June 1996 Bangladeshi general election
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300 of the 330 seats in the Jatiya Sangsad 151 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 56,716,935 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 75.60% ( 54.63pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by constituency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections were held in Bangladesh on 12 June 1996. The result was a victory for the Bangladesh Awami League, which won 146 of the 300 directly elected seats, beginning Sheikh Hasina's first-term as Prime Minister. Voter turnout was 75%, the highest to date.[1] This election was the second to be held in 1996, following controversial elections held in February a few months earlier.
Background
[edit]The June 1996 elections were the second general elections to be held within a four-month period. Previously in February, a general election had been held which was boycotted by all major opposition parties. The opposition were demanding the installation of a neutral caretaker government to oversee the election, citing a 1994 by-election (which they alleged to have been rigged) as evidence of the BNP's inability to hold a free and fair election. Despite the boycott the February election went ahead and the incumbent Prime Minister Khaleda Zia's BNP was re-elected for the second term in a landslide victory, with the majority of seats uncontested. The voting was denounced as unfair by the three main opposition parties and the voter turnout was the lowest in Bangladesh's parliamentary electoral history at only 21%.
Following the elections President Abdur Rahman Biswas invited Zia to form a government, but this administration was short-lived, lasting only 12 days.[2] A series of hartals (strikes) were called by the other parties and an indefinite non-cooperation movement was called until demands for a new, free election was met. On 25 March 1996, following escalating political turmoil, the sitting Parliament enacted the thirteenth constitutional amendment to allow a neutral caretaker government to assume power and conduct new parliamentary elections. On 30 March the President appointed former Chief Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman as Chief Advisor (a position equivalent to prime minister) in the interim government. A new election was scheduled for 12 June 1996.
Electoral system
[edit]In 1996 the 330 members of the Jatiya Sangsad consisted of 300 directly elected seats using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies,[3] and an additional 30 seats reserved for women. The reserved seats are distributed based on the election results.[4] Each parliament sits for a five-year term.
Campaign
[edit]During the election campaign there was an attempted coup d'état by the military.[5] On 12 May, President Biswas fired General Abu Saleh Mohammad Nasim, Chief of the Staff of the Army, due to his refusal to carry out a presidential order to retire two of his generals who were alleged to be consorting with political parties in violation of military rules. Nasim revolted against the President and organised troops loyal to him. Consequently, President Biswas dismissed Nasim and appointed a new chief of staff. Troops loyal to the President were mobilised to protect Government institutions in the capital and Nasim was arrested by military police and the attempted coup d'état failed.
A total of 2,574 candidates contested the elections. The Awami League, Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh all put forward full slates of 300 candidates. The Jatiya Party ran 293 candidate, Islami Oikkya Jote 166 and Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Rab) 67, with other minor parties nominating a combined 864 candidates. 284 candidates ran as independents.[6]
Results
[edit]The elections were won by the Bangladesh Awami League, who were just shy of a simple parliamentary majority, winning 146 (of the required 151 for a majority) seats. The election was close in terms of popular vote share between Awami League and BNP, with a difference of less than 4%. However, as a result of first-past-the-post voting, Awami League secured a 30-seat lead above BNP. The election saw a high voter turnout of ~74%.[7]
With the support of Jatiya Party,[8] the leader of Awami League, Sheikh Hasina, was invited to form a government on 23 June, beginning her first term as Prime Minister. The first sitting of the seventh parliament of Bangladesh was subsequently held on 14 July 1996.[2]
Of the 300 directly elected seats, only eight were won by female candidates.[9][7] An additional 30 seats were reserved in the Jatiya Sangsad for women, of which 27 were awarded to Awami League and rest to Jatiya Party.[9][7]
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |||||
| General | Reserved | Total | /– | |||||
| Awami League | 15,882,792 | 37.44 | 146 | 27 | 173 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Nationalist Party | 14,255,986 | 33.61 | 116 | 0 | 116 | –192 | ||
| Jatiya Party | 6,954,981 | 16.40 | 32 | 3 | 35 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami | 3,653,013 | 8.61 | 3 | 0 | 3 | New | ||
| Islami Oikya Jote | 461,517 | 1.09 | 1 | 0 | 1 | New | ||
| Zaker Party | 167,597 | 0.40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Rab) | 97,916 | 0.23 | 1 | 0 | 1 | New | ||
| Workers Party of Bangladesh | 56,404 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Gano Forum | 54,250 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Inu) | 50,944 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Communist Party of Bangladesh | 48,549 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh | 45,585 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Sammilita Sangram Parishad | 40,803 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Freedom Party | 38,974 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Samridhya Bangladesh Andolon | 27,083 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Islami Front | 23,696 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan | 18,397 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Jatiyabadi Awami League | 11,190 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Islami Shasantantra Andolon | 11,159 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesher Samajtantrik Dal (Khalekuzzaman) | 10,234 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Samajtantrik Dal (Mahbub) | 6,791 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh National Awami Party (NAP Bashani) | 5,948 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Muslim League (Jamir Ali) | 4,580 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Ganatantri Party | 4,114 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh National Awami Party (NAP) | 3,620 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Democratic Republican Party | 3,605 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Janata Party | 3,364 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jatiya Janata Party (Nurul Islam) | 2,986 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jatiya Janata Party (Sheikh Asad) | 2,395 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Social Democratic Party | 1,938 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Gano Azadi League | 1,683 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Progotisil Jatiata Badi Dal | 1,515 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Hak Kathar Mancha | 1,340 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Samyabadi Dal (Marxist-Leninist) | 1,148 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal | 964 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Communist Kendra | 888 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jatiya Biplobi Front | 631 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Saat Dalya Jote (Mirpur) | 602 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Hindu League | 570 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Peoples Party | 558 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Bekar Samaj | 548 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Tafsil Jati Federation (S.K. Mandal) | 537 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Desh Prem Party | 532 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Ganotantrik Sarbahara Party | 502 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Jatiya League (Sobhan) | 418 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jana Dal | 395 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Mahiuddin) | 393 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jatiya Seba Dal | 365 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| National Democratic Party | 353 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Krisak Sramik Janata Party | 294 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Islami Al Zihad Dal | 288 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Sarbahara Party | 248 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Jatiya Daridra Party | 244 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Sramajibi Oikya Forum | 229 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Islamic Dal Bangladesh (Saifur) | 221 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh People's League | 213 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Samajtantrik Samsad (Darshan Shava) | 209 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Mukti Andolon | 189 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Gano Oikkya Front (Guff) | 186 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Mehanati Front | 173 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Tafsili Federation (Sudir) | 150 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| People's Muslim League | 140 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| National Awami Party (NAP Bhashani) | 138 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Quran Dorshion Sangshta Bangladesh | 137 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Progatishil Gonotantrik Shakti | 134 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Islami Party | 132 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Jatiya Agragati Party | 131 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Oikya Prokria | 112 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Bashani Adarsha Bastabayan Parishad | 107 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Bastuhara Parishad | 105 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh National Congress | 99 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Quran Sunna Bastabayan Party | 82 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Tanjimul Muslimin | 81 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Samridhya Bangladesh Babosai Samproday | 48 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bashani Front | 45 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Krishak Raj Islami Party | 33 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| National Patriotic Party | 31 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Islami Biplobi Parishad | 29 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Taherikay Olama-e-Bangladesh | 29 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| United Peoples' Party | 26 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Bangladesh Manabodjikar Dal | 20 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||
| Independents | 449,618 | 1.06 | 1 | 0 | 1 | New | ||
| Total | 42,418,274 | 100.00 | 300 | 30 | 330 | 0 | ||
| Valid votes | 42,418,274 | 98.92 | ||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 462,302 | 1.08 | ||||||
| Total votes | 42,880,576 | 100.00 | ||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 56,716,935 | 75.60 | ||||||
| Source: Bangladesh Election Commission, Kumar Panday | ||||||||
Aftermath
[edit]Hasina's administration completed its full five-year term (the first parliamentary administration to ever do so[10]) and the next elections were held in October 2001.
References
[edit]- ^ "Election Publication" (PDF). Election Commission. 2016.
- ^ a b "Tenure of All Parliaments". 2018-08-12. Archived from the original on 2018-08-12. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
- ^ Electoral system IPU
- ^ Ahmed, Nizam; Hasan, Sadik (2018). "Alangkar or Ahangkar? Reserved-Seat Women Members in the Bangladesh Parliament" (PDF). In Ahmed, Nizam (ed.). Women in Governing Institutions in South Asia. Springer. p. 18. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57475-2_2. ISBN 978-3-319-57474-5.
- ^ Kochanek, Stanley A. (February 1997). "Bangladesh in 1996: The 25th Year of Independence". Asian Survey. 37 (2): 136–142. doi:10.2307/2645479. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2645479.
- ^ Statistical Report: 7th Jatiya Shangshad election Bangladesh Election Commission
- ^ a b c "BANGLADESH: parliamentary elections Jatiya Sangsad, 1996". archive.ipu.org. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
- ^ "After steering Awami League to power, Sheikh Hasina now faces political, economic challenges". India Today. 15 July 1996.
- ^ a b Kumar Panday, Pranab (1 September 2008). "Representation without Participation: Quotas for Women in Bangladesh". International Political Science Review. 29 (4): 489–512. doi:10.1177/0192512108095724. S2CID 220874021.
- ^ "IPU PARLINE database: BANGLADESH (Jatiya Sangsad), Elections in 2001". archive.ipu.org. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
