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History of the SkyTrain

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The SkyTrain rapid transit system in Greater Vancouver, Canada, was conceived as a legacy project of Expo 86 and was finished in time to showcase the fair's theme: "Transportation and Communication: World in Motion – World in Touch".[1] Construction was funded by the provincial and federal governments.[2] Vancouver had plans as early as the 1950s to build a monorail system, with modernist architect Wells Coates pencilled in to design it; that project was abandoned.[citation needed] The lack of a rapid transit system was said to be the cause of traffic problems in the 1970s, and the municipal government could not fund the construction of such a system.[3] During the same period, Urban Transportation Development Corporation, then an Ontario crown corporation, was developing a new rapid transit technology known as an "Intermediate Capacity Transit System".[4] In 1980, the need for rapid transit was great, and Ontario needed buyers for its new technology. "Advanced Rapid Transit" was selected to be built in Vancouver to showcase the Ontario project at Expo 86.

Expo 86 and the Expo Line

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Construction of the original line began on March 1, 1982, under the Social Credit government of Bill Bennett,[5][6] who inaugurated the system at Waterfront station. SkyTrain opened on December 11, 1985, with free weekend service, and entered full revenue service on January 3, 1986.[7][8]

Until 1989, the SkyTrain terminated at New Westminster station; in 1987, construction began on an extension including the Skybridge, Columbia station, and Scott Road station, extending the service to Surrey.[9] The line was expanded yet again in 1994 with the opening of the Gateway, Surrey Central, and King George stations. SkyTrain was part of the 1996 Greater Vancouver Regional District's (GVRD) Livable Region Strategic Plan, which discussed strategies to deal with the anticipated increase of population in the region. These strategies included increasing transportation choices and transit use.[10]

From 1989 to 1993, BC Transit had carried out an extensive analysis on rapid transit from Vancouver to Richmond. Close to a million dollars was spent by BC Transit carrying out engineering and cost estimates on various possible alignments. Routes in Vancouver such as Granville, Oak, Heather, Ontario and Main Street were all examined and eliminated. Recommended routes for the final assessment were the Cambie Street corridor and the Arbutus corridor. The final option selected was SkyTrain running along Cambie, but the Arbutus alignment was a strong contender from the point of view of cost and LRT technology. In about 1995, the provincial government changed its priorities, and announced a Broadway–Lougheed–New Westminster rapid transit route, with a future line to Coquitlam; this would be named the Millennium Line (with the original line from Waterfront to King George retroactively named the Expo Line). As part of that announcement, the Arbutus and Cambie Street corridors were shown as potential future rapid transit corridors from Vancouver to Richmond.[11]

Expansion

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In 1997, negotiations began at the Greater Vancouver Regional District on transferring responsibility for SkyTrain from the province to the local governments after different visions emerged on how to cope with the growing region and the expansion line planned through the Lougheed area of Burnaby.[12] In 1999, with the adoption of the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority Act (now the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Act), responsibility for SkyTrain, and ownership of SkyTrain's operating company, the British Columbia Rapid Transit Company, were transferred from BC Transit to the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority, branded as TransLink.[13][14] As part of the deal, the proponents agreed on a limited growth plan, with the province taking responsibility for expansion under the Crown corporation Rapid Transit Project 2000 (RTP 2000), and a cost-sharing scheme.

Transit expansion options for the rapidly growing region, which was outstripping TransLink's capacity, included streetcars, rapid buses, and light rapid transit, which were passed over in favour of new SkyTrain lines.[15] RTP 2000 proposed a two-phase expansion: a $1.2-billion Millennium Line from New Westminster to Vancouver Community College via Lougheed Town Centre in Phase I; and a $73-million Coquitlam line from Lougheed Mall to Coquitlam Centre via Port Moody, and a Western Line from Vancouver Community College to Granville Street via the Broadway corridor, both to be completed before 2006, in Phase II.[12]

A MK I train passing by on the Millennium Line, between VCC–Clark station and Commercial–Broadway station (2006)

The first section of the Millennium Line opened in 2002, with the addition of two stations, Braid and Sapperton. Most of the remaining portion began operating later that year, serving North Burnaby and East Vancouver. Phase I of the Millennium Line was completed $50 million under budget.[16] Critics of the project dubbed it the "SkyTrain to Nowhere", claiming that the route of the new line was based on political concerns, not the needs of commuters.[17] One illustration of the legitimacy of this complaint was that the end of the Millennium Line was located in a vacant field, originally chosen because it was supposed to be the location for a new high-tech development and was close to the head office of QLT Inc., but additional development was slow to materialize.[18][19] That station, VCC–Clark near Clark Drive and Broadway, did not open until 2006 because of difficulty in negotiating the right-of-way from BNSF Railway, but it was still five kilometres (3.1 mi) short of the original proposed Phase II terminus at Granville Street.[20]

By 1998, plans for a line to Richmond resurfaced, including a spur to the Vancouver International Airport, in part to strengthen Vancouver's planned bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics.[21] Equal shares of funding were obtained from the federal and provincial governments, as well as the airport authority.[22][23] The Richmond line contradicted TransLink's stated priority of building Phase II of the Millennium Line to Coquitlam, and TransLink's board twice rejected using the offered funding to build the line to Richmond, then narrowly approved it in a third vote in 2004.[24] The new line was named the Canada Line to acknowledge the federal government's contribution.[25]

Canada Line

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The Canada Line was built as a public–private partnership, with the winning bidder, led by SNC-Lavalin (now known as ProTransBC), contributing funds toward its construction and operating it for 35 years. TransLink guaranteed ProTransBC a minimum ridership.[26] The Canada Line opened on August 17, 2009, 15 weeks ahead of schedule and on budget.[27] Ridership rose three years ahead of forecasts, hitting 100,000 passengers per weekday in May 2010 and 110,000 passengers per weekday in February 2011.[28] The Canada Line is operationally independent from the Expo and Millennium Lines and uses rolling stock that is incompatible with the other lines, but it is still considered to be part of the SkyTrain network.[29][30]

Evergreen Extension

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The Evergreen Extension (previously known as the Evergreen Line and, prior to that, part of the Millennium Line Phase II project) is a 10.9-kilometre-long (6.8 mi) extension of the Millennium Line. It extended the SkyTrain network from Lougheed Town Centre in Burnaby to Lafarge Lake–Douglas in Coquitlam, with the addition of six new stations and major upgrades to two existing stations (Commercial–Broadway station and Lougheed Town Centre). It opened on December 2, 2016.

Broadway Extension

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The Broadway Extension will extend the Millennium Line west from VCC–Clark station to a new terminus, Arbutus station. The $2.83-billion extension will be 5.7 kilometres (3.5 mi) long, mainly underground, and feature five new stations. Major construction began in May 2021. It is expected to open in 2026.[31]

Timeline of SkyTrain construction

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Project Name Line(s) Opened Section Stations Length Cost/km[32]
(millions)
Demonstration line Expo Summer 1983 Main Street station
Terminal Ave guideway 		1 1 km N/A
Expo Phase I Expo January 3, 1986 Waterfront – New Westminster 15 20.4 km $82.66
Expo Phase II Expo February 14, 1989 New Westminster – Columbia 2 2.9 km $101.72
March 16, 1990 Columbia – Scott Road
Surrey Extension Expo March 28, 1994 Scott Road – King George 3 4.4 km $57.03
Millennium Phase I Millennium January 2, 2002 Columbia – Braid 12 19.1 km $61.68
August 31, 2002 Braid – Commercial Drive
November 21, 2003 Lake City Way station added
VCC–Clark Extension Millennium January 6, 2006 Commercial Drive – VCC–Clark 1 0.8 km
Canada Line Canada August 17, 2009 Waterfront – Richmond–Brighouse
Waterfront – YVR–Airport 		15 19.2 km $106.979
Evergreen Extension Millennium December 2, 2016 Lougheed Town Centre – Lafarge Lake–Douglas 6 10.9 km $128.44

Impact

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A first-generation Mark II SkyTrain at Rupert station, Millennium Line (2005)

The SkyTrain system has had a significant impact on the development of areas near stations and has helped to shape urban density in Metro Vancouver. Between 1991 and 2001, the population living within 500 metres (1,600 ft) of a SkyTrain station increased by 37 per cent, compared to the regional average of 24 per cent.[32] From the system's opening, the total population of the service area rose from 400,000 to 1.3 million people.[33] According to BC Transit's document SkyTrain: A catalyst for development, more than $5 billion of private money had been invested within a 10–15 minute walking distance of the SkyTrain and SeaBus. The report claimed that those two modes of transportation were the driving force of the investment, though it did not disaggregate the general growth in that area.[34]

According to Graham R. Crampton, SkyTrain and San Diego's trolley system were among the most successful transit systems in three areas: stimulation of growth in city centres; stimulation of growth in declining areas; and change in the pattern of urban development. Vancouver's system was particularly impressive, according to E. Babalik:[35]

The most effective system in terms of shaping urban growth is SkyTrain. The corridor that SkyTrain runs through became the main development axis of Vancouver with a notably denser urban form after the opening of SkyTrain. Development densities along SkyTrain route have changed especially as a result of the rezoning plans of the municipalities. These plans increased the densities at station areas, and encouraged office and retail centres at stations. Some of the SkyTrain stations became the 'new town centres' as proposed in the metropolitan development plan.

Larry Ward, former president and CEO of British Columbia Rapid Transit Corporation, told Goliath that public reaction to the Millennium Line was positive; customers enjoyed the spaciousness of the Mark II cars, the brighter station colours, and the general ambiance.[16] When Broadway station opened in 1985, it caused disruption to business south of the station. In an effort to provide redress for the damage done, The Hub was created in 2003 when the adjacent Commercial Drive station opened. The Hub is a strip of retail businesses within Commercial Drive station, a transfer point between the Expo and Millennium lines. Almost 50,000 people pass through the intersection every business day.[36]

The Canada Line was credited with spurring transit-oriented development in Richmond, where 40,000 residents live within 400 metres (1,300 ft) of the line.[37] The City of Richmond planned to add 80,000 more residents to its city centre by 2031, concentrated in five high-density neighbourhoods surrounding the city's Canada Line stations.[38] The City of Vancouver has been slower to adopt a SkyTrain-related growth strategy: its Cambie Corridor Planning Program, which was to be completed by 2011, intended to produce a coordinated strategy for the entire corridor, as well as policies for what the city called "strategic sites".[39]

Controversies

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A Canada Line train at Waterfront station in Downtown Vancouver (2009)

Technology choice

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The choice of SkyTrain technology to provide rapid transit in the Metro Vancouver region has not gone unchallenged. A survey conducted by Canadian Facts for the Rapid Transit Project and released in 1998, eight days after Premier Glen Clark stated his preferred technology choice for connecting Coquitlam Centre to Vancouver was SkyTrain, found that:[40]

  • 61 percent of Greater Vancouver residents were "more likely" to support the construction of SkyTrain than ground-level light rail transit;
  • 71 percent said that "even though SkyTrain is more expensive to build, it is better than ground LRT";
  • 69 percent felt that SkyTrain would have the largest impact on traffic reduction, followed by either transit links (54 per cent), rapid buses on dedicated lanes such as those used for the B-Line bus routes (40 per cent), and less expensive LRT lines (32 per cent);
  • 51 percent said the terminus should have been at UBC, followed by Granville Street (24 per cent) and Commercial–Broadway station (17 per cent);
  • 63 percent said that SkyTrain was the best mode of transportation, followed by the bus system (24 per cent), the West Coast Express (3 per cent) and the SeaBus (1 per cent).

Deming Smith of the Society Promoting Environmental Conservation believed that the selection of Bombardier's technology was politically charged, because construction workers would vote for Glen Clark's party, the British Columbia New Democratic Party, for providing them with employment.[41]

Debt

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The system had debt problems in 1998. The debt servicing of SkyTrain was three and a half times the actual operating budget, whereas the debt servicing of buses was only one-seventh the operating budget.[42] During construction of the Surrey extension, the Vancouver Regional Transit Commission, a division of BC Transit, was $30 million in debt. The provincial government agreed to cover the debt in 1991 for three years.[43]

Environmental impacts

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In May 2001, protesters halted construction of the Millennium Line in an attempt to save the trees and vegetation within the Grandview Cut. TransLink scrapped the original plan of building a tunnel in favour of a guideway.[44] The bridge over the cut was consequently out of service from April to December 2001. It disrupted bus service and several local businesses, including Canada Post, a hairdressing school, and a restaurant, which experienced a $5,000-per-month loss of revenue. The owner appealed to city hall and the Millennium Line Rapid Transit Project Office for compensation, and complained to Premier Ujjal Dosanjh and Deputy Premier Joy MacPhail. Dosanjh sent her a letter saying he would pass her concerns on to Economic Development minister Mike Farnworth. MacPhail declined compensation and said the Nanaimo Bridge construction project was a "necessary evil".[45]

Disruption to local businesses

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Construction of the Canada Line raised concerns over the disruption of local business near Yaletown, Cambie Street, and No. 3 Road in Richmond. InTransitBC, the construction consortium, responded by launching an advertising campaign promoting local business on the line.[46] Residents of Cambie Street opposed the building of the Canada Line on their street and advocated instead for the line to be built down the Arbutus corridor, which is zoned for rail transit. Officials said that Cambie was preferred because the line is shorter and covers more important and trafficked destinations that can generate more revenue, like Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver City Hall, Oakridge Centre, and Langara College.[47] Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson was a strong supporter of Cambie Street merchants and spoke regularly about hardships arising from the Canada Line construction.[48] He called the handling of the rail line construction an "injustice".[49] On March 23, 2009, Robertson testified in a lawsuit by a Cambie Street merchant in the BC Supreme Court regarding damage to her business from the construction.[48] The merchant was awarded $600,000 by the court, which ruled that there was insufficient action to mitigate the effects of Canada Line construction on Cambie Street merchants.[50] When the Canada Line opened on August 17, 2009, Robertson said Greater Vancouver needed more rapid transit, but that the Canada Line was a "great start" and that he was a "Johnny-come-lately" to the project.[51]

References

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  1. ^ "Canada at International Expositions – Expo '86 in Vancouver". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  2. ^ Williamson, Robert (November 21, 1980). "Ontario train system may be used in Vancouver". Globe and Mail. p. 8.
  3. ^ Clarke, John (November 19, 1977). "Rapid transit system still a pipedream". The Globe and Mail. p. 8.
  4. ^ Keating, Michael (November 13, 1971). "$61 million experiment could go down the drain New money crucial to give 'sky subvway [sic] a shot at markets". The Globe and Mail. p. 5.
  5. ^ J. C. Dunn, Christoper (2003). The Institutionalized Cabinet: Governing the Western Provinces. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1283-7.
  6. ^ "The SkyTrain Tunnel". Vancouver History. Archived from the original on May 31, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  7. ^ "Vancouver History 1985". VancouverHistory.ca. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
  8. ^ Source: "On Track: The SkyTrain Story", by David Sproule, 1996.
  9. ^ Davis, Chuck (1997). The Greater Vancouver Book: an Urban Encyclopedia. Surrey, BC: Linkman Press. ISBN 1-896846-00-9. Archived from the original on June 30, 2003.
  10. ^ "Details of The Livable Region Strategic Plan". City of Vancouver. Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
  11. ^ "City of Richmond Report to Council 6460-01" (PDF). City of Richmond. February 8, 2000. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  12. ^ a b Auditor General of BC (August 2001). "Transportation in Greater Vancouver: A Review of Agreements Between the Province and TransLink, and of TransLink's Governance Structure" (PDF). bcauditor.com. British Columbia. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 11, 2020.
  13. ^ "BC Transit General Information". Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  14. ^ Office of the Comptroller General (May 7, 1999). "British Columbia Rapid Transit Company Ltd. Financial Statements for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 1999". BC Ministry of Finance and Corporate Relations. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
  15. ^ Jim Taggart. "Vancouver's Millennium Line". Canadian Architect. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  16. ^ a b Nickerson, Kathryn (1 April 2003). "Vancouver's SkyTrain has new extension: the 20 km Millennium Line was completed in an unprecedented 33 months-10 weeks ahead of schedule and $50 million under budget". Thompson-Gale Goliath. Archived from the original (fee required) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
  17. ^ Sullivan, Paul (January 8, 2002). "B.C.'s SkyTrain to Nowhere". Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  18. ^ Carrigg, David (February 19, 2001). "SkyTrain critics have their say". Vancouver Courier. Archived from the original on October 21, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
  19. ^ "Google map showing location of VCC station". Google Maps. January 1, 1970. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
  20. ^ Carrigg, David (August 5, 2004). "SkyTrain extension off the rails". Vancouver Courier. Archived from the original on October 19, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
  21. ^ Skytrain line to Airport Proposed, Vancouver Sun, June 25, 1998, by Scott Simpson
  22. ^ Bill C-49, Budget Implementation Act, 2001, Part 6,37th parliament, 1st session.
  23. ^ TransLink annual report 2006, 2007 and 2008
  24. ^ The Road Less Travelled, Translink's Improbable Journey from 1999 to 2008, Trevor Wales, 2008
  25. ^ "Canada Line launched as partners unveil vehicle" (Press release). November 25, 2005. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
  26. ^ Campbell's 'kaputski' on RAV line financing tops the list of keepers so far, Vaughn Palmer, The Vancouver Sun, Dec 3, 2004. p. A3
  27. ^ "Canada Line Delivers a Smooth Ride". The Globe and Mail. December 28, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
  28. ^ "Rise in transit use called Olympic legacy". BC Local News. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  29. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions, Canada Line". Rapid Transit Office, City of Vancouver. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
  30. ^ "Making the Connection to a World of Choice". TransLink. Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2009.
  31. ^ Broadway Subway Project reaches major construction phase
  32. ^ Newman, Peter W. G; Jeffrey R. Kenworthy; Dr Peter Newman (1999). Sustainability and Cities. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. p. 221. ISBN 1-55963-660-2.
  33. ^ "Vancouver BC SkyTrain" (PDF). City of Seattle. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
  34. ^ Graham Crampton. "Economic Development Impacts of Urban Rail Transport" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-21. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. ^ Rossiter, Sean (1 March 2003). "A tale of two stations". The Vancouver Sun. p. H7.
  36. ^ "Richmond riding TransLink into future". Vancouver Sun. 14 August 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  37. ^ "The rush to Richmond". The Globe and Mail. 6 October 2006.
  38. ^ "Canada Line accelerates development process on Cambie Street". Georgia Straight. 20 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  39. ^ "SkyTrain gets public's vote: Despite higher costs, residents prepared to pay; [Final Edition]". The Province. 14 June 1998. p. A.29.
  40. ^ "SkyTrain critics: 'We told you so'". CBC News. 1 February 2001. Archived from the original on December 31, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2006.
  41. ^ BC Legislative Assembly (30 June 1998). "Debates of the Legislative Assembly". Retrieved March 9, 2007.
  42. ^ Lee, Jeff (October 5, 1991). "City unloads $30-million SkyTrain debt; [1* Edition]". The Vancouver Sun. p. A4.
  43. ^ Stowe, Barbra (17 May 2001). "Don't cut Grandview Cut'; [Final Edition]". The Province. p. A.45.
  44. ^ Lee, Jeff (April 20, 2001). "Bridge delays costly for restaurateur: The Nanaimo Bridge over Grandview Cut was to have re-opened in December; [Final Edition]". The Vancouver Sun. p. B.1.FRO.
  45. ^ "Business is open, are you?" (PDF) (Press release). InTransitBC. 20 March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
  46. ^ Krangle, Karenn (4 March 2003). "Translink seeks public input on rapid Richmond route; [Final Edition]". The Vancouver Sun. p. B.2.
  47. ^ a b "Vancouver mayor testifies in Cambie merchant lawsuit", CBC, March 23, 2009.
  48. ^ "The long and troubled road to the Canada Line", CTV News, August 17, 2009.
  49. ^ "Ex-Cambie merchant's court victory linked to defendants' failure to mitigate effects of Canada Line", The Georgia Straight, May 28, 2009.
  50. ^ "Vancouver's Canada Line starts up". National Post. August 17, 2009.[dead link‍]
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