Thayer, Whiteman, Denning, & McHale (2005). "Relational aggression in adolescents' sibling relationships: links to sibling and parent-adolescent relationship quality". Family Relations. 54 (3): 373–385. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2005.00324.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Feinberg & Hetherington (2001). "Differential parenting as a within-family variable". Journal of Family Psychology. 15 (1): 22–37. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.22. PMID 11322082.
  43. ^ Schachter (1985). "Sibling deidentification in the clinic: devil v. angel". Family Process. 24 (3): 415–427. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00415.x. PMID 4043356.
  44. ^ Schachter & Stone (1995). "Difficult sibling, easy sibling: temperament and the within-family environment". Child Development. 56 (5): 1335–1344. doi:10.2307/1130248. JSTOR 1130248. S2CID 21744097.
  45. ^ Bank, Burraston, & Snyder (2004). "Sibling conflict and ineffective parenting as predictors of adolescent boys' antisocial behavior and peer difficulties: additive and interactional effects". Journal of Research on Adolescence. 14 (1): 99–125. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01401005.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Bank, Patterson, & Reid (Brody, Ed.) (1996). Negative sibling interaction patterns as predictors of later adjustment problems in adolescent and young adult males in Sibling relationships: their causes and consequences. pp. 197–229.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ Means-Burleson (2002). "Aggression: family and sibling correlates". Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(6-B): 3015.
  48. ^ Yu (2008). "Reexamining aggression and social affordance in sibling relationships: taking a closer look at neglected characteristics". Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 68(11-B): 7693.
  49. ^ a b Button & Gealt (2010). "High risk behaviors among victims of sibling violence". Journal of Family Violence. 25 (2): 131–140. doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9276-x. S2CID 25607443.
  50. ^ a b Graham-Burmann, Cutler, Litzenberger, & Schwartz (1994). "Perceived conflict and violence in childhood sibling relationships and later emotional adjustment". Journal of Family Psychology. 8 (1): 85–97. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.8.1.85.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ Rosenthal & Doherty (1984). "Serious sibling abuse by preschool children". Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry. 23 (2): 186–190. doi:10.1097/00004583-198403000-00010. PMID 6715740. S2CID 40834376.
  52. ^ Whipple & Finton (1995). "Psychological maltreatment by siblings: an unrecognized form of abuse". Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 12 (2): 135–146. doi:10.1007/BF01876209. S2CID 144194464.
  53. ^ Bennett (1990). "Nonintervention into siblings' fighting as a catalyst for learned helplessness". Psychological Reports. 66 (1): 139–145. doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.139. PMID 2183255. S2CID 27922535.
  54. ^ Wiehe (1997). Sibling abuse: hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma. Sage Publications.
  55. ^ Bryant & Crockenberg (1980). "Correlates and dimensions of prosocial behavior: a study of female siblings with their mothers". Child Development. 51 (2): 529–544. doi:10.2307/1129288. JSTOR 1129288. PMID 7398455.
  56. ^ a b Sulloway (1996). Born to rebel: birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: Pantheon Books.
  57. ^ Silverman (1999). "Sibling violence: its relation to childhood observation of caretaker violence and factors derived from the brother-sister questionnaire". Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(5-B): 2368.
  58. ^ Munn & Dunn (1988). "Temperament and the developing relationship between siblings". International Journal of Behavioral Development. 12 (4): 433–451. doi:10.1177/016502548901200402. S2CID 145592749.
  59. ^ a b Hanson, Henggeler, Harris, Cigrang, Schinkel, Rodrigue; et al. (1992). "Contributions of sibling relations to the adaptation of youths with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 60 (1): 104–112. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.1.104. PMID 1556272.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. ^ Bank & Kahn (1997). The sibling bond. Basic Books.
  61. ^ a b Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro (2005). "Treating sibling abuse families". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 10 (5): 604–623. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2004.12.001.
  62. ^ a b Baum (1998). "Correlates of sibling violence". Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(11-A): 4442.
  63. ^ a b Green (1984). "Child abuse by siblings". Child Abuse & Neglect. 8 (3): 311–317. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(84)90072-3. PMID 6541083.
  64. ^ Prochaska & Prochaska (1985). "Children's views of the causes and "cures" of sibling rivalry". Child Welfare. 64 (4): 427–433.
  65. ^ Cuevas, Finkelhor, Clifford, Ormrod, & Turner (2010). "Psychological distress as a risk factor for re-victimization in children". Child Abuse & Neglect. 34 (4): 235–243. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.004. PMID 20304492.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ Tuner, Finkelhor, & Ormrod (2010). "Poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 38 (3): 323–330. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.012. PMID 20171535.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ Martin & Ross (1995). "The development of aggression within sibling conflict". Early Education and Development. 6 (4): 335–358. doi:10.1207/s15566935eed0604_4.
  68. ^ Patterson (Block & Radke-Yarros Eds.) (1986). The contribution of siblings to training for fighting: a micro social analysis in Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: research, theories, and issues. New York: Academic Press. pp. 235–261.
  69. ^ a b Aguilar, O'Brien, August, Aoun, & Hektner (2001). "Relationship quality of aggressive children and their siblings: a multi-informant, multi-measure investigation". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 29 (6): 479–489. doi:10.1023/A:1012273024211. PMID 11761282. S2CID 27998639.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ Noland, Lille, McDermott, Coulter, & Seraphine (2004). "Is adolescent sibling violence a precursor to college dating violence?". American Journal of Health Behavior. 28 (1): S13–S23. doi:10.5993/ajhb.28.s1.3. PMID 15055568. S2CID 15568814.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  71. ^ Lockwood (2002). "Examination of siblings' aggression styles: do sisters show more relational aggression than brothers?". Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(5-B): 2621.
  72. ^ Randall (1992). "Adolescents may experience home, school abuse; their future draws researchers' concern". Journal of the American Medical Association. 267 (23): 3127–3128. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480230019004. PMID 1593722. S2CID 27719876.
  73. ^ Buhrmester & Furman (1990). "Perceptions of sibling relationships during middle childhood and adolescence". Child Development. 61 (5): 1387–1398. doi:10.2307/1130750. JSTOR 1130750. PMID 2245732.
  74. ^ Atwood (2001). "Gender bias in families and its clinical implication for women". Social Work. 46 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1093/sw/46.1.23. PMID 11217491.
  75. ^ Hoffman & Edwards (2004). "An integrated theoretical model of sibling violence and abuse". Journal of Family Violence. 19 (3): 185–200. doi:10.1023/B:JOFV.0000028078.71745.a2. S2CID 44771531.
  76. ^ Linares (2006). "An understudied form of intra-family violence: sibling-to-sibling aggression among foster children". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 11: 95–109. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2005.07.001.
  77. ^ Rapoza, Cook, Zaveri, & Malley-Morrison (2010). "Ethnic perspectives on sibling abuse in the United States". Journal of Family Issues. 31 (6): 808–829. doi:10.1177/0192513X09359158. S2CID 145708763.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  78. ^ Caffaro, John (2014). Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults. Routledge. pp. 78–84, 123–126.
  79. ^ Wiehe (1997). Sibling abuse: hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma. Sage Publications.
  80. ^ Briere & Runtz (1988). Post sexual abuse trauma in Lasting effects of child sexual abuse. pp. 85–99.
  81. ^ Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis, & Smith (1989). "Sexual abuse and its relationship to later sexual satisfaction, marital status, religion, and attitudes". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 4 (4): 279–399. doi:10.1177/088626089004004001. S2CID 144307047.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ Caffaro (2011). "Introduction to the special issue: siblings and groups". Group. 35 (4): 273–277. doi:10.1353/grp.2011.a844816. S2CID 247624658.
  83. ^ Putnam (2003). "Ten-year research update review: child sexual abuse". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 42 (3): 269–278. doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00006. PMID 12595779. S2CID 17567105.
  84. ^ Tremblay, Hébert, & Piché (1999). "Coping strategies and social support as mediators of consequences in child sexual abuse victims". Child Abuse & Neglect. 23 (9): 929–945. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00056-3. PMID 10505906.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  85. ^ Garcia, Monica M.; Shaw, Daniel S.; Winslow, Emily B.; Yaggi, Kirsten E. (2000). "Destructive sibling conflict and the development of conduct problems in young boys". Developmental Psychology. 36 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.44. ISSN 1939-0599. PMID 10645743. Archived from the original on 2024-06-01. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
  86. ^ Waid, Jeffrey D.; Tanana, Michael J.; Vanderloo, Mindy J.; Voit, Rachel; Kothari, Brianne H. (2020-08-07). "The role of siblings in the development of externalizing behaviors during childhood and adolescence: a scoping review". Journal of Family Social Work. 23 (4): 318–337. doi:10.1080/10522158.2020.1799893. ISSN 1052-2158. S2CID 222315218. Archived from the original on 2024-06-01. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
  87. ^ a b c d e Caspi, Jonathan (2012). Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 213–217.
  88. ^ Kennedy & Kramer (2008). "Improving emotion regulation and sibling relationship quality: The More Fun with Sisters and Brothers Program". Family Relations. 57 (5): 568–579. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00523.x.
  89. ^ Kramer & Radey (1997). "Improving sibling relationships among young children: a social skills training model". Family Relations. 46 (3): 237–246. doi:10.2307/585121. JSTOR 585121.
  90. ^ Tiedemann & Johnston (1992). "Evaluation of a parent training program to promote sharing between young siblings". Behavior Therapy. 23 (2): 299–318. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80387-9.
  91. ^ U.S. Surgeon General (2001). Youth violence: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
  92. ^ Caspi (Ed.) (2011). Sibling development: implications for mental health practitioners. New York: Springer Publishing.
  93. ^ Caffaro, John (2014). Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults. pp. 164–194.
  94. ^ "1990-2004: "Brando's Affair", Family drama and Death of Marlon. Part 1". 2013-02-20. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  95. ^ "guy_georges". grands.criminels.free.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
  96. ^ "Hugh Jackman: "My wife and my kids are the real centre of my world"". Archived from the original on 2012-12-07.
  97. ^ "Hugh Jackman : Fils abandonné et frère tyrannisé, il est devenu Wolverine !". www.purepeople.com. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  98. ^ Gilbey, Ryan (2011-10-06). "Hugh Jackman: 'What are ya – a poof?'". The Guardian.
  99. ^ "Bullied Jackman wanted to 'kill' brother". 2009-04-06. Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Wiehe, Vernon R. What Parents Need to Know About Sibling Abuse: Breaking the Cycle of Violence (2002)
  • Caffaro., J. & Conn-Caffaro, A. (1998). Sibling Abuse Trauma, NY: Routledge.
  • Caffaro, J.; Conn-Caffaro, A. (2005). "Treating Sibling Abuse Families". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 10 (5): 604–623. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2004.12.001.
  • Caffaro, J. (2013). Sibling abuse trauma. 2nd Edition. NY: Routledge.
  • Caspi, J. (2012). Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment. NY: Springer Publishing
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sibling_abuse&oldid=1255785647"