Jarai language

Jarai
Jrai
Native to	Vietnam, Cambodia
Region	Central Highlands, Vietnam Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia
Native speakers	530,000 (2019)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan (?) Chamic Highlands Jarai
Writing system	Vietnam: modified Vietnamese alphabet Cambodia: none
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Vietnam Cambodia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	jra
Glottolog	jara1266

Jarai (/dʒəˈraɪ/; Vietnamese: Cho-Rai, Chor, Chrai, Djarai, Gia-Rai, Gio-Rai, Jorai or Mthur; Khmer: ចារ៉ាយ, Charay [caːraːj]) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Jarai people of Vietnam and Cambodia. The speakers of Jarai number approximately 530,000, not including other possible Jarai communities in countries other than Vietnam and Cambodia such as United States of America. They are the largest of the upland ethnic groups of Vietnam's Central Highlands known as Degar or Montagnards, and 25 per cent of the population in the Cambodian province of Ratanakiri.

The language is in the Chamic subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, and is thus related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.

A number of Jarai also live in the United States, having resettled there following the Vietnam War.

Classification

The Jarai language belongs to Chamic branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages. Although often classified as a Mon-Khmer language until the 20th century, the affiliation of Jarai to the Chamic sister languages Cham and Rade, and a wider connection to Malay was already recognized as early as 1864.

Geographic distribution and dialects

Jarai is spoken by some 262,800 people in Cambodia and Vietnam (Simons, 2017) where it is recognized as an official minority language, although in Cambodia it has not its own writing in the Khmer scripts. Additionally there are some hundreds of Jarai speakers in United States from the Jarai refugees settled in that country after the Vietnamese War. Jarai dialects can be mutually unintelligible. Đào Huy Quyền (1998) lists the following subgroups of Jarai dialects and their respective locations.

• Jarai Pleiku: in the Pleiku area.
• Jarai Cheoreo: in AJunPa (Phú Bổn).
• Jarai ARáp: in northwestern Pleiku, southwestern Kon Tum.
• Jarai H’dRung: in northeastern Pleiku, southeastern Kon Tum.
• Jarai Tbuan: western Pleiku.

Other related groups include:

• HRoi: in western Phú Yên, southern Bình Định. Mixed Ede and Jarai people.
• M’dhur: in southern Phú Yên. Mixed Ede and Jarai people.
• Hàlang: in southwestern Kon Tum, and some in Laos and Cambodia. Mixed Sedang and Jarai people.

Phonology

Influenced by the surrounding Mon–Khmer languages, words of the various Chamic languages of Southeast Asia, including Jarai, have become disyllabic with the stress on the second syllable. Additionally, Jarai has further evolved in the pattern of Mon–Khmer, losing almost all vowel distinction in the initial minor syllable. While trisyllabic words do exist, they are all loanwords. The typical Jarai word may be represented:

(C)(V)-C(C)V(V)(C)

where the values in parentheses are optional and "(C)" in the cluster "C(C)" represents a liquid consonant /l/, /r/ or a semivowel /w/, /j/. In Jarai dialects spoken in Cambodia, the "(C)" in the cluster "C(C)" can also be the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/, a phoneme used by the Jarai in Cambodia, but not attested in Vietnam. The vowel of the first syllable in disyllabic words is most often the mid-central unrounded vowel, /ə/, unless the initial consonant is the glottal stop /ʔ/. The second vowel of the stressed syllable produces a diphthong.

Vowels

There are 9 vowels:

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ĩ		ɯ	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a ã

Consonants

There are 24 consonants:

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ			kʰ
	voiced	b	d			ɡ
	implosive	ɓ	ɗ		ʄ
Affricate	voiceless			tʃ
	voiced			dʒ
Fricative			s				h
Nasal	voiced	m	n		ɲ	ŋ
	preglottalized	ʔm
Tap			ɾ
Lateral			l
Approximant		w			j

The implosives have also been described as preglottalized stops, but Jensen (2013) describes that the closure of glottis and oral cavity occur simultaneously.

Orthography

At the beginning of the 20th century, during the period of French Indochina, colonisers introduced a writing system for Jarai based on the Vietnamese alphabet. After the Vietnam War, Christian missionaries in Vietnam used the orthography to translate the Bible into Jarai language. Literacy in Jarai has increased, and there are today many publications geared towards the Vietnamese Jarai.

The orthography uses 40 letters, many of which contain diacritics: 21 symbols for consonants, and 19 symbols for vowels. Unlike systems like those to write Maori, Latvian and other languages, the Jarai orthography adds diacritics to mark short vowels, namely the breve: ⟨ĭ ĕ ă ŏ ŭ ơ̆ ư̆⟩. Like in Vietnamese spelling, double diacritics are also used in Jarai: short /e o/ are represented as ⟨ ê̆ ô̆ ⟩. Aspirated /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ are written as digraphs ⟨ph th kh⟩, and /ɲ/ is represented as ⟨ng⟩. The b with a stroke ⟨ƀ⟩ is a special character used for Jarai and closely related languages. Additionally, the hacek and tilde are also added to ⟨c⟩ and ⟨n⟩ for to represent /t͡ʃ/ and /ɲ/, respectively: ⟨č ñ⟩.

1–10	Aa	Ăă	Ââ	Bb	Ƀƀ	Čč	Dd	Đđ	Ee	Ĕĕ
IPA	aː	a	ɨ	b	ʔb ~ ɓ	tʃ	d	ʔd ~ ɗ	ɛː	ɛ
11–20	Êê	Ê̆ê̆	Gg	Hh	Ii	Ĭĭ	Jj	Dj dj	Kk	Ll
IPA	eː	e	ɡ	h	iː	i	dʒ	ʔdʒ ~ ʄ	k	l
21–30	Mm	Nn	Ññ	Ng ng	Oo	Ŏŏ	Ôô	Ô̆ô̆	Ơơ	Ơ̆ơ̆
IPA	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	ɔː	ɔ	oː	o	əː	ə
31–40	Pp	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Ŭŭ	Ưư	Ư̆ư̆	Ww	Yy
IPA	p	ɾ	s	t	uː	u	ɯː	ɯ	w	j

Sample text

Abih bang mơnuih-mơnam tơkeng rai rơngai laih anŭn mơdơ̆-mơđơr amăng tơlơi pơpŭ-pơyôm hăng tơlơi dưi. Ƀing gơñu tŭ hơmâo tơlơi pơmĭn hăng tơlơi thâo djơ̆-glaĭ laih anŭn brơi ngă kơ tơdruă amăng tơlơi khăp ayŏng adơi.

Phonemic transcription

/ abiːh baːŋ məˈnuih məˈnaːm təˈkeːŋ ɾai ɾəˈŋai laih aˈnun məˈdəʔ məˈdəɾ aˈmaŋ təˈləi pəˈpuʔ pəˈjoːm haŋ təˈləi dɯi ɓiːŋ gəˈɲuː tuʔ həˈmaw təˈləi pəˈmin haŋ təˈləi tʰaw ʄəʔ glai laih aˈnuːn bɾəi ŋaʔ kəː təˈdɾua aˈmaŋ təˈləi kʰap aˈjoŋ aˈdəi /

Translation

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Morphosyntax

Personal pronouns

Jarai does not distinguish gender in pronouns.

Pronouns in Jarai

	Clusivity	Singular	Plural
First	Inclusive	kâo	ta
	Exclusive	-	gơmơi
Second		ih	gih
Third		ñu	gơñu

Further reading

• Jensen, Joshua M. (2013). The Structure of Jarai Clauses and Noun Phrases. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/24707
• Lafont, Pierre-Bernard & Nguyễn Văn Trọng (1968). Lexique jarai, français, viêtnamien, parler de la province de Plei Ku. Publications de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, v 63. Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient.
• Pittman, R. S. (1957). Jarai as a member of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages. Fargo, N.D.: Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota.
• Reed, R. (1976). Jorai primer, guide and writing book. Vietnam education microfiche series, no. VE55-01/08/04. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Rơmah Dêl (1977). Từ Điển Việt - Gia Rai [Vietnamese - Jarai dictionary]. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
• Tong Nang, N. (1975). An outline of Jarai grammar. Vietnam data microfiche series, no. VD55-01. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

External links

• A Preliminary Jarai - English Online Dictionary Archived 2022-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
• Preliminary research on Jarai phonology in Cambodia
• Fairly comprehensive bibliography of Jarai language research