Island night lizard

Island night lizard
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	; Vulnerable (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Family:	Xantusiidae
Genus:	Xantusia
Species:	X. riversiana
Binomial name
	Xantusia riversiana; Cope, 1883
Synonyms
	Xantusia riversiana ; Cope, 1883; Klauberina riversiana ; — Savage, 1957; Xantusia riversiana ; — Crother, 2000;

The island night lizard (Xantusia riversiana) is a species of lizard in the family Xantusiidae. The species is native to three of the Channel Islands of California: San Nicolas Island, Santa Barbara Island, and San Clemente Island. A small population of the island night lizard also lives on Sutil Island, near Santa Barbara Island.

Etymology

The specific name, riversiana, is in honor of James John Rivers (1824–1913), a London-born physician and naturalist, who was Curator of Natural History at the University of California.^[4]

Subspecies

The San Clemente Island population is a subspecies which is recognized as being valid.^[3]

Xantusia riversiana reticulata H.M. Smith, 1946 – San Clemente night lizard

Conservation status

The island night lizard was listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the United States since 1977; the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the species as vulnerable. In 2006, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the administrating agency for the ESA, removed the San Clemente subspecies from the ESA. Better control of munitions-sparked wildfires may have been a reason. In March 2014, The US Fish and Wildlife Service removed the species from the Federal List of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife. This removal was attributed to the removal of non-native animals such as cats and goats from the islands and partnering between the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the US Navy.^{[citation needed]}

Habitat

The island night lizard's preferred habitat is coastal scrub made up of dense boxthorn and cacti thickets.^[1]

Reproduction

Like other night lizards of the family Xantisiidae, the island night lizard is ovoviviparous, bearing live young rather than laying eggs.^[3]

Description

The island night lizard is much larger than another species in the genus Xantusia, the desert night lizard (Xantusia vigilis) of southern California. The island night lizard is typically between 2.6 and 4.3 in (6.6 and 10.9 cm) in length, not including the tail. It typically lives between 11 and 13 years, but some individuals are estimated to have lived 30 years or more. Its color varies from pale ash gray and beige to brown and black. It may have a uniform, mottled, or striped pattern.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Xantusia riversiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T23095A9416639. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T23095A9416639.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Species Xantusia riversiana at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Klauberina riversiana, p. 222).

Sources

"Island Night Lizard Removed from Endangered Species List Due to Recovery." Pacific Southwest Region - US Fish & Wildlife Service. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 31 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. <http://www.fws.gov/cno/press/release.cfm?rid=863>.

Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Xantusia riversiana, p. 551 Plate 408).
Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume II. ... Xantusiidæ .... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii 497 pp. Plates I–XXIV. (Xantusia riversiana, p. 327).
Cope ED (1883). "Notes on the Geographical Distribution of Batrachia and Reptilia in Western North America". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 35: 10–35. (Xantusia riversiana, new species, pp. 29–32).
Smith HM (1946). "A subspecies of the lizard Xantusia riversiana ". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 36 (11): 392–393. (Xantusia riversiana reticulata, new subspecies).
Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback), ISBN 0-307-47009-1 (hardcover). (Klauberina riversiana, pp. 84–85).
Stebbins RC (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xiii 533 pp. ISBN 978-0-395-98272-3. (Xantusia riversiana, p. 309 Plate 35 Map 76).
Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Xantusia riversiana, p. 64).

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Xantusia riversiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T23095A9416639. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T23095A9416639.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[2] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 20 April 2022.

[RDB-3] Species Xantusia riversiana at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.

[4] Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Klauberina riversiana, p. 222).

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