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List of cities by scientific output

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The following article lists the cities and metropolitan areas with the greatest scientific output, according to the Nature Index. The Nature Index attempts to objectively measure the scientific output of institutions, cities and countries by the amount of scientific articles and papers published in leading journals. Differences in quality are taken into account. Only articles published in 82[note 1] selected quality journals are counted. All these journals are in the English language. They were selected by a committee. If authors from several institutions from different cities are involved in a scientific article, it is divided accordingly, assuming that all researchers were equally involved in the article.

In 2019, Beijing was the city in the world with the largest scientific output, accounting for 2.8% of the world's total.[2] New York City was second in the world, with about 2% of the world's total. Overall, the United States has the most cities in the top 100 list, followed by China.

List

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The top 100 cities and metropolitan areas with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals in 2022 according to the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities:[3]

Rank City/Metro area Country
1 Beijing  China
2 New York metropolitan area  United States
3 Shanghai  China
4 Boston metropolitan area  United States
5 San Francisco Bay Area  United States
6 Nanjing  China
7 Baltimore-Washington  United States
8 Guangzhou  China
9 Tokyo metropolitan area  Japan
10 Wuhan  China
11 Paris metropolitan area  France
12 Seoul metropolitan area  South Korea
13 Hefei  China
14 Los Angeles metropolitan area  United States
15 London metropolitan area  United Kingdom
16 Hangzhou  China
17 Chicago metropolitan area  United States
18 Tianjin  China
19 Shenzhen  China
20 Xi'an  China
21 Hong Kong  China
22 Zürich  Switzerland
23 Cambridge  United Kingdom
24 Chengdu  China
25 Singapore  Singapore
26 San Diego metropolitan area  United States
27 Berlin metropolitan area  Germany
28 Munich  Germany
29 Philadelphia metropolitan area  United States
30 Changsha  China
31 Changchun  China
32 Jinan  China
33 Oxford  United Kingdom
34 Houston metropolitan area  United States
35 Seattle metropolitan area  United States
36 Chongqing  China
37 Dalian  China
38 Xiamen  China
39 Melbourne  Australia
40 Suzhou  China
41 Toronto metropolitan area  Canada
42 Lausanne  Switzerland
43 Qingdao  China
44 Daejeon  South Korea
45 Fuzhou  China
46 Ann Arbor  United States
47 Barcelona metropolitan area  Spain
48 Kyoto  Japan
49 Ithaca  United States
50 Copenhagen  Denmark
51 Atlanta metropolitan area  United States
52 Stockholm  Sweden
53 Sydney  Australia
54 Vienna  Austria
55 Montreal  Canada
56 Madrid  Spain
57 Lanzhou  China
58 Osaka  Japan
59 Austin  United States
60 Moscow  Russia
61 Tsukuba  Japan
62 Boulder  United States
63 Heidelberg  Germany
64 Harbin  China
65 Pittsburgh  United States
66 Taipei  Taiwan[note 2]
67 St. Louis  United States
68 Urbana  United States
69 Madison  United States
70 Dallas–Fort Worth  United States
71 Nagoya metropolitan Area  Japan
72 Vancouver  Canada
73 Edinburgh  United Kingdom
74 Amsterdam metropolitan area  Netherlands
75 Dresden  Germany
76 Zhengzhou  China
77 Brisbane  Australia
78 Minneapolis–Saint Paul  United States
79 State College  United States
80 Grenoble  France
81 Bengaluru  India
82 Durham  United States
83 Rome  Italy
84 Santa Barbara  United States
85 Geneva  Switzerland
86 Chapel Hill  United States
87 Rehovot  Israel
88 Milan  Italy
89 Bristol metropolitan area  United Kingdom
90 Hamburg  Germany
91 Irvine  United States
92 Göttingen  Germany
93 Columbus  United States
94 Sendai  Japan
95 College Station  United States
96 Leuven  Belgium
97 Helsinki  Finland
98 Manchester  United Kingdom
99 Mainz  Germany
100 Tel Aviv  Israel

Leading cities in different fields

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The 10 cities and metropolitan areas with the highest share of articles published in the fields of biological sciences, Earth & environmental sciences, chemistry and physical sciences:

Rank Biological sciences[4] Earth & environmental sciences[5] Chemistry[6] Physical sciences[7]
1 United States New York metropolitan area China Beijing China Beijing China Beijing
2 United States Boston metropolitan area China Nanjing China Shanghai China Shanghai
3 United States San Francisco Bay Area China Guangzhou China Nanjing United States New York metropolitan area
4 United States Baltimore-Washington United States Baltimore-Washington China Guangzhou United States Boston metropolitan area
5 China Beijing China Shanghai China Hefei China Nanjing
6 China Shanghai United States New York metropolitan area China Tianjin South Korea Seoul metropolitan area
7 United Kingdom London metropolitan area United States San Francisco Bay Area China Wuhan United States San Francisco Bay Area
8 France Paris metropolitan area China Wuhan Japan Tokyo metropolitan area Japan Tokyo metropolitan area
9 United States San Diego metropolitan area United States Los Angeles metropolitan area United States New York metropolitan area China Hefei
10 United States Los Angeles metropolitan area France Paris metropolitan area South Korea Seoul metropolitan area France Paris metropolitan area

Notes

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  1. ^ The current complete list of the 82 leading scientific journals, as of September 2022, are: ACS Nano, Advanced Functional Materials, Advanced Materials, American Journal of Human Genetics, Analytical Chemistry, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Applied Physics Letters, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Cancer Cell, Cancer Research, Cell, Cell Host & Microbe, Cell Metabolism, Cell Stem Cell, Chemical Communications, Chemical Science, Current Biology, Developmental Cell, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Ecology Letters, eLife, Environmental Science & Technology, European Physical Journal C, Genes & Development, Genome Research, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Geology, Geophysical Research Letters, Immunity, Inorganic Chemistry, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal of Cell Biology, Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Journal of High Energy Physics, Journal of Neuroscience, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Macromolecules, Molecular Cell, Molecular Psychiatry, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters, Nano Letters, Nature, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Cell Biology, Nature Chemical Biology, Nature Chemistry, Nature Climate Change, Nature Communications, Nature Genetics, Nature Geoscience, Nature Immunology, Nature Materials, Nature Medicine, Nature Methods, Nature Nanotechnology, Nature Neuroscience, Nature Photonics, Nature Physics, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Neuron, Organic Letters, Physical Review A, Physical Review B, Physical Review D, Physical Review Letters, Physical Review X, PLOS Biology, PLOS Genetics, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Science, Science Advances, Science Translational Medicine, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, The EMBO Journal, The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, The Plant Cell, and Water Research.[1]
  2. ^ Controlled by the  Republic of China on Taiwan. See also Political status of Taiwan and One China.

References

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  1. ^ "Revisions to the Nature Index". nature.com. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  2. ^ Jia, Hepeng (2020-09-19). "Beijing, the seat of science capital". Nature. 585 (7826): S52–S54. Bibcode:2020Natur.585S..52J. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02577-x.
  3. ^ "Leading 200 science cities | | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  4. ^ "Leading 50 science cities in biological sciences | | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  5. ^ "Leading 50 science cities in Earth & environmental sciences | | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  6. ^ "Leading 50 science cities in chemistry | | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  7. ^ "Leading 50 science cities in physical sciences | | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2024-05-05.