Janthina

Janthina
	A drawing of a live Janthina janthina with its bubble raft intact
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Superfamily:	Epitonioidea
Family:	Epitoniidae
Genus:	Janthina; Röding, 1798
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Achates Gistel, 1848 (unnecessary substitute name for Janthina); † Acrybia (Hartungia) Bronn, 1861; Amethistina [sic] (misspelling for Ametistina Schinz, 1825); Ametistina Schinz, 1825 (suppressed by ICZN Opinion 989); † Hartungia Bronn, 1861; † Heligmope Tate, 1893; Ianthina (Ianthina is an emendation or an incorrect subsequent spelling of Janthina. It was used indifferently with Janthina by 19th century authors and has remained sporadically in use throughout the 20th century.); Ianthina (Iodina) Mörch, 1860; Iodes Mörch, 1860; Iodina Mörch, 1860; Janthina (Achates) Gistel, 1848; Janthina (Iodes) Mörch, 1860; Janthina (Iodina) Mörch, 1860; Janthinus Montfort, 1810 (unjustified emendation of Janthina); Jantina [sic] (misspelling); † Kaneconcha Kaim, Tucholke & Warén, 2012; † Parajanthina Tomida & Itoigawa, 1982 †; Violetta Iredale, 1929;

Janthina is a genus of small to medium-sized pelagic or planktonic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Epitoniidae.^[1]^[2]

Distribution

Species in this genus occur worldwide in tropical, subtropical and warm seas.

Description

These snails are pelagic and live at the surface of the ocean. Adult snails may not be capable of swimming, and die when they are detached from their rafts; Janthina janthina larvae, however, actively swim in the water column.^[3]

The adult snails prey upon (and live near to) one of several species of pelagic animals loosely known as jellyfish. More specifically they eat the medusae of free-swimming Cnidaria, in particular the genus known as "by-the-wind sailors", Velella.

The snails are able to float securely because they create a raft of clear chitin around air bubbles formed near the ocean surface. They anchor to this raft using their foot.^[3] The snails do not have an operculum.

These snails are frequently washed ashore during storms.^[4]

The common names for this genus derive from the light purple or violet color of the shells and the violet-colored bodies. The other genus in the family, Recluzia, has olive-tan colored shells.

Species

The five extant species of the genus Janthina

Janthina exigua
Janthina globosa
Janthina janthina
Janthina pallida
Janthina umbilicata

This genus has accumulated a very large number of species names over the centuries. Most of the names that have been given are in fact synonyms of just a few species which have world-wide distributions in tropical waters. Experts disagree about some details of the synonymy.

Species within the genus Janthina include:^[5]

† Janthina chavani (Ludbrook, 1978)
Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816 - dwarf janthina
Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822
Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
† Janthina krejcii Beu, 2017
Janthina pallida W. Thompson, 1840
† Janthina typica (Bronn, 1861)
Janthina umbilicata d'Orbigny, 1841

Species brought into synonymy

Janthina affinis Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina africana Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina alba Anton, 1838: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina balteata Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina bicolor Menke, 1828: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina bicolor O. G. Costa, 1830: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina bifida Nuttall, 1850: synonym of Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816
Janthina britannica Forbes & Hanley, 1853: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina capreolata Montrouzier, 1860: synonym of Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816
Janthina carpenteri Mörch, 1860: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina casta Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina coeruleata Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina communis Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina contorta Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina costae Mörch, 1860: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina decollata Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822
Janthina depressa Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina elongata [sic]: synonym of Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822
Janthina fibula Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina fragilis Lamarck, 1801: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina globosa Blainville, 1822: synonym of Janthina umbilicata d'Orbigny, 1840
Janthina grandis Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina incisa Philippi, 1848: synonym of Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816
Janthina involuta Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina iricolor Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822
Janthina jehennei (Petit de la Saussaye, 1853): synonym of Recluzia jehennei Petit de la Saussaye, 1853
Janthina laeta Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Janthina pallida W. Thompson, 1840
Janthina megastoma A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Janthina umbilicata d'Orbigny, 1840
Janthina nana Gray, 1842: synonym of Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822
Janthina nitens Menke, 1828: synonym of Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822
Janthina nitida A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816
Janthina orbignyi Mörch, 1860: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina patula Philippi, 1844: synonym of Janthina pallida W. Thompson, 1840
Janthina payraudeaui Locard, 1900: synonym of Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822
Janthina penicephela Peron, 1824: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina planispirata A. Adams & Reeve, 1848: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina prolongata Blainville, 1822: synonym of Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822
Janthina rosea Anton, 1838: synonym of Janthina pallida W. Thompson, 1840
Janthina roseala Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina roseola Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina rotundata Dillwyn, 1840: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina smithiae Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina splendens Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822
Janthina striata Montrouzier, 1860: synonym of Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816
Janthina striolata A. Adams & Reeve, 1848: synonym of Janthina pallida W. Thompson, 1840
Janthina striulata Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina trochoidea Reeve, 1858: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina vinsoni Deshayes, 1863: synonym of Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816
Janthina violacea Röding, 1798: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Janthina vulgaris Gray, 1847: synonym of Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758)

References

^ ^a ^b Gofas, S. (2011). Janthina Röding, 1798. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138092 on 2011-11-01
^ Beu, Alan G. (2017). "Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 69 (3): 119–222. doi:10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666.
^ ^a ^b Lalli, Carol M.; Ronald W. Gilmer (1989). Pelagic Snails: The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1490-7.
^ Morrison, Sue; Storrie, Ann (1999). Wonders of Western Waters: The Marine Life of South-Western Australia. CALM. p. 68. ISBN 0-7309-6894-4.
^ Gofas, S. (2009). Janthina Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138092 on 2010-05-16

Laursen, D. 1953. The genus Ianthina: A monograph. Dana Report 38: 1-40, pl. 1

External links

[WoRMS-1] Gofas, S. (2011). Janthina Röding, 1798. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138092 on 2011-11-01

[2] Beu, Alan G. (2017). "Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 69 (3): 119–222. doi:10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1666.

[Lalli1989-3] Lalli, Carol M.; Ronald W. Gilmer (1989). Pelagic Snails: The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1490-7.

[M&S-4] Morrison, Sue; Storrie, Ann (1999). Wonders of Western Waters: The Marine Life of South-Western Australia. CALM. p. 68. ISBN 0-7309-6894-4.

[5] Gofas, S. (2009). Janthina Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138092 on 2010-05-16

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