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Otto Fönnekold

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Otto Fönnekold
Fönnekold as a Leutnant
Born(1920-02-15)15 February 1920
Hamburg
Died31 August 1944(1944-08-31) (aged 24)
Ssaß-Budak, Siebenbürgen
Cause of deathKilled in action
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
Years of service1939–1944
RankOberleutnant (first lieutenant)
UnitJG 52
Commands5./JG 52
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Otto Fönnekold (15 February 1920 – 31 August 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 136 aerial victories—that is, 136 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. All but three of his victories were claimed over the Soviet Air Forces in about 600 combat missions.

Born in Hamburg, Fönnekold was trained as a fighter pilot and posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52–52nd Fighter Wing) in late 1942. Fighting on the Eastern Front, he claimed his first aerial victory on 7 September 1942 during Case Blue, the German strategic 1942 summer offensive in southern Russia. On 12 January 1944, Fönnekold was credited with his 100th aerial victory and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 26 March 1944. In April 1944, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 5. Staffel (5th squadron) of JG 52. He was killed in action on 31 August 1944 by a strafing US North American P-51 Mustang at the airfield in Ssaß-Budak.

Career

[edit]

Fönnekold was born on 15 February 1920 in Hamburg of the Weimar Republic. Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to the 5. Staffel (5th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in the fall of 1942.[2] At the time, this squadron was officially commanded by Oberleutnant Siegfried Simsch who was on home leave recovering from wounds sustained on 29 May.[3] 5. Staffel was a squadron of II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 52 commanded by Hauptmann Johannes Steinhoff.[4]

War against the Soviet Union

[edit]
II./JG 52 insignia

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Germany had launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. A year later, German forces launched Operation Fridericus II, the attack on Kupiansk, a preliminary operation to Case Blue, the strategic 1942 summer offensive in southern Russia.[5] In August 1942, II. Gruppe was subordinated to VIII. Fliegerkorps and supported the 6th Army offensive to capture Stalingrad.[6] On 6 September, II. Gruppe reached an airfield named Gonschtakowka located north-northeast of Mozdok on the Terek in the Caucasus.[7]

Fönnekold claimed his first aerial victory on 7 September when he shot down a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter.[8] The Gruppe then moved to Maykop located in the North Caucasus on 21 September where, with the exception of 24 to 29 October, they were based until 26 November.[9] Operating from Maykop, Fönnekold claimed his second aerial victory, an Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft shot down on 6 October.[10] There, he claimed three further aerial victories over LaGG-3 fighters, one each on 29 October, 15 and 19 November.[11] On 19 November, Soviet forces launched Operation Uranus which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad. To support the German forces fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad forced the Luftwaffe to relocate its forces and ordered II. Gruppe to move from Maykop to Morozovsk, located approximately 200 kilometers (120 miles) west of Stalingrad, on 26 November.[12] There, Fönnekold claimed another LaGG-3 fighter shot down on 11 December before the Gruppe moved to Zimovniki the following day.[13]

On 17 December, II. Gruppe relocated again, this time to Kotelnikovo where they stayed until 26 December. Operating from Kotelnikovo, Fönnekold claimed a Lavochkin La-5 fighter shot down on 22 December and another on 25 December.[13] On 22 January 1943, II. Gruppe had to retreat further and moved to an airfield at Rostov-on-Don where Fönnekold shot down a LaGG-3 fighter on 30 January. On 7 February 1943, the Gruppe moved to Kuteinikowo near Stalino, present-day Donetsk, where Fönnekold claimed two Yakovlev Yak-1 the following day.[14]

Kuban bridgehead and Crimea

[edit]

The Gruppe was moved to the combat area of the Kuban bridgehead on 10 February 1943 where it was initially based at an airfield at Slavyansk-na-Kubani. Due to whether conditions, II. Gruppe then moved to Kerch on 16 February.[15] While based at Slavyansk-na-Kubani, Fönnekold claimed two Polikarpov I-16 fighters shot down on 14 February and a Polikarpov I-153 biplane fighter on 27 February.[16] On 13 March, the Gruppe moved to Anapa located on the northern coast of the Black Sea near the Sea of Azov and was fighting in the Battle of the Caucasus.[17]

Bf 109s of II./JG 52 at Anapa

On 8 May, Leutnant Helmut Haberda, who had led 5. Staffel since Simsch was injured in November 1942, was killed in action. In consequence Oberleutnant Wilhelm Batz was appointed Staffelkapitän (Squadron Leader) of the Staffel on 9 May.[18] That day, Fönnekold claimed a LaGG-3 fighter shot down.[19] By 31 May, he claimed ten further aerial victories, increasing his total to 28 aerial victories.[20] In June, Fönnekold added seven more claims, reaching 35 aerial victories.[21] While in July the bulk of the Luftwaffe fighter force was being concentrated further north and fought in the Battle of Kursk, II. Gruppe with some exceptions remained at Anapa. Here, Fönnekold claimed further aerial victories, reaching 39 claims by end of July and 49 claims by end of August.[22] Fönnekold was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 9 August and the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 16 August 1943.[23]

On 1 September, II. Gruppe was made complete again, reuniting with all three Staffeln at a makeshift airfield named Karlowka located approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) east of Poltava.[24] There, Fönnekold claimed four aerial victories total. On 6, 7 and 8 September he claimed an Il-2 ground-attack aircraft shot down, and on 10 September he was credited with the destruction of a Yak-1 fighter, taking his total to 53 claims.[25] On 1 October, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Nove Zaporizhzhya located approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) west of Zaporizhzhia. The Gruppe relocated to an airfield named Beresowka near the Inhulets, located approximately halfway between Kremenchuk and Kirovohrad. They remained at Beresowka until 25 October when the Gruppe moved to Fedorivka, a small village 17 kilometers (11 miles) north-northwest of Melitopol. Two days later, the Gruppe was ordered to Askania-Nova.[26] By the end of October 1943, Fönnekold's number of aerial victories claimed had increased to 65, making him the second most successful and still living fighter pilot in II. Gruppe at the time.[27] The Gruppe had moved to Kherson on 30 October and then transferred to Baherove on the Crimean peninsula where they were based until 19 March 1944.[28]

Based at Baherove, Fönnekold increased his number of aerial victories to 80 by end November and to 92 aerial victory claims by the end of 1943.[29] On 12 January 1944, Fönnekold claimed three aerial victories, including his 100th aerial victory in total.[30][Note 2] He was the 62nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[32] Fönnekold was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 26 March 1944.[33][34] On 8 April, Soviet forces launched the Crimean offensive, forcing the Germans to evacuate the Crimea. By this date, Fönnekold had accumulated 116 aerial victories.[35]

Squadron leader and death

[edit]

On 14 April 1944, II. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Chersonesus at Sevastopol where they were based until 9 May.[36] On 19 April, Fönnekold was appointed Staffelkapitän of 5. Staffel of JG 52 when its former commander, Batz, was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of III. Gruppe of JG 52.[37][18] The Gruppe was transferred to Huși at the Prut River on 27 May 1944.[38] There, on 30 May, Fönnekold became an "ace-in-a-day" when claimed seven Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters and a single Yak-1 fighter shot down near Tudora and Iași.[39] Included in this figure are three claims over P-39 fighters from 129 GvIAP (Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment—Gvardeyskiy Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk).[40] On 9 July, aerial combat with two Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters resulted in a forced landing of his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 163564—factory number) near Iași.[41]

On 29 August, III. Gruppe relocated to an airfield at Budak, present-day Budacu de Sus and part of Dumitrița.[42] Fönnekold claimed three United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) North American P-51 Mustang fighters shot down near Luieriu (Lövér) on 31 August.[43] Later that day, he was bounced during his landing approach at Ssaß-Budak by P-51 fighters. One of the .50 caliber projectiles penetrated his heart while taxiing his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 441931) "black 9".[44][45] He was succeeded by Heinrich Sturm as commander of 5. Staffel.[46] Fönnekold was buried on the cemetery at Ssaß-Budak.[42] Posthumously, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant).[47]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Fönnekold was credited with 136 aerial victories.[48] Spick also lists Fönnekold with 136 aerial victories claimed in approximately 600 combat missions.[49] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 134 confirmed and three unconfirmed aerial victories. All these victories were claimed on the Eastern Front.[50]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 54512". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[51]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Fönnekold an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Fönnekold did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Barbas, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[52]
Eastern Front — September 1942 – 3 February 1943
1 7 September 1942 09:27 LaGG-3 PQ 54512[53] 6 11 December 1942 12:45 LaGG-3 PQ 49381[54]
25 km (16 mi) south of Basargino
2 6 October 1942 12:35 Il-2 PQ 96733[55]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Tuapse 		7 22 December 1942 11:32 La-5 PQ 49712[56]
65 km (40 mi) south-southeast of Stalingrad
3 29 October 1942 15:40 LaGG-3 PQ 95873[57]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Lazarevskoye 		8 25 December 1942 11:22 La-5 PQ 49773[56]
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Aksal
4 15 November 1942 08:50 LaGG-3 PQ 94194[58] 9 30 January 1943 14:52 LaGG-3 PQ 06391[56]
5 19 November 1942 12:50 LaGG-3 PQ 94634[58]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[59]
Eastern Front — 4 February – 31 December 1943
10 8 February 1943 09:35 Yak-1 PQ 44 Ost 09333[60] 52 8 September 1943 05:27 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 60521[61]
20 km (12 mi) west of Andreyevka
11 8 February 1943 09:50 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 99664[60]
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Rovenki 		53 10 September 1943 12:33 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 50283[61]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Merefa
12 14 February 1943 11:00 I-16 PQ 34 Ost 7526[60] 54 12 October 1943 07:40 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 49173[62]
55 km (34 mi) east-northeast of Mironovka
13 14 February 1943 11:03 I-16 PQ 34 Ost 75232[60]
north of Krymsk 		55 15 October 1943 05:50 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 10123[62]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi
14 27 February 1943 06:02 I-153 PQ 34 Ost 85344[63]
vicinity of Aberbijewka 		56 15 October 1943 05:58 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 10121[62]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi
15 6 May 1943 05:38 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 75293, 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of Neberdschajewskaja[64]
northeast of Novorossiysk 		57 19 October 1943 11:07 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 39424[62]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Mironovka
16 6 May 1943 11:30 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 85153[64]
vicinity of Abinsk 		58 20 October 1943 10:10 Pe-2 PQ 34 Ost 39181, north of Petrowka[62]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Alexandrija
17 6 May 1943 12:05 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 76894[64]
vicinity of Kijewakoje 		59 20 October 1943 12:55 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 39332, north of Krasnaja-Fedorowka[65]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Mironovka
18 9 May 1943 16:10 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 86754[66]
east of Trojzkaja 		60 20 October 1943 12:57 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 39412[65]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Mironovka
19 15 May 1943 18:40 Yak-1 southwest of Kabardinka[66] 61 20 October 1943 12:58 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 39284[65]
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Mironovka
20 19 May 1943 07:20?[Note 4] LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85313[66]
southeast of Schapssugskaja 		62 21 October 1943 06:50 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 39631[65]
20 km (12 mi) east of Pjatichatki
21 21 May 1943 04:23 R-5 PQ 34 Ost 96771[66]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Krasnodar 		63 21 October 1943 14:45 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 39674[65]
vicinity of Piatykhatky
22 21 May 1943 15:42 U-2 PQ 34 Ost 96784[66]
20 km (12 mi) east of Krasnodar 		64 25 October 1943 12:28 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 57151[65]
5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Melitopol
23 21 May 1943 15:46 U-2 PQ 34 Ost 96774[66]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Krasnodar 		65 28 October 1943 14:38 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 47154[65]
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Ivanovka
24 28 May 1943 10:38 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 76893, southeast of Kijewskoje[66]
south of Bakanskij 		66 2 November 1943 14:40 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66734, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Eltigen[65]
25 29 May 1943 04:37 LaGG-3 north of Krymskaja[67]
north of Krymsk 		67 3 November 1943 11:20 R-5 PQ 34 Ost 66644[65]
east of Bakssy
26 29 May 1943 18:30 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 76894[67]
vicinity of Kijewakoje 		68 4 November 1943 12:37 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66644[65]
east of Bakssy
27 30 May 1943 15:36 B-25 PQ 34 Ost 76861[67]
north of Kessjetowa 		69 5 November 1943 10:24 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66842[68]
southwest of Tamanj
28 31 May 1943 05:25 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 86772[67]
south of Trojzkaja 		70 5 November 1943 10:37 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen[68]
vicinity of Tobetschik
29 1 June 1943 08:48 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 76861[67]
Sea of Azov 		71 6 November 1943 09:03 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66671, east of Kerch[68]
east of Kerch
30 6 June 1943 05:03 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 75231, northwest of Krymskaja[67]
northwest of Krymsk 		72 6 November 1943 06:06 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66644[68]
east of Bakssy
31 7 June 1943 15:21?[Note 5] P-39 PQ 34 Ost 76822[67]
west of Kalabatka 		73 12 November 1943 10:27?[Note 6] Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66641, northwest of Bakssy[68]
east of Bulganak
32 7 June 1943 15:25?[Note 7] P-39 PQ 34 Ost 76812[67]
vicinity of Kalabatka 		74 14 November 1943 14:03 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66643, Kolonka[68]
east of Bakssy
33 10 June 1943 14:42 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75473[70]
Black Sea, 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Novorossiysk 		75 21 November 1943 13:00 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66562, south of Bulganag[68]
vicinity of Babtschik
34 15 June 1943 17:07 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 85373, south of Gelendzhik[70]
vicinity of Gelendzhik 		76 27 November 1943 08:39 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen[71]
vicinity of Tobetschik
35 25 June 1943 04:37?[Note 8] Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 85371[70]
vicinity of Gelendzhik 		77 27 November 1943 08:56 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66641, northwest of Bakssz[71]
east of Bulganak
36 21 July 1943 04:32 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 88261[70]
vicinity of Jalisawehino 		78 28 November 1943 08:42 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66863[71]
vicinity of Kamysch-Burun
37 23 July 1943 17:40?[Note 9] LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 88424[72]
20 km (12 mi) south of Jalisawehino 		79 28 November 1943 08:50 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen[71]
vicinity of Tobetschik
38 25 July 1943 07:44 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 98173[72]
40 km (25 mi) southwest of Rovenki 		80 28 November 1943 11:40 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66813, west of Taman[71]
over sea, vicinity of Cape Tusla
39 31 July 1943 06:14 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 88232[72]
30 km (19 mi) west-southwest of Rovenki 		81 1 December 1943 07:22 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen[71]
vicinity of Tobetschik
40 2 August 1943 18:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 88621, northeast of Marinowka[72]
vicinity of Jalisawehino 		82 1 December 1943 13:45 Pe-2 north of Eltigen[71]
41 7 August 1943 07:38 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 75233, Kijewskoje[73]
west of Krymsk 		83 2 December 1943 14:20 LaGG-3 east of Eltigen[71]
42 7 August 1943 07:45 Spitfire PQ 34 Ost 76892, northeast of Kijewskoje[73]
vicinity of Kijewskoje 		84 2 December 1943 14:26 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] southeast of Eltigen[71]
43 7 August 1943 17:25 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 75261, Krymskaja[73]
north of Nowo-Bakanskaja 		85 4 December 1943 07:08 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] east of Eltigen[71]
44 9 August 1943 08:17 Spitfire PQ 34 Ost 75234, 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Moldawanskoje[73]
vicinity of Krymsk 		86 4 December 1943 07:17 LaGG-3 south-southwest of Eltigen[71]
45 9 August 1943 08:22 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75292, 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Nebershajewskaja[73]
northeast of Noworossijsi 		87 4 December 1943 11:02 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] southeast of Eltigen[71]
46 9 August 1943 08:25 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 75261, 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Moldawanskoje[73]
north of Nowo-Bakanskaja 		88 4 December 1943 11:12 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] southwest of Eltigen[74]
47 26 August 1943 15:42 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 76863, northwest of Kijewskoje[75]
north of Kessjetowa 		89 5 December 1943 13:20 P-39 southwest of Eltigen[74]
48 26 August 1943 15:47 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85114, north of Abinskaja[75]
vicinity of Mertschanskaja 		90 8 December 1943 13:53 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] south of Kolonka[74]
49 31 August 1943 12:14 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 88671[75]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Taganrog 		91 8 December 1943 13:59 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 66671, east of Kerch[74]
50 6 September 1943 10:02 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 60174[61]
vicinity west of Merefa 		92 11 December 1943 09:11 Yak-1 east of Eltigen[74]
north of Taman
51 7 September 1943 09:19 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 60522[61]
20 km (12 mi) west of Andreyevka
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[76]
Eastern Front — 1 January – 31 August 1944
93 4 January 1944 06:43 Il-2 Cape Khroni[30] 116 23 March 1944 07:03 unknown Cape Khroni[77]
94 9 January 1944 12:01 P-39 Adzhimushkay[30] 117♠ 30 May 1944 10:35 P-39 vicinity of Iași[39]
vicinity of Sulani
95 9 January 1944 14:40 LaGG-3 PQ 66614[30]
vicinity of Majak-Bakny 		118♠ 30 May 1944 11:05 P-39 PQ 78642[39]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Tudora
96 10 January 1944 09:45 Il-2 vicinity of Bulganak[30] 119♠ 30 May 1944 13:50 P-39 vicinity of Iași[39]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Iași
97 10 January 1944 11:50 Yak-1 vicinity of Grammatikowo[30] 120♠ 30 May 1944 14:08 P-39 vicinity of Huși[39]
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Iași
98 11 January 1944 13:32 LaGG-3 Adzhimushkay[30] 121♠ 30 May 1944 14:12 P-39 vicinity of Iași[39]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Iași
99 12 January 1944 06:50 Boston PQ 66611[30]
vicinity of Cape Khroni 		122♠ 30 May 1944 14:41 P-39 PQ 78671[39]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Iași
100 12 January 1944 13:46 P-39 Cape Tarchan[30] 123?[Note 10] 30 May 1944 17:51 Yak-1 vicinity of Huși[39]
101 12 January 1944 14:06 Il-2 PQ 66614[30]
vicinity of Majak-Bakny 		124♠ 30 May 1944 17:52 P-39 PQ 78644[39]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Tudora
102 13 January 1944 07:26 Yak-1 Adzhimushkay[30] 125 31 May 1944 04:12 Yak-1 PQ 78674[39]
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Iași
103 17 January 1944 10:40 P-39 Cape Tarchan[30] 126 31 May 1944 12:45 P-39 PQ 78673[39]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Iași
104 19 January 1944 12:10 Il-2 PQ 66642[30]
Majak 		127 2 June 1944 09:03 Boston PQ 78634[79]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Iași
105 23 January 1944 06:47 Il-2 PQ 66652[30]
Malikut 		128 2 June 1944 13:50 Il-2 PQ 78732[79]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Iași
106 25 January 1944 12:37 Boston PQ 66673[80]
Kossa Tulsa 		129 27 June 1944 04:48?[Note 11] Yak-7 PQ 7924[79]
107 28 January 1944 12:07 Yak-1 north of Kerch[80] 130 4 August 1944 11:20 Il-2 PQ 11595[79]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Mielec
108 28 January 1944 15:01 Il-2 vicinity of Kerch[80] 131 5 August 1944 11:05 P-39 PQ 11644[79]
vicinity of Mielec
109 5 February 1944 06:26 P-39 vicinity of Kerch[80] 132 21 August 1944 18:40 La-5 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Leipzig
110 7 February 1944 06:56 P-39 vicinity of Bulganak[80] 133 22 August 1944 07:16 La-5?[Note 12] PQ 97524[77]
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Leipzig
111 7 February 1944 13:28?[Note 13] Yak-1 PQ 66673[80]
vicinity of Kossa Tulsa 		134 22 August 1944 13:25 Yak-7 PQ 87662[77]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Szekszárd
112 10 February 1944 08:00 Yak-9 PQ 66514[80]
west of Dsheilaw 		135 23 August 1944 17:26 Yak-7 PQ 87828[77]
20 km (12 mi) near Leipzig
113 14 March 1944 12:55 Pe-2 PQ 47793[77]
30 km (19 mi) southwest of Genitschek
—
 31 August 1944
—
 P-51 vicinity of Luieriu (Lövér)[43]
114 22 March 1944 10:55 Yak-7 Cape Tarchan[77]
—
 31 August 1944
—
 P-51 vicinity of Luieriu (Lövér)[43]
115 22 March 1944 11:00 Yak-7 Adzhimushkay[77]
—
 31 August 1944
—
 P-51 vicinity of Luieriu (Lövér)[43]

Awards

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[1]
  2. ^ According to Page, Fönnekold claimed his 100th aerial victory on 18 January 1944.[31]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 07:26.[52]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 15:23.[52]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:17.[69]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 15:27.[52]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 04:17.[52]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:40.[52]
  10. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[78]
  11. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 04:08.[78]
  12. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-9.[78]
  13. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:25.[78]
  14. ^ According to Obermaier on 6 September 1943.[2]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  2. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 111.
  3. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 475, 502.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 475.
  5. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 452.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 458.
  7. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 108.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 462, 490.
  9. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 108–110.
  10. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 335.
  11. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 336–337.
  12. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 110–111.
  13. ^ a b Barbas 2005, pp. 112, 338.
  14. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 114, 340.
  15. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 124.
  16. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 341.
  17. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 375.
  18. ^ a b Barbas 2005, p. 286.
  19. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 346.
  20. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 128, 346–347.
  21. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 129.
  22. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 130–131.
  23. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 288.
  24. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 132.
  25. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 133, 351–352.
  26. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 134.
  27. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 135.
  28. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 135, 152.
  29. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 153.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Barbas 2005, p. 358.
  31. ^ Page 2020, p. 89.
  32. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  33. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 178.
  34. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 319.
  35. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 46.
  36. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 158.
  37. ^ Weal 2001, p. 75.
  38. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 163.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barbas 2005, p. 366.
  40. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 55.
  41. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 321.
  42. ^ a b Barbas 2005, p. 170.
  43. ^ a b c d Barbas 2005, p. 368.
  44. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 322.
  45. ^ Weal 2001, p. 80.
  46. ^ Weal 2004, p. 112.
  47. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 80.
  48. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  49. ^ Spick 1996, p. 230.
  50. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 319–322.
  51. ^ Planquadrat.
  52. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 320.
  53. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 490.
  54. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 497.
  55. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 491.
  56. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 498.
  57. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 492.
  58. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 494.
  59. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 320–321.
  60. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 378.
  61. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 389.
  62. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 390.
  63. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 379.
  64. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 382.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2012, p. 391.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 383.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 384.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 392.
  69. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 321.
  70. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 385.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2012, p. 393.
  72. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 386.
  73. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2012, p. 387.
  74. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 394.
  75. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 388.
  76. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 321–322.
  77. ^ a b c d e f g Barbas 2005, p. 361.
  78. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 322.
  79. ^ a b c d e Barbas 2005, p. 367.
  80. ^ a b c d e f g Barbas 2005, p. 359.
  81. ^ Dixon 2023, pp. 79–80.
  82. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 78.
  83. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 118.
  84. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 183, 490.
  85. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 313.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Barbas, Bernd (2005). Die Geschichte der II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52 [The History of 2nd Group of Fighter Wing 52] (in German). ISBN 978-3-923457-71-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish] (2008). Bagration to Berlin – The Final Air Battles in the East: 1944–1945. Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-903223-91-8.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-39903-073-1.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
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  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Page, Neil (2020). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1943–45. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-879-0.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
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