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Peter van de Kamp

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This article is about a Dutch astronomer. For the asteroid named for him, see 1965 van de Kamp.

Peter van de Kamp
Peter van de Kamp circa 1973
Born(1901-12-26)December 26, 1901
Kampen, Netherlands
DiedMay 18, 1995(1995-05-18) (aged 93)
Amsterdam, Netherlands
NationalityDutch
Alma materUniversity of Utrecht, University of California, Berkeley
Known forAstrometry
AwardsJanssen Prize
Scientific career
Fieldsastronomy
InstitutionsSproul Observatory, University of Amsterdam

Piet van de Kamp (December 26, 1901 – May 18, 1995), known as Peter van de Kamp in the United States, was a Dutch astronomer who lived in the United States most of his life. He was professor of astronomy at Swarthmore College and director of the college's Sproul Observatory from 1937 until 1972. He specialized in astrometry, studying parallax and proper motions of stars. He came to public attention in the 1960s when he announced that Barnard's star had a planetary system based on observed "wobbles" in its motion, but this is now known to be false.[1][2] On November 14, 2018, the Red Dots project announced that Barnard's star hosts an exoplanet at least 3.2 times as massive as Earth, though this does not match either of the planets he had claimed.[3] In 2021, even this planet's existence was questioned.[4]

Life

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Van de Kamp was the son of Lubbertus van de Kamp, who had an administrative job at a cigar factory, and Engelina C.A. van der Wal. His younger brother Jacob van de Kamp was also a successful scientist: an organic chemist, who spent most of his career in the United States.[5] Van de Kamp studied at the University of Utrecht and started his professional career at the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute in Groningen working with Pieter Johannes van Rhijn. In 1923 he left for the Leander McCormick Observatory at the University of Virginia for a year's residence supported by the Draper Fund of the National Academy of Sciences. There he assisted Samuel Alfred Mitchell with his extensive stellar parallax program and Harold Alden with the lengthy Boss star project.

The following year Van de Kamp went to the Lick Observatory in California as a Kellogg fellow. There he received his PhD from the University of California in Astronomy in June 1925. The next year he also received a PhD from the University of Groningen.[6] Van de Kamp returned to McCormick on October 1, 1925, to take up the position left vacant by Harold Alden, who had just taken up the directorship of the Yale University Observatory Southern Station in Johannesburg, South Africa. In the spring of 1937, Van de Kamp left McCormick Observatory to take over as director of Swarthmore College's Sproul Observatory. One of his early pupils in astrometry was Nancy Grace Roman, who went on to become NASA's first Chief of Astronomy.[7]

His work consisted of assisting with the parallax program and continuing the proper motion work that he and Alden had begun. Van de Kamp and Alexander N. Vyssotsky spent eight years measuring 18,000 proper motions. He did additional, smaller projects individually, including an investigation for general and selective absorption of light within the Milky Way.

Barnard's Star affair

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Main article: Barnard's Star § Previous planetary claims

While at Sproul Observatory, he made astrometric measurements of Barnard's Star and in the 1960s reported a periodic "wobble" in its motion, apparently due to planetary companions.[8] It was not until several decades had passed that a consensus had formed that this had been a spurious detection.[9][10][11] In 1973 astronomers George Gatewood of the Allegheny Observatory and Heinrich Eichhorn of the University of Florida, using data obtained with improved equipment on the 30-inch Thaw Refractor telescope, did not detect any planets but instead detected a change in the color-dependent image scale of the images obtained from the 24-inch refractor telescope at the Sproul Observatory used by Van de Kamp in his study.[12] Astronomer John L. Hershey found that this anomaly apparently occurred after each time the objective lens was removed, cleaned, and replaced. Hundreds more stars showed "wobbles" like Barnard's Star's when photographs before and after cleaning were compared – a virtual impossibility.[13] Wulff Heintz, Van de Kamp's successor at Swarthmore and an expert on double stars, questioned his findings and began publishing criticisms from 1976 onwards; the two are reported to have become estranged because of this.[1] Van de Kamp never admitted that his claim was in error and continued to publish papers about a planetary system around Barnard's Star into the 1980s,[14] while modern radial velocity curves place a limit on the planets much smaller than claimed by Van de Kamp.[2] A study in 2018 suggested that there was a planet orbiting Barnard's Star (Barnard's Star b), albeit of much lower mass than Van de Kamp could have detected;[3] however, the existence of this planet too was questioned in 2021.[4]

In August 2024, by using data from ESPRESSO spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope, the existence of an exoplanet with a minimum mass of 0.37±0.05 M🜨 and orbital period of 3.15 days was confirmed. This constituted the first convincing evidence for a planet orbiting Barnard's Star. Additionally, three other candidate low-mass planets were proposed in this study. All of these planets orbit closer to the star than the habitable zone.[15] However, the indicated masses of the planets are again far below those capable of detection by Van de Kamp.

From the 1940s on Van de Kamp and his staff made similar claims of planetary systems around the nearby stars Lalande 21185, 61 Cygni, and many others, based on the same flawed photographic plates.[16] All of these claims have been refuted.[17] However, with the recent discoveries of numerous planetary systems, the idea that planetary systems are common—of which throughout his life Van de Kamp was a strong promoter—is being gradually proven correct.

Music

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Van de Kamp was a talented musician, playing piano, viola, and violin, only forgoing a musical career in his youth because he considered this more difficult to achieve than a career in astronomy.[18] He helped to organize an orchestra in Charlottesville, which he conducted and included fellow astronomer Alexander Vyssotsky. He also composed music for orchestra as well as for piano. From 1944 to 1954 he was conductor of the Swarthmore College Symphony Orchestra. He combined his musical gifts with another hobby, movies, by playing silent films on Swarthmore campus and accompanying them on the piano.[6] At Swarthmore Van de Kamp performed with Peter Schickele, and made several films of Schickele's student performance, while on the occasion of his 70th birthday Schickele wrote a piano piece for him called The Easy Goin' P. v. d. K. Ever Lovin' Rag. Van de Kamp said that his fondest musical memory was playing chamber music with Albert Einstein, on the evening before the latter's commencement address at Swarthmore College in 1938.[6]

Later life and death

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In 1972 he retired from Swarthmore and returned to the Netherlands, where he became Fulbright Professor to the University of Amsterdam. He died in suburban Amsterdam May 18, 1995, at the age of 93.[18]

Awards and honors

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In 1965 he was awarded the Rittenhouse Medal by the Rittenhouse Astronomical Society. In 1982 he was awarded the Prix Jules Janssen by the Société Astronomique de France.[19] In 2009 a new observatory at Swarthmore College was named for him.[20] Asteroid 1965 van de Kamp is named after him.[21]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Kent, Bill (2001). "Barnard's Wobble" (PDF). Bulletin. Swarthmore College. Retrieved August 9, 2006.
  2. ^ a b Kurster, M.; et al. (2003). "The low-level radial velocity variability in Barnard's star (= GJ 699). Secular acceleration, indications for convective redshift, and planet mass limits". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 403 (3): 1077–1087. arXiv:astro-ph/0303528. Bibcode:2003A&A...403.1077K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030396. S2CID 16738100.
  3. ^ a b Washington Post: "Signs of a ‘super Earth’ discovered around a nearby star"
  4. ^ a b Lubin, Jack; Robertson, Paul; Stefansson, Gudmundur; Ninan, Joe; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Endl, Michael; Ford, Eric; Wright, Jason T.; Beard, Corey; Bender, Chad; Cochran, William D.; Diddams, Scott A.; Fredrick, Connor; Halverson, Samuel; Kanodia, Shubham; Metcalf, Andrew J.; Ramsey, Lawrence; Roy, Arpita; Schwab, Christian; Terrien, Ryan (2021), Stellar Activity Manifesting at a One Year Alias Explains Barnard b as a False Positive, arXiv:2105.07005
  5. ^ John M. Chemerda, Biographical Notice of Jacob van de Kamp (1904–1973)
  6. ^ a b c Laurence W. Fredrick, Peter van de Kamp (1901–1995), Publications of the Astronomical Socitiey of the Pacific 108:556–559, July 1996
  7. ^ Roman, Nancy G. (August 19, 1980). "Nancy G. Roman". www.aip.org (Interview). Interviewed by David DeVorkin. College Park, MD USA: Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics.
  8. ^ Van de Kamp, Peter (1969). "Alternate dynamical analysis of Barnard's star". Astronomical Journal. 74 (8): 757. Bibcode:1969AJ.....74..757V. doi:10.1086/110852.
  9. ^ George H. Bell: "The Search for the Extrasolar Planets: A Brief History of the Search, the Findings and the Future Implications"
  10. ^ "Astrobio.net: "The Barnard's Star Blunder"". Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2006.
  11. ^ Weblore.com: "Barnard’s Star and the Detection of Extrasolar Planets" Archived September 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Gatewood; Eichhorn, H. (October 1973). "An unsuccessful search for a planetary companion of Barnard's star BD 4°3561". The Astronomical Journal. 78: 769–776. Bibcode:1973AJ.....78..769G. doi:10.1086/111480.
  13. ^ John L. Hershey (June 1973). "Astrometric analysis of the field of AC 65 6955 from plates taken with the Sproul 24-inch refractor". Astronomical Journal. 78 (5): 421–425. Bibcode:1973AJ.....78..421H. doi:10.1086/111436.
  14. ^ Van de Kamp, Peter (1982). "The planetary system of Barnard's star". Vistas in Astronomy. 26 (2): 141–157. Bibcode:1982VA.....26..141V. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(82)95004-6.
  15. ^ "Scientists discover planet orbiting closest single star to our sun". phys.org. October 1, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
  16. ^ van de Kamp, P. & Lippincott, S. L. (April 1951). "Astrometric study of Lalande 21185". The Astronomical Journal. 56: 49–50. Bibcode:1951AJ.....56...49V. doi:10.1086/106503.
  17. ^ Gatewood, G. (January 1974). "An astrometric study of Lalande 21185". The Astronomical Journal. 79 (1): 52. Bibcode:1974AJ.....79...52G. doi:10.1086/111530.
  18. ^ a b Lippincott, Sarah Lee (December 1995). "Obituary: Peter van de Kamp, 1901–1995". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 27 (4): 1483–1484. Bibcode:1995BAAS...27.1483L.
  19. ^ "Peter van de Kamp has won the 1982 Prix Janssen of the Société Astronomique de France". Physics Today. 36 (6): 82. 1983. Bibcode:1983PhT....36f..82.. doi:10.1063/1.2915718.
  20. ^ Jeffrey Lott (July 2009). "New Peter van de Kamp Observatory Dedicated". Swarthmore College Bulletin. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  21. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1965) van de Kamp". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1965) van de Kamp. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 158. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1966. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
  • Schilling, G. (1985). "Peter van de Kamp and His "Lovely Barnard's Star". Astronomy. 13 (12): 26–28. Bibcode:1985Ast....13...26S.
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