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Hassan Bagheri

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Hassan Bagheri
Hassan Bagheri picture
Native name
حسن باقری
Birth nameQolamhossein Afshordi
Born(1956-03-16)March 16, 1956
Tehran, Imperial State of Iran
DiedJanuary 29, 1983(1983-01-29) (aged 26)
Fakkeh, Iran
Allegiance Imperial State of Iran
(1978–1979)
 Iran
(1979–1983)
Service / branchPahlavi Iran Imperial Iranian Army
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC
Years of service1978–1983
Unit IRGC Ground Forces
Commands5th Nasr Division
Karbala base
Darkhoveyn axis
Battles / wars
AwardsOrder of Fath 2[1]
Alma materUrmia University
University of Tehran
Spouse(s)
Parvin Daeepoor
​
(m. 1981)​
Children1 girl: Narges

Hassan Bagheri (born Qolamhossein Afshordi; March 16, 1956 – January 29, 1983)[2] was an Iranian military officer and journalist,[3] and prominent military figure in the Iran-Iraq War. He served as the deputy commander of the IRGC Ground Forces during the war,[4] and was one of the senior IRGC commanders that played a key role in the liberation of Khorramshahr.[5]

Bagheri was killed in action by a mortar shell in January 1983, shortly before the start of the Operation Before the Dawn during reconnaissance operations in Fakkeh.[6] He was the brother of Mohammad Bagheri, the incumbent chief of the Iranian Armed Forces.

Early life

[edit]

Qolamhossein Afshordi was born on March 16, 1956 near Khorasan Square in Tehran, Iran. His family was from Afshord, a village in Heris, East Azerbaijan province.[7] He attended Motarjem al-Dowleh School and Marvi High School.[8]

Education

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In 1975, after obtaining a mathematics diploma, he began to study Animal husbandry at the Faculty of Agriculture of Urmia University. After the Iranian revolution, he enrolled in the Iranian University Entrance Exam after receiving a literary diploma in June 1979. He was ranked 104th in entrance exam, so he was admitted at Tehran University in the field of judicial law.[9]

Military service

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In March 1978, Afshordi was conscripted into the Imperial Iranian Army. Upon completing training, he was transferred to Ilam in the Jaldian Garrison. During his military service, he became friends with the scholars of Ilam and especially Sadri (former Imam of Friday Prayer of Ilam.[citation needed] When it became known that he divulged military information he was no longer trusted and sent to work as a driver.[citation needed] In 1979, he deserted from the army and took part in the Iranian Revolution as a partisan.[4][10] During the outbreak of the revolution, he, along with other relatives and friends, was present in the capture of 14 Police Station and Eshratabad Barracks in Tehran.[9]

post–Iranian revolution and military career

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Picture of Hassan Bagheri when he was a teenager

Afshordi was active in the Islamic Revolution Committees and some other institutions until May 1979.[10] In 1979, he started his activity by entering the cultural and political service section of the Islamic Republican newspaper.[4] During this period, at the invitation of the United Nations, he made a 15-day trip to Lebanon and Jordan on behalf of this newspaper as a reporter, and during this trip, he prepared a comprehensive analytical report on the troubled situation of Muslims in that regions.[10][11] After returning in June 1979, he got a diploma in literature and then took part in the university entrance exam again and was accepted with the 104th rank in the judicial law department of Tehran University.[10]

At the beginning of 1980, he joined the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).[4] This was where Afshordi changed his name to Hassan Bagheri as a nom de guerre.[4][10] His job in the Intelligence Section was to identify anti-government rebel groups.[11]

Role in the Iran-Iraq war

[edit]

With the start of the Iran-Iraq war, on September 22, 1980, Hassan Bagheri along with some IRGC members, went to the south of the country, when the position of the Iraqi forces was established in Khuzestan.[10][12] Yahya Rahim Safavi considers Hassan Bagheri one of the genius commanders of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.[13] During the time Hassan Bagheri was in the war, using the experiences he gained during his time as a journalist in Iran and Lebanon, he collected information, maps and operational calculations and record audios on the fronts of Iran and turned these documents into organized reports.[12]

Intelligence and combat unit

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Bagheri left for the southern front on September 23, 1980 and set up a combat intelligence unit from the moment he arrived. He personally penetrated the positions of the units of the Iraqi Army's 3rd Corps in order to obtain information about the enemy's situation.[14]

Bagheri is the founder of IRGC Intelligence and Operations Unit.[15][16] From the beginning of his arrival in Ahvaz at Montazerane Shahadat Base, in order to obtain appropriate information about the enemy's position, along with intelligence elements, he collected maps and implemented the situation of operational areas on them. His activities in this field by organizing intelligence elements and conducting a brief training for them, led to the establishment of the Intelligence and Operations Unit in the Southern Operations Headquarters. After about 3 months from the start of the war, these units were deployed in all southern axes (from Abadan to Dezful).[9][10]

Hassan Bagheri had a great talent in analyzing the enemy's information and predicting possible movements of the Iraqi army in the future.[citation needed] One of his predictions in December 1980 was regarding the movement of Iraqi army forces to join the north-south axis of Susangerd region to connect Jafir and Bostan, which Iraq did less than a week after Bagheri's prediction with the installation of numerous military bridges and extensive efforts.[9][10]

Deputy of the Southern Operations Headquarters

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He was elected as one of the deputies of the southern operation headquarters in December 1980 and played an important role in the defeat of the siege of Susangerd, the operation of Imam Mahdi, the Operation Fath ol-Mobin, liberation of the heights of Allah Akbar and Dehlaviyeh. These battles were carried out in a situation where the regular operations of the internal forces had encountered problems and often remained without results. After the removal of Abolhassan Banisadr and according to the political conditions of that time in Iran, Bagheri participated in the Operation Farmandeh Kole Ghowa and after the injury of Yahya Rahim Safavi, he took over the leadership of the operation.[10]

Darkhoveyn axis command

[edit]

Hassan Bagheri, who was in charge of the Darkhoveyn axis and Mahshahr road in the Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh, played a role in planning, organizing, and obtaining news and information from the enemy in the operation to break the siege of Abadan[10]

Operation Tariq al-Quds

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Main article: Operation Tariq al-Quds

In the Operation Tariq al-Quds, when a joint headquarters was established between the IRGC and the Iranian Army for the first time, Bagheri was present at the headquarters of the joint operations command as the deputy commander of the IRGC.[10]

Hassan Bagheri was injured in an accident at night during the preparation stage of the operation and was taken to the hospital. His brother says about this:[10]

"In the hospital, at moments when it was not known whether he would survive or not, and even though he could hardly speak, he asked: What about Sabeleh Bridge in the operation?"

Although he was ordered to take complete medical rest for a month, he left the hospital after a week and returned to the southern operation headquarters.[10] I

Command of Nasr camp

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Hassan Bagheri next to Ruhollah Khomeini's photo

Hassan Bagheri was in charge of the Nasr camp during the Fath ol-Mobin, Beit ol-Moqaddas and Ramadan operations.[4][5]

Operation Fath ol-Mobin

[edit]
Main article: Operation Fath ol-Mobin

According to the size of the operational area, before the start of the Operation Fath ol-Mobin, four camps were identified to control and guide the operation. Due to the greater sensitivity of the northern axis of the region, Hassan Bagheri was chosen as the commander of Nasr camp (joint army and IRGC camp) in this faction. In the first stage of the Fath ol-Mobin operation, Nasr camp successfully achieved all the set goals. Also, in the second phase of the operation, the Iranian forces captured the Radar Heights (called Abusalbikhat).[10][17]

Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas

[edit]
Main article: Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas

Bagheri presented the plan of the Beit ol-Moqaddas operation for the liberation of Khorramshahr in the Karbala camp and in the presence of other commanders.[18] In this plan, 40,000 to 50,000 troops were transferred from the Karun River to the enemy's positions at night to capture the enemy's main points.[19] The plan of this operation was reviewed and approved for 20 days and nights in the Karbala camp with the active presence of Hasan Bagheri, Ali Sayad Shirazi, Gholam Ali Rashid, Mohsen Rezaee, Yahya Rahim Safavi and other commanders of units and divisions of the IRGC and the army.[18]

During the Second Battle of Khorramshahr, Bagheri's forces in the Nasr camp, by encircling the enemy and preventing their advance in the Shalamcheh area, provided the ground for the break the siege and liberation of Khorramshahr by the Fath camp.[10][20]

Operation Ramadan

[edit]
Main article: Operation Ramadan

During the Operation Ramadan, which began on July 14, 1982, in the Shalamcheh operational area, which is east of the southern Iraqi city of Basra, the forces under Bagheri's command passed through explosive traps and mines, and reached a depth of 27 kilometers into the Iraqi territory and near the city of Basra.[4][5] However, the offensive was disastrous for Iran as Iranian forces failed to break through Iraqi defenses and achieve their objectives, and ended with the Iranians suffering appalling casualties for minor territorial gains. [21]

Command of Karbala camp

[edit]

After the end of the disastrous Ramadan operation, in which the Nasr camp participated as a precautionary force,[10] Bagheri was appointed by Mohsen Rezaee, the commander in chief of the IRGC at the time, to the command of the Karbala camp[4] and the deputy commander in the southern camps.[10][22] In the camp of Karbala, while laying the foundation for the operation of Muslim ibn Aqil, Bagheri also planned the operation of Muharram.[10] After the successful completion of the Muharram operation, Bagheri was appointed as the deputy commander of the IRGC ground unit.[10]

Death

[edit]
The coffin of Hassan Bagheri

Bagheri was hit by a mortar shell and killed on January 29, 1983[2] shortly before the start of the Operation Before the Dawn, along with a group of members of the IRGC, while conducting reconnaissance operations in Fakkeh area, in the Khuzestan Province.[23] Also after the impact of the mortar shell, Tawakkul Qalavand (Deputy Intelligence Officer of Najaf Base) and Majid Baqaei were also killed and Morteza Saffari was seriously injured. Hassan Bagheri was 26 years old when he died.[10] His burial place is Section 24 Martyr Tomb of Behesht-e Zahra. A highway in Tehran is named in his memory.[24]

War strategy method

[edit]

Afshordi was very interested in staffing and training forces for command. Mehdi Zeinoddin is one of his most famous trainee, who later became the commander of the 17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division. Also, Hossein Ali Turki, the first commander of the 17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division was one of the trainee of Afshordi. Hossein Ali Turki was killed in Shush on January 26, 1982 due to a mortar hit.[13] According to Mohsen Rezaee, the commander of the IRGC during the war, the success of Iran's armed forces was achieved through the method of experimental development,[25] of which Hassan Bagheri was one of its experts and creators. This method led to the development of a defense system including defense thought, principles and rules of operation, military doctrine and principles and rules of war for Iran.[25] This method was based on logical principles and basic experiences in the first year of the battle between Iran and Iraq forces, which was built with the help of logical principles from the basic experiences of revolutionary defense knowledge. Documentation of experiences and experimental conceptualization and development of knowledge is the basic axis of this method.[26][27][28][29]

Personal life

[edit]

Hassan Bagheri married Parvin Daeepoor in August 1981, whom he had a daughter with and named her Narges.[30]

Works about him

[edit]

The most important works that have been published so far about Hassan Bagheri (Qolamhossein Afshordi) are (All in Persian):[31]


  • Akharin Roozhaye Zemestan (lit. 'The Last Days of Winter'), Mohammad Hossein Mahdavian, Ten-episode television series, 2012
  • Sirate Sardaran (lit. 'The Biographies of the Chiefs'), Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Publication, 1987
  • Pirahane Sefid (lit. 'The White Shirt'), Hassan Bani Ameri, Foundation for the Preservation and Publication of Sacred Defense Works and Values, 1995
  • Saqqaye Basij (lit. 'ُThe Mobilization Power Giver'), Samira Aslanpoor, Congress Commemorating Martyred Generals of Tehran Province, 1997
  • Chashme Bidare Hamaseh (lit. 'The Waking Eye of the Epic'), Mohammad Khosravi, Congress Commemorating Martyred Generals of Tehran Province, 1997
  • Chashme Jebheh'Ha (lit. 'The Eye of the Fronts'), Samira Aslanpoor, Congress Commemorating Martyred Generals of Tehran Province, 1997
  • Haft Bande Eltehab (lit. 'The Seven Points of Inflammation'), Abbas Moshfeq Kashani, Congress Commemorating Martyred Generals of Tehran Province, 1997
  • Bi Karaneha (lit. 'The Limitless People'), Einollah Kavandi, Congress Commemorating Martyred Generals of Tehran Province, 1997
  • Ta Maah Kamel Shavad (lit. 'Until the Moon is Full'), Samira Aslanpoor, Congress Commemorating Martyred Generals of Tehran Province, 1998
  • Hemaseh Sazane Asre Imam Khomeini (Jeld 3) (lit. 'Epic Makers of Imam Khomeini's Era (Volume 3)'), Humanities Research Institute and Imam Hossein University, Congress Commemorating Martyred Generals of Tehran Province, 1998
  • Gozideye Adabiate Dastane Moaser (Majmooe Dastane 18) (lit. 'Selection of Contemporary Fiction Literature (Story Collection 18)'), Samira Aslanpoor, Neistan Book, 1999
  • Nabardhaye Sharqe Karun be Revayate Farmandehan (lit. 'The Battles of East Karun According to the Commanders'), Seyyed Ali Bani Lohi and Hadi Morad Piri, War Studies and Research Center, 2000
  • Yadegaran (Jeld 4: Ketabe Bagheri) (lit. 'The Memorial Peoples (Volume 4: Book Bagheri)'), Farzaneh Mardi, Ravayat-e Fath Publication, 2002
  • Mosafer[32] (lit. 'The Passenger'), Davoud Bakhtiari Daneshvar, Bureau of Literature and Art of Resistance, 2002
  • Khaneye Koochak, Zendegie Bozorg: Goftogoo ba Parvin Daeepoor; Hamsare Sardar Shahid Hassan Bagheri[33] (lit. 'Small house, Big Life: A Conversation with Parvin Daeepoor; Wife of Martyr Chief Hassan Bagheri'), Morteza Sarhangi, Kaman Publication, 2003
  • Looti va Atash "Zendeginameye Sardar Shahid Hassan Bagheri"[34] (lit. 'The Sincere and The Fire "Biography of Martyr Chief Hassan Bagheri"'), Rahim Makhdoomi Shorbiani, Sarir Publication, 2005
  • Shahid Hassan Bagheri (Qolamhossein Afshordi)[35] (lit. 'The Martyr Hassan Bagheri (Qolamhossein Afshordi)'), Gholam Ali Rashid and Saeed Sarmadi, Shakib Publication, 2005
  • Dakale Aboozar (lit. 'The Aboozar Mast'), Fathollah Jafari, Bureau of Literature and Art of Resistance, 2007
  • Bagheri (Be Soorate Ketabcheh) (lit. 'Bagheri (In the Form of a Booklet)'), Ali Akbari, Ya Zahra Publication, 2008
  • Narmafzare Chand Resane'ie Hassan Bagheri (lit. 'Hasan Bagheri's Multimedia Software'), Shahed Publication, 2008
  • Lohe Feshordeye Yadvareye Sardare Nasr (Hassan Bagheri) (lit. 'The Compact Disk of Memorial of Victory Chief (Hassan Bagheri)'), Vice President of Social and Cultural Affairs of Region 13 Municipality, 2008
  • Shahid Afshordi (Bagheri)[36] (lit. 'The Martyr Afshordi (Bagheri)'), Farzam Shirzadi, Madreseh Publication, 2009

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "اعطای نشان فتح به حسن باقری" [Awarding the Order of Fath to Hassan Bagheri] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b "سردار سرلشکر شهید حسن باقری" [Major General Martyr Hasan Bagheri] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  3. ^ "با شهید حسن باقری از خبرنگاری در روزنامه «جمهوری اسلامی» تا تبدیل شدن به «نابغه جنگ»" [With Shahid Hassan Bagheri, from being a reporter in the "Islamic Republic" newspaper to becoming a "war genius"] (in Persian). 29 January 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "آیا «جومونگ ایرانی» را هم می‌شناسیم؟!" [Do we also know "Iranian Jumong"?!] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  5. ^ a b c "مروری بر دست‌نوشته‌های شهید حسن باقری «غلامحسین افشردی»" [A review of the manuscripts of martyr Hassan Bagheri, "Qolamhossein Afshordi"] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  6. ^ "محل آسمانی شدن شهید «حسن باقری» در جنوبی‌ترین نقطه‌ی استان ایلام" [The place where martyr "Hasan Bagheri" was taken to heaven in the southernmost point of Ilam province] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  7. ^ "محمد باقری، برادر سردار شهید حسن باقری" [Mohammad Bagheri, brother of Martyr Hassan Bagheri] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  8. ^ "زندگینامه، عکس و تصاویر شهید حسن باقری (غلامحسین افشردی)" [Biography, photos and pictures of Martyr Hassan Bagheri (Qolamhossein Afshordi)] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2019-03-07. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d "زندگی‌نامه شهید باقری (افشردی)" [Biography of Shahid Bagheri (Afshordi)] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "حسن باقری (افشردی) قائم مقام فرماندهی نیروی زمینی سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی" [Hassan Bagheri (Afshordi), deputy commander of the ground forces of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2008-12-21. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  11. ^ a b حسین بهزاد و گلعلی بابایی. همپای صاعقه (کارنامه عملیاتی لشکر ۲۷ محمد رسول‌الله) (in Persian). سوره مهر، چ ۴، ص۸۰۶.
  12. ^ a b "خبرنگاری شهید «حسن باقری» به داد جنگ رسید" [Martyr "Hassan Bagheri" reporter reached to war] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  13. ^ a b "صفوی: شهید «باقری» نابغه دوران جنگ" [Safavi: Martyr "Bagheri", a genius during the war] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  14. ^ حسین بهزاد و گلعلی بابایی. همپای صاعقه (کارنامه عملیاتی لشکر ۲۷ محمد رسول‌الله) (in Persian). سوره مهر، چ ۴، ص۸۰۷.
  15. ^ "آثار باقی‌مانده از شهید باقری" [Remaining works of Shahid Bagheri] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2008-09-30. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  16. ^ "شمخانی: در دفاع مقدس پرونده سازی نمی‌شد" [Shamkhani: There was no case in the holy defense] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  17. ^ "ناگفته‌هایی از جنگ به روایت شهید حسن باقری" [Unsaid stories from the war narrated by martyr Hassan Bagheri] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  18. ^ a b "طراحی پیچیده عملیات بیت‌المقدس توسط شهید باقری همه فرماندهان را متعجب کرد" [The complex design of the Beit ol-Moqaddas operation by Shahid Bagheri surprised all the commanders] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  19. ^ "عبور از کارون ابتکار حسن باقری بود" [Crossing Karun was Hassan Bagheri's initiative] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  20. ^ "ارزیابی سرلشکر شهید حسن باقری از عملیات بیت‌المقدس" [Major General Shahid Hassan Bagheri's assessment of the Beit ol-Moqaddas operation] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Connell was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ "این صدای پرطنین..." [This resonant sound...] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  23. ^ بهداروند (۱۳۹۴), محمدمهدی. "ششم" (in Persian). زندان الرشید: سوره مهر، ص. ۲۶۳، شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۱۷۵-۵۹۵-۸.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ "شهید تهرانی مقدم همسایه چمران شد" [Shahid Tehrani Moghaddam became a neighbor of Chamran] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  25. ^ a b "روش توسعه تجربی با الگوگیری از شیوه مدیریتی شهید باقری" [Experimental development method based on Shahid Bagheri's management style] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  26. ^ رضایی, محسن. "روش توسعه تجربی" (in Persian). فصلنامه فرهنگ مدیریت، ش. ۱۲، ص. ۱۵۱–۱۷۲ (بهار ۱۳۸۵).
  27. ^ "روش توسعه تجربی" [Experimental development method] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  28. ^ "شهید حسن باقری" [Martyr Hassan Bagheri] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2009-05-10. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  29. ^ "سردار سرلشكر پاسدار شهید غلامحسین افشردی (حسن باقری)" [Chief General Guard Martyr Qolamhossein Afshordi (Hassan Bagheri)] (in Persian). 16 September 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  30. ^ "ازدواج حسن باقری" [Hassan Bagheri's marriage] (in Persian). Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  31. ^ "کتابشناسی سرلشکر شهید غلامحسین افشردی (حسن باقری)" [Bibliography of Major General Shahid Qolamhossein Afshordi (Hassan Bagheri)] (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  32. ^ "کتاب مسافر: براساس زندگی شهید غلامحسین افشردی (حسن باقری)" [The passenger: based on the life of martyr Gholamhossein Afshordi (Hassan Bagheri)] (in Persian). Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  33. ^ "کتاب خانه کوچک، زندگی بزرگ: گفت و گو با پروین داعی پور همسر سردار شهید حسن باقری" [The Book Small house, Big Life: A Conversation with Parvin Daeepoor; Wife of Martyr Chief Hassan Bagheri] (in Persian). Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  34. ^ "کتاب لوطی و آتش "زندگی نامه‌ی سردار شهید حسن باقری"" [The Book The Sincere and The Fire "Biography of Martyr Chief Hassan Bagheri"] (in Persian). Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  35. ^ "کتاب شهید حسن باقری (غلامحسین افشردی)" [The Book The Martyr Hassan Bagheri (Qolamhossein Afshordi)] (in Persian). Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  36. ^ "کتاب شهید افشردی (باقری) منتشر شد" [The book of Shahid Afshordi (Bagheri) was published] (in Persian). Retrieved 6 October 2024.
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