Holodiscus discolor
| Holodiscus discolor | |
|---|---|
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| Flowers in Anacortes, Washington | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Holodiscus |
| Species: | H. discolor
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| Binomial name | |
| Holodiscus discolor | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Holodiscus discolor, commonly known as ocean spray or oceanspray, creambush, or ironwood, is a shrub of western North America.[3][4][5]
Description
[edit]Holodiscus discolor is a fast-growing deciduous shrub usually from to 1.2–1.5 metres (4–5 feet) in width, and up to 2.1 m (7 ft) tall. Its alternate leaves are small, 5–9 centimetres (2–3 1⁄2 inches) long and 4–7 cm (1 1⁄2–3 in) broad, lobed, juicy green when new.[6] The young branches have longitudinal ridges.
Cascading clusters of white flowers drooping from the branches give the plant its two common names. The flowers have a faint sweet, sugary scent. The bloom period is May to July.
It bears a small, hairy fruit containing one seed which is light enough to be dispersed by wind.
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Illustration -
Specimen in Tahoe National Forest, California -
Leaves -
Close-up of flowers
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Distribution and habitat
[edit]The plant is common in the Pacific Northwest, and throughout California in diverse habitats including California mixed evergreen forest, California oak woodlands, chaparral, Coast redwood forest, Douglas-fir forest, Yellow pine forest, Red fir forest, and Lodgepole pine forest. It is native to regions of California including the High Sierra Nevada, Northern and Southern California Coast Ranges, Klamath Mountains, Santa Cruz Mountains, Western Transverse Ranges, and the San Gabriel Mountains.
It is found in both openings and the common understory shrub in a variety of forest overstories from 300–1,300 m (980–4,270 ft) in elevation. In open mountain habitat in the Sierra Nevadas it can be found as high as 3,500 m (11,500 ft). It is found in a variety of habitats, from moist coastal forests to drier, cooler mountains of inland California. The plant is found in areas prone to wildfire, and it is often the first green shoot to spring up in an area recovering from a burn. It is commonly found in chaparral communities, a fire ecology ecosystem which evolved with burning periodically. It also may grow in areas cleared by logging.
In the California black oak woodland plant community, common understory associate species include Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western poison-oak), Heteromeles arbutifolia (toyon), and Dryopteris arguta (coastal wood fern).[7]
Ecology
[edit]It is of special value as a pollinator plant for native bees and butterflies.[8] It is also a larval host to Lorquin's admiral, pale tiger swallowtail, and spring azure caterpillars.[9]
Uses
[edit]Historically, the plant has been used by Indigenous peoples for many purposes.[10] Raw and cooked seeds were eaten,[11] and leaves were mixed with those of other plants and boiled with small game animals.[12] Many tribes used the wood and bark for making tools and furniture. Noted for the strength of its wood, it was often used for making digging sticks, spears, arrows, bows, harpoons and nails. The wood, like with many other plants, was often hardened with fire and was then polished using horsetail.[13]
Comox natives use oceanspray when flowering as an indicator of the best time to dig for butter clams.[14]
Medicinal
[edit]The Lummi used the flowers as an antidiarrheal and the leaves as a poultice. Several Native American tribes, such as the Stl'atl'imx, would steep the berries in boiling water to use as a treatment for diarrhea, smallpox, chickenpox and as a blood tonic.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ "Holdiscus discolor". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
- ^ "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim". Plants Profile. USDA. 2008.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ a b Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (1994). Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 1-55105-042-0.
- ^ Jepson Manual, 1993
- ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Globaltwitcher.com: California Black Oak Quercus kelloggii Archived 2012-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, ed. Nicklas Stromberg.
- ^ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center−NPIN: Holodiscus discolor (Ocean spray)
- ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.
- ^ University of Michigan at Dearborn: Ethnobotany of Holodiscus discolor
- ^ Patterson, Patricia A. (1985). Field Guide to the Forest Plants of Northern Idaho (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. p. 46.
- ^ Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 12.
- ^ Pojar; J, MacKinnon, A.; Alaback, P., et al. 1956/1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska, ISBN 978-1-55105-530-5
- ^ "The effects of climate change on wild plant life cycles" Archived 2017-01-17 at the Wayback Machine; Susan Mazer, PhD, Liz Matthews, PhD, National Park Service.
External links
[edit]
- NatureServe secure species
- Holodiscus
- Flora of British Columbia
- Flora of California
- Flora of Idaho
- Flora of Oregon
- Flora of Washington (state)
- Flora of the Cascade Range
- Flora of the Klamath Mountains
- Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
- Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
- Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
- Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
- Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
- Taxa named by Frederick Traugott Pursh
- Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
- Garden plants of North America
- Butterfly food plants
- Taxa named by Karl Maximovich