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Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic

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Further information: 2020-2021 Belarusian protests

Rada of the Belarusian
National Republic

Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі
Rada Bielaruskaj Narodnaj Respubliki
Coat of arms or logo
Coat of arms of the Belarusian Democratic Republic as used by the BNR Rada
Logo
Flag of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
Type
Type
Leadership
President
Ivonka Survilla
since 1997
Meeting place
Facilities of Belarusian diaspora in North America, Britain and other countries
Website
http://www.radabnr.org

The Rada of the Belarusian National Republic[1] (Belarusian: Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі, romanized: Rada Biełaruskaj Narodnaj Respubliki, Рада БНР, Rada BNR) was the governing body of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. Since 1919, the Rada BNR has been in exile where it has preserved its existence among the Belarusian diaspora[2] as an advocacy group promoting support to Belarusian independence and democracy in Belarus among Western policymakers.[3] As of 2024, the Rada BNR is the oldest existing government in exile.[4]

Formation

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The Belarusian national flag on the building of the Rada BNR in Minsk, 1918
Main article: Belarusian People's Republic

The Rada BNR was founded as the executive body of the First All-Belarusian Congress,[5] held in Minsk in December 1917 with over 1800 participants from different regions of Belarus including representatives of Belarusian national organisations, regional zemstva, main Christian denominations and Belarusian Jewish political parties. The work of the Congress was violently interrupted by the Bolsheviks.

After retreat of the Bolsheviks from Minsk, the Rada (council) declared itself supreme power in Belarus. After the Bolsheviks and the Germans had signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk the Rada declared independence of Belarus as the sovereign Belarusian Democratic Republic.

As of 25 March 1918 the Rada BNR had 77 members including:

  • 36 elected at the All-Belarusian Congress
  • 6 representatives of the Belarusian community of Vilnius
  • 15 representatives of ethnic minorities (Russian, Polish, Jewish)
  • 10 representatives of local authorities
  • 10 representatives of major cities

Germany did not give official recognition to Belarus and hindered the activities of the institutions of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. Nevertheless, the Rada managed to start organising its governing bodies in different parts of the country as well as working on establishing a national Belarusian army and a national education system.

The Rada established official diplomatic contacts with several states including Finland, the Ukrainian People's Republic, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic States, Turkey and others.

With the approach of Bolshevik armies to Minsk the Rada was forced to relocate to Vilnius, then to Hrodna and eventually, upon coordination with the Republic of Lithuania, to Kaunas.[6]

In exile

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1919–1947

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In April 1919, the Polish army seized Hrodna and Vilnius. Jozef Pilsudski issued the Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania stating that the new Polish administration would grant them cultural and political autonomy. The proclamation was welcomed by the Belarusian leadership, especially considering Soviet plans for the Sovietization of Belarus.[7] However, in later negotiations with the Belarusian leaders Pilsudski proposed to limit the Belarusian government's functions to purely cultural issues, which was rejected by the Belarusian prime minister Anton Luckievic. The government of Belarus managed to include a statement for minorities' rights in Poland in the resolutions of the Paris Peace Conference.[7]

The government of the Belarusian Democratic Republic protested the Polish military mobilization in the area of Vilnius, the Polish elections held there, and the annexation of the Augustów area to Poland. They also appealed to the League of Nations, Great Britain, France, the United States and other countries to recognize the independence of Belarus.[8]

In late 1920, the Belarusian government began negotiations anew with the Bolsheviks in Moscow and tried to persuade them to recognize the independence of Belarus and to release Belarusian political prisoners being held in Russian jails.[9] The negotiations were unsuccessful.

Celebration of an anniversary of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in the Belarusian Gymnasium of Vilnia, 1935.

On 11 November 1920, the Belarusian Democratic Republic signed a partnership treaty with the Republic of Lithuania to cooperate in liberating Belarusian and Lithuanian lands from Polish occupation.

After the establishment of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (Belarusian SSR) as part of the USSR, several members of the Rada laid down their mandates in 1925 and returned to Belarus. Officially the Rada BNR never recognized the Belarusian SSR. Most of the members of the Rada who returned to Belarus, including former Prime Minister Vaclau Lastouski, were later killed in the Soviet terror in Belarus in the 1930s.

From the beginning of the Second World War and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia the Rada cooperated with the Nazis in hopes to establish their own government.[10] On 28 June 1941 the president of the Belarusian People's Republic in exile, Vasil Zacharka telegraphed to Hitler, that he wishes him a quick and decisive victory over the Judeo-Bolshevik regime on all fronts.[11] When it became clear that the Germans were not ready to create a Belarusian government, and Belarusians were given the place of executors of the orders of the German leadership, Vasil Zacharka stopped cooperating with the Germans and began to sharply criticize them in his articles.[12] The Rada refused to recognize the puppet regime in German-occupied Belarus, the Belarusian Central Rada.[13] At the same time, members of the Rada, namely Vasil Zacharka and Larysa Hienijuš, issued a document to the Jewish family Wolfsohn, which they passed off as Orthodox Belarusians, although they were aware that they were Jews. Because of this, the Wolfsohn family was able to survive the Second World War.[14]

After the Second World War

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The advance of the Red Army in 1945 forced the Rada of the BNR to relocate to the Western part of Germany, occupied by British and American troops.

In February 1948, the Rada passed a special manifesto, by which it declared its return to activity. In April 1948 the Rada, together with representatives of the Belarusian post-war refugees, held a conference in Osterhofen, Bavaria.[15]

The primary activities of the Rada BNR in the West were lobbying and contacts with Western governments to ensure recognition of Belarus as a separate country. Together with other anti-Soviet organisations in the West, including governments in exile of Ukraine and the Baltic countries, the Rada protested against human rights violations in the Soviet Union. In the 1950s the Rada BNR enabled the creation of the Belarusian edition of Radio Free Europe. Members of the Rada organized support to Belarus following the Chernobyl accident of 1986.[16]

After dissolution of the USSR

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Ivonka Survilla, president of the Rada BNR as of May 2023

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, similar governments-in-exile of the neighboring countries (Lithuania, Poland and others) handed back their mandates to the corresponding independent governments.

Upon declaration of independence of the Republic of Belarus in 1990, interest in the Belarusian Democratic Republic increased in Belarusian society. The Belarusian Popular Front, which was the main pro-Perestroika anti-Communist opposition party, called for the restoration of an independent Belarus, in the form of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, starting in the late 1980s. In 1991, the Belarusian parliament adopted the state symbols of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, the Pahonia and the White-red-white flag, as state symbols of the Republic of Belarus.

In 1993, the government of the Republic of Belarus held official celebrations of the 75th anniversary of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in Minsk. Members of the Rada BNR took part in the celebrations along with the senior political leaders of the Republic of Belarus. It was stated then that the Rada was not ready to return its mandate to the Supreme Council of Belarus, which had originally been elected under Soviet rule. The Rada was prepared to hand its mandate to a freely elected Belarusian parliament;[16] however, these plans were cancelled after president Alexander Lukashenko, elected in 1994, established a return to Soviet policies in regards to Belarusian language and culture.[17]

The Rada BNR continued its activities aimed at promoting democracy and independence for Belarus in the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom and Estonia. In the 2010s, the President of the Rada regularly held meetings with western policymakers and makes official statements criticizing the human rights violations and continuing Russification in Belarus.[18][19] The Rada became a consolidating center for several exiled Belarusian opposition politicians.

"Freedom Day" celebration rally held by the Belarusian opposition in 2007.

Since the late 1980s, 25 March, the Independence Day of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, is widely celebrated by the Belarusian national democratic opposition as Freedom Day (Belarusian: Дзень волі). It is usually accompanied by mass opposition rallies in Minsk and by celebration events of the Belarusian diaspora organizations supporting the Belarusian government in exile.

During the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic expressed its support for the activities of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya and her office and declared her the "clear winner" of the 2020 presidential election.[20]

In June 2023, it became known that the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus (KGB) declared the Rada an extremist formation.[21]

Structure and functions

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The Rada was intended to be a provisional parliament which would perform its functions until a constitutional convention of Belarus was held. The Rada BNR formed a government consisting of its members.

As of 2017, the Rada sees itself as bearer of a symbolic mandate and as a guarantor of the independence of Belarus. The goal of the Rada is to transfer its mandate to a democratically elected Parliament of Belarus under the condition that no threat to the independence of Belarus should be present.[16]

The Rada is led by the President of the Rada BNR (Старшыня Рады БНР) and a Presidium (Executive council) consisting of 14 members.[22]

The Rada includes several Secretariates as working groups or individual secretaries responsible for specific areas, this include among others:[16]

  • Secretariate for External Affairs
  • Secretariate for Internal Affairs
  • Secretariate for Information
  • Secretariate for Education

The activity of the Rada BNR is regulated by the Provisional Constitution of the Belarusian People's Republic and the Statute of the Rada BNR.

Presidents of the Rada BNR

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Presidium

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The current (April 2024) presidium consists of:[23]

Awards and decorations of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic

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In 1949, the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in exile under President Mikola Abramchyk introduced a number of civic and military awards.[25] There has been a number of decorations in the 1950s.[25]

In 2016, the Rada of the BDR announced plans to renew the decorations.[26] In 2018, the Rada awarded 130 Belarusian activists and politicians, as well as a number of foreigners, with a newly created medal commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Belarusian Democratic Republic.

Image Name Creation Date Description


Order of the Pahonia
Ордэр Пагоні
September 1, 1949
 The highest state award of the Belarusian Democratic Republic


Order of the Iron Knight
Ордэр Жалезнага Рыцара
September 1, 1949
 A military decoration for soldiers and officers
Brown, red, green
Partisan Medal
Мэдаль Партызана
September 1, 1949
 A medal for the members of the Belarusian anti-Soviet partisan movement


Belarusian Democratic Republic 100th Jubilee Medal
Мэдаль да стагодзьдзя Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі
December 24, 2018
 A medal "for lifelong achievements in the fulfillment of the ideals of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, including research and the popularisation of Belarus, the strengthening of and achievement of the independence of Belarus, and the struggle for freedom and democracy in Belarus."


Military Virtue Medal
Мэдаль за баявыя заслугі
January 21, 2023
 A medal "for personal bravery shown in circumstances involving risk to life and the protection of freedom, independence and the democratic constitutional order of Belarus on the basis of the ideals of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, in particular, while conducting military and official duties, in battle and while conducting special tasks in the national interests of Belarus."

Notable members

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ as spelled on the Official website Archived 4 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Heart of darkness". The Economist. 13 March 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  3. ^ The BNR Rada as the oldest Belarusian democratic advocacy group - Official website of the Rada BNR, 16 July 2019
  4. ^ Hopper, Tristin (26 May 2021). "The world's oldest government-in-exile is in Ottawa". National Post. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  5. ^ "slounik.org: Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі". Slounik.org. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  6. ^ "Baltarusijos santykiai su Lietuva". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  7. ^ a b Жыве Беларусь Бібліятэка гістарычных артыкулаў. "А. Сідарэвіч. Абвяшчэнне Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі". Jivebelarus.net. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  8. ^ Свабода, Радыё (14 March 1943). "Імёны Свабоды: Васіль Захарка". Радыё Свабода. Svaboda.org. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  9. ^ "ВАСІЛЬ ЗАХАРКА. ПРЭЗІДЭНТ БЕЛАРУСКАЙ НАРОДНАЙ РЭСПУБЛІКІ". Zelva-bez.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ Leonid Rein: The kings and the pawns. Collaboration in Byelorussia during World War II. Berghahn Books, New York 2011, ISBN 9780857450432, p. 96.
  11. ^ John-Paul Himka, Joanna Beata Michlic: Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe. U of Nebraska Press, 2013, ISBN 9780803246478, p. 66
  12. ^ Гардзіенка А.: Беларуская Цэнтральная Рада (БЦР): стварэнне — дзейнасць — заняпад (1943-1995). / Мінск, 2016. — (БІНІМ; Бібліятэка Бацькаўшчыны). p. 39.
  13. ^ Энцыклапедыя гісторыі Беларусі / Рэдкал.: М. В. Біч i інш.; Прадм. М. Ткачова; Маст. Э. Э. Жакевіч. — Мн.: БелЭн, 1993. — Т. 1:А-Беліца. — 494 с. — 20 000 экз. — ISBN 5-85700-074-2. (белор.) p. 390.
  14. ^ Members of the BNR Rada saved Jews during World War II, historian says
  15. ^ "Максімюк, Я. Аднаўленьне Рады БНР пасьля Другой Сусьветнай вайны // Запісы = Zapisy. — 2001. — № 25. — С. 41 — 48". Belarus8.ytipod.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  16. ^ a b c d "Навошта нам Рада БНР: інтэрвію з членам Рады (пачатак)". Nn.by. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  17. ^ "The March 20, 2006 Memorandum of the BNR Rada". Radabnr.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  18. ^ Соўсь, Ганна (25 March 2013). "Шварцэнбэрг — Сурвіле: Візы тармозіць Менск". Радыё Свабода. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  19. ^ "Эстонія падтрымлівае беларускую апазыцыю". Радыё Свабода. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  20. ^ "LUKASHENKA HAS LOST THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 2020 – STATEMENT BY BNR RADA". Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  21. ^ "Раду БНР признали экстремистским формированием". reform.by [be] (in Russian). 7 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023. [be]&rft.atitle=Раду БНР признали экстремистским формированием&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=https://reform.by/radu-bnr-priznali-jekstremistkim-formirovaniem&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic" class="Z3988">
  22. ^ "Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі. Афіцыйны сайт - Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. Official website". Radabnr.org. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  23. ^ "Прэзыдыюм – Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі" [Presidium - the Council of the Belarusian People's Republic] (in Belarusian).
  24. ^ "EHU and Belarusian Americans discuss Belarusian identity issues – Home page". Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  25. ^ a b Jorš, Siarhiej (1999). "Узнагароды" [Awards]. Антысавецкія рухі ў Беларусі (1944-1956). Даведнік [Anti-Soviet movements in Belarus (1944-1956)] (in Belarusian). Minsk: Архіў Найноўшае Гісторыі. ISBN 985-6374-07-3. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  26. ^ "РАДА БНР АДНАЎЛЯЕ ЎЗНАГАРОДЫ – РЭЗАЛЮЦЫЯ СЭСІІ РАДЫ" [Rada of the BDR Renews Awards - Resolution of the Session of the Rada]. Official Rada of the BDR Facebook page (in Belarusian). 16 April 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
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