Octodrine
 | |
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Dimethylhexylamine; DMHA; Ottodrina; Vaporpac; Amidrine; 2-Aminoisooctane; 2-Amino-6-methylheptane; 1,5-Dimethylhexylamine; 6-Methyl-2-heptylamine; 6-Methyl-2-heptanamine; Isoctaminium; SKF-51; SK&F-51; NSC-759813[1] |
| Routes of administration | Oral, inhaled |
| ATC code |
|
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
|
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Hydroxylation[3] |
| Metabolites | Heptaminol[3] |
| Identifiers | |
| |
| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.008.047 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C8H19N |
| Molar mass | 129.247 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| |
| |
| (verify) | |
Octodrine, also known as dimethylhexylamine (DMHA) and sold under the brand name Vaporpac among others, is a sympathomimetic and stimulant medication that was formerly used in the treatment of hypotension (low blood pressure).[4][5]
It has been studied in a dozen animal studies from the 1940s through the 1970s. These studies found that octodrine can increase blood pressure and cardiac output in animals. The drug was previously approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an inhalant (i.e., Vaporpac and Tickle Tackle Inhaler) and in Germany as an oral medication as part of a multi-component medication (i.e., Ambredin and Ordinal), but is no longer available.[6]
DMHA has also been found as an adulterant in sports supplements and is sold online as a designer drug.[6][7] The presence of a reductive amination byproduct confirms its synthetic origin.[8]
In the United States, the FDA considers DMHA to be an unsafe ingredient in dietary supplements.[9] In 2019, the FDA issued nine warning letters to US manufacturers of dietary supplements containing DMHA as an unsafe food additive, deeming such products to be adulterated and illegal for marketing.[10]
Side effects
[edit]Reported side effects of octodrine include hypertension, dyspnea, and hyperthermia.[5]
Pharmacology
[edit]It is described as a sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor, and local anesthetic.[5][11]
Pharmacokinetics
[edit]Heptaminol is an active metabolite of octodrine.[3]
Chemistry
[edit]Related compounds
[edit]- Isometheptene
- Methylhexanamine (DMAA)
- Tuaminoheptane
- 1,3-Dimethylbutylamine (DMBA)
- Iproheptine (N-isopropyloctodrine)
- Heptaminol (hydroxyoctodrine)
Society and culture
[edit]Names
[edit]Octodrine is the generic name of the drug and its INN and USAN.[11][4] It is also known by its former developmental code name SKF-51.[11]
As an unsafe dietary ingredient
[edit]In the United States, DMHA is not eligible for use as a dietary ingredient, is not approved for use in manufactured foods or dietary supplements, and is not considered to be safe for human consumption (is not GRAS); in regarding DMHA as an unsafe food additive, the FDA has warned manufacturers that dietary supplements containing DMHA are adulterated and illegal for marketing.[9][10]
References
[edit]- ^ CID 10982 from PubChem
- ^ "DMHA in Dietary Supplements". FDA. March 6, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ a b c Dib J, Bosse C, Tsivou M, Glatt AM, Geisendorfer T, Geyer H, et al. (November 2019). "Is heptaminol a (major) metabolite of octodrine?". Drug Test Anal. 11 (11–12): 1761–1763. doi:10.1002/dta.2737. PMID 31763761.
- ^ a b Morton IK, Hall JM (2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Netherlands. p. 206. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Catalani V, Prilutskaya M, Al-Imam A, Marrinan S, Elgharably Y, Zloh M, et al. (February 2018). "Octodrine: New Questions and Challenges in Sport Supplements". Brain Sci. 8 (2): 34. doi:10.3390/brainsci8020034. PMC 5836053. PMID 29461475.
- ^ a b Cohen PA, Travis JC, Keizers PH, Deuster P, Venhuis BJ (June 2018). "Four experimental stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: 2-amino-6-methylheptane (octodrine), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) and 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA)". Clinical Toxicology. 56 (6): 421–426. doi:10.1080/15563650.2017.1398328. PMID 29115866. S2CID 5193271.
- ^ "Designer Stimulants: What Athletes Should Know | USADA". 24 January 2019.
- ^ Wang M, Haider S, Chittiboyina AG, Parcher JF, Khan IA (April 2018). "1,5-Dimethylhexylamine (octodrine) in sports and weight loss supplements: Natural constituent or synthetic chemical?". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 152: 298–305. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.008. PMID 29454882. S2CID 5193271.
- ^ a b "DMHA in Dietary Supplements". US Food and Drug Administration. 6 March 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
- ^ a b "FDA Acts on Dietary Supplements Containing DMHA and Phenibut". US Food and Drug Administration. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
- ^ a b c Elks J (2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer US. p. 802. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Retrieved 30 August 2024.