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Photo of white stork with bald red head
Painted stork

Ciconiidae is a family of heavy-bodied, large-billed wading birds in the monotypic order Ciconiiformes. Most species in the family are called storks, although some have different common names: two species in the genus Anastomus are known as openbills, two from the genus Leptoptilos are called adjutants, and three species are called jabiru.[1] Storks are found in tropical and subtropical habitats around the world, mostly inhabiting wetlands and marshes, although some also inhabit forests and savannah.[2][3] They are large birds with long legs, stout bills, and variable featherless patches on the head. The beaks of storks can be highly specialised depending on their function, as exemplified by the openbills, whose bills possess a gap between the mandibles to help capture freshwater snails.[4]

Storks are threatened by habitat loss, pesticide use, and intentional hunting.[2] Four species of stork—the milky stork, oriental stork, greater adjutant, and Storm's stork—are classified as being endangered on the IUCN Red List, while a further three are considered near-threatened and one is considered vulnerable. However, the conservation statuses of many species of stork seem to be based on mistaken assumptions and limited data, such as underestimating the ability of species to use agricultural land. Many species may consequently warrant a data deficient listing until more information about their ecology is available.[5]

There are currently 20 extant species of stork recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union, distributed among 6 genera, 1 of which is monotypic.[1] The order Ciconiiformes previously also included the herons (Ardeidae) and ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae), but these have since been reassigned to other orders.[2] The storks are most diverse in Afro-Eurasia, especially in Africa and Asia, and only three species, including the wood stork, are known from the Americas.[3][5] Many species of fossil stork are also known from the Oligocene onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.[6]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (4 species)
 VU Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT Near threatened (3 species)
 LC Least concern (12 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the stork's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[1] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[a] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World,[8] the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

[edit]

The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognises 20 species of storks in six genera.[1] This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU. Ciconiidae has traditionally been divided into three tribes: Mycteriini, containing Mycteria and Anastomus, Ciconiini, containing Ciconia, and Leptoptilini, containing Leptoptilos, Ephippiorhynchus, and Jabiru. However, the exact division of these genera among these tribes is contentious and different authors recognise from two to four tribes.[3][4] Recent genetic studies incorporated by the IOU have suggested that Mycteriini and Leptoptilini are paraphyletic (not including all of a common ancestor's descendants), and that Ephippiorhynchus and Jabiru should be moved into their own tribe, Ephippiorhynchini.[3]

Anastomus  

African openbill (A. lamelligerus)

Asian openbill (A. oscitans)

Leptoptilos  

Marabou stork (L. crumenifer)

Lesser adjutant (L. javanicus)

Greater adjutant (L. dubius)

Mycteria  

Wood stork (M. americana)

Yellow-billed stork (M. ibis)

Painted stork (M. leucocephala)

Milky stork (M. cinerea)

Jabiru

Jabiru (J. mycteria)

Ephippiorhynchus  

Saddle-billed stork (E. senegalensis)

Black-necked stork (E. asiaticus)

Ciconia  

Abdim's stork (C. abdimii)

Asian woolly-necked stork (C. episcopus)

Storm's stork (C. stormi)

Black stork (C.nigra)

Maguari stork (C. maguari)

African woolly-necked stork (C. microscelis)

White stork (C. ciconia)

Oriental stork (C. boyciana)

Phylogeny recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union, based partially on de Sousa and colleagues, 2023.[1][3]

Ciconiids

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Genus Anastomus – Bonnaterre, 1791 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
African openbill

black stork

A. lamelligerus
Temminck, 1823

Two subspecies
  • A. l. lamelligerus
  • A. l. madagascariensis
Africa
Map of range 		 LC 


300,000–500,000 Population steady[9]

Asian openbill

white stork

A. oscitans
(Boddaert, 1783) 		India and Southeast Asia
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[10]

Genus Leptoptilos – Lesson, R. P., 1831 – 3 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Marabou stork[b]

black stork with bald head

L. crumenifer
(Lesson, R. P., 1831) 		Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population increasing[11]

Lesser adjutant

black stork with bald head

L. javanicus
(Horsfield, 1821) 		South and Southeast Asia  VU 


5,500–10,000 Population declining[12]

Greater adjutant

black stork with bald head

L. dubius
(Gmelin, J. F., 1789) 		Northern India
Map of range 		 EN 


800–1,200 Population declining[13]

Genus Mycteria – Linnaeus, 1758 – 4 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Wood stork

white stork

M. americana
Linnaeus, 1758 		Americas, from southeastern United States south to northern Argentina
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[14]

Yellow-billed stork

white stork

M. ibis
(Linnaeus, 1766) 		Sub-Saharan Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[15]

Painted stork

white stork

M. leucocephala
(Pennant, 1769) 		India and Southeast Asia
Map of range 		 NT 


16,000–24,000 Population declining[16]

Milky stork

white stork

M. cinerea
(Raffles, 1722) 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		 EN 


1,500 Population declining[17]

Genus Jabiru – Hellmayr, 1906 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Jabiru

white stork with black head and neck

J. mycteria
(Lichtenstein, M. H. C., 1819) 		Central and South America
Map of range 		 LC 


20,000–85,000 Unknown[18]

Genus Ephippiorhynchus – Bonaparte, 1855 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Saddle-billed stork[c]

black stork

E. senegalensis
(Shaw, 1800) 		Sub-Saharan Africa  LC 


670–17,000 Population declining[19]

Black-necked stork

white stork with black head and neck

E. asiaticus
(Latham, 1790)

Two subspecies
  • E. l. asiaticus
  • E. l. australis
India, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Australia
Map of range 		 NT 


15,000–35,000 Population declining[20]

Genus Ciconia – Brisson, 1760 – 8 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Abdim's stork

black stork

C. abdimii
Lichtenstein, M. H. C., 1823 		Africa
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[21]

Asian woolly-necked stork[d]

black stork with white neck

C. episcopus
(Boddaert, 1783)

Two subspecies
  • C. e. episcopus
  • C. e. neglecta
South and Southeast Asia
Map of range 		 NT 


50,000–249,999 Population declining[22]

Storm's stork

black stork with white neck

C. stormi
(Blasius, W., 1896) 		Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and nearby islands
Map of range 		 EN 


260–330 Population declining[23]

Black stork

black stork

C. nigra
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Widespread through Africa, Asia, and Europe
Map of range 		 LC 


24,000–44,000 Unknown[24]

Maguari stork

white stork

C. maguari
(Gmelin, J. F., 1789) 		South America
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[25]

African woolly-necked stork[e]

black stork with white neck

C. microscelis
Gray, G. R., 1848 		Sub-Saharan Africa  LC 


10,000–100,000 Population steady[26]

White stork

white stork

C. ciconia
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Two subspecies
  • C. c. ciconia
  • C. c. asiatica
Widely throughout Africa and Paleartic of Asia and Europe
Map of range 		 LC 


700,000–704,000 Population increasing[27]

Oriental stork

white stork

C. boyciana
Swinhoe, 1873 		Siberia, China, Korea, and Japan
Map of range 		 EN 


1,000–2,499 Population declining[28]

Notes

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  1. ^ The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[7]
  2. ^ Called the marabou by the IUCN[7]
  3. ^ Called the saddlebill by the IUCN[7]
  4. ^ Called the Asian woollyneck by the IUCN[7]
  5. ^ Called the African woollyneck by the IUCN[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "Storks (Ciconiidae)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.ciconi2.01. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e de Sousa, Rodrigo Petry Corrêa; Campos, Paula Sabrina Bronze; dos Santos, Michelly da Silva; O’Brien, Patricia Caroline; Ferguson-Smith, Malcolm Andrew; de Oliveira, Edivaldo Herculano Corrêa (28 March 2023). "Cytotaxonomy and Molecular Analyses of Mycteria americana (Ciconiidae: Ciconiiformes): Insights on Stork Phylogeny". Genes. 14 (4): 816. doi:10.3390/genes14040816. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 10138051. PMID 37107574.
  4. ^ a b Hancock, James; Kushlan, James A.; Kahl, M. Philip (2010). Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. London: A&C Black. pp. 10–12. ISBN 9781408134993. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  5. ^ a b Gula, Jonah; Sundar, K.S. Gopi; Willows-Munro, Sandi; Downs, Colleen T. (2023). "The state of stork research globally: A systematic review". Biological Conservation. 280: 109969. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109969. S2CID 257293425.
  6. ^ "Fossilworks: Ciconiidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7". HBW and BirdLife International. 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  8. ^ Clements, James F.; Rasmussen, P. C.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. (2023). "The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2023". Clements Checklist. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  9. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Anastomus lamelligerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697664A132274733. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697664A132274733.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  10. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anastomus oscitans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697661A93628985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697661A93628985.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  11. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Leptoptilos crumenifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697716A93633034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697716A93633034.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  12. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Leptoptilos javanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22697713A110481858. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22697713A110481858.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  13. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Leptoptilos dubius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697721A93633471. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697721A93633471.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  14. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mycteria americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697648A93627312. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697648A93627312.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  15. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mycteria ibis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697654A93628112. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697654A93628112.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  16. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mycteria leucocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697658A93628598. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697658A93628598.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  17. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mycteria cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697651A93627701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697651A93627701.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  18. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Jabiru mycteria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22697710A163624043. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697710A163624043.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  19. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697706A93631820. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697706A93631820.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  20. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697702A93631316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697702A93631316.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  21. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ciconia abdimii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697673A93629659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697673A93629659.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  22. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Ciconia episcopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22727255A175530482. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22727255A175530482.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  23. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Ciconia stormi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22697685A110066434. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22697685A110066434.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  24. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Ciconia nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22697669A111747857. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22697669A111747857.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  25. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ciconia maguari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697688A93630558. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697688A93630558.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  26. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ciconia microscelis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727265A94945236. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727265A94945236.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  27. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ciconia ciconia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697691A86248677. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697691A86248677.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  28. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Ciconia boyciana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697695A131942061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697695A131942061.en. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
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