Jump to content

HAL Tejas Mk2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tejas Mark 2/Light Weight Fighter
An aerial render of Tejas Mark II
General information
TypeMultirole fighter
National originIndia
ManufacturerHindustan Aeronautics Limited
DesignerAeronautical Development Agency
Aircraft Research and Design Centre (HAL)[1]
Aeronautical Development Establishment
StatusPrototype development
Primary userIndian Air Force (intended)
History
Manufactured2023 – present
Developed fromHAL Tejas

The HAL Tejas Mark 2 (lit. "Radiance"), or Medium Weight Fighter (MWF),[2] is an Indian single-engine, canard delta wing, multirole combat aircraft designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC)[3] of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF). It is a further development of the HAL Tejas, with an elongated airframe, close coupled canards, new sensors, and a more powerful engine.

The fighter is being designed and developed to replace multiple strike fighters of IAF viz, the SEPECAT Jaguar, Dassault Mirage 2000, and Mikoyan MiG-29.[4][5][6] The indigenous content of the fighter will be 82% initially and will cross 90% after the licensed production of its engine.[7]

Development

[edit]

MWF Programme

[edit]

Dr. V. Madhusudana Rao is the Project Director of the Tejas Mark 2.[8] The development of Tejas Mark 2 or MWF was initiated to address all the shortcomings in the Tejas Mark 1 and Mark 1A, and to meet the original air staff requirements set out for the LCA programme by the IAF. The development of the Tejas Mark 2 was authorised in November 2009 as a continuation of LCA programme, under the phase 3 of full-scale engineering development (FSED) process.[N 1][9] The FSED phase 3 consisted of design, development and manufacturing of two prototypes.[10] Initially planned as an upsized Tejas, with a 0.5 m fuselage plug to accommodate more fuel and a more powerful engine, the Tejas Mark 2 design has evolved over years into a completely new medium-weight class fighter.[10]

The preliminary design studies for the Tejas Mark 2 was completed in 2014 and was in the detailed design phase as of 2015.[10] The redesigned fighter was first unveiled at the Aero India air show 2019, it was a 17.5-tonne-class fighter with close-coupled canards and integrated IRST system.[11] Metal-cutting for the Tejas Mark 2 started in February 2021. The "roll out" of the first prototype was scheduled for August 2022, but has been postponed to end of 2022. Its first flight was expected to be in late 2023. In total, four prototypes are being planned initially.[12]

The ADA completed its critical design review on 15 November 2021, with a total of 20 subsystems for the aircraft cleared by IAF for production. From 62% in Tejas Mark 1A, the plan is to touch the 70% mark in indigenization for Mark 2. More foreign components are replaced by locally developed ones that are sufficiently matured as ADA and DRDO will carry forward some of the critical technologies from the LCA programme. Private suppliers of line-replaceable units also increased from 344 during Tejas Mark 1A development to 410. HAL had already outsourced 25% of the work share to the private sector.[13]

On September 1, 2022, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) cleared ₹10,000 crore (equivalent to ₹110 billion or US$1.3 billion in 2023) for Tejas Mark 2 that includes prototype development and flight testing.[14] The cost of fighter jet development will take ₹6,500 crore (equivalent to ₹69 billion or US$830 million in 2023) in addition to ₹2,500 crore (equivalent to ₹26 billion or US$320 million in 2023) sanctioned previously through internal funding.[15] HAL planned high speed taxi trials from 2023 and limited series production from 2025.[16] The entire development process will be completed by 2027 with serial production from 2030.[17] Tejas Mark 2 will become operationally available from 2028. Apart from current commitment of 110-120 aircraft that will form six squadrons, expectations include an additional order of 210 aircraft.[14]

16 countries has shown interest in Tejas MK2 at DefExpo 2022. Indian government plans to identify Indian private sector companies to become program partner with HAL rather than suppliers of components to increase the production rate and decrease the cost for exports under “special purpose vehicle” (SPV) scheme.[18] HAL is planning to form its own consortium to fast track the manufacturing process.[19] It was maintained in 2022 and as late as June 2023 that despite previous delays the first prototype would roll out by December 2023[20] and the first flight would happen by December 2024 with four prototypes expected to be completed by 2027 for testing purpose.[21] However, in December 2023 a revised schedule with a fresh four-year delay was announced due to waiting upon the government to provide development funding for the program and the government increasing the requirement for parts indigenization from 65% to 80%, these factors resulted in the first aircraft rollout now not being expected until late 2026 or early 2027 and the first test flight now not expected to occur until 2028.[22]

On 9 August 2024, a high-level review meeting chaired by Dr. Samir V. Kamat, Chairman of DRDO was held at DRDO Bhawan to review the progress of the prototype development. The meeting was attended by Indian Air Force Deputy Chief Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit, Director Generals of all the DRDO labs which are a part of the programme, the Centre for Military Airworthiness & Certification (CEMILAC) and National Flight Test Centre under Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA). It was concluded that the project is on track. The only delay factor is the delivery of the F414 engines.[23] The prototype fabriation, overseen by Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment (ASTE) of the IAF, is set to begin in September 2024 as most of the small equipment along with the fuselage section has reached the assembly facility in Bengaluru. Rigorous trials at every stage will be carried out by ASTE test pilots.[24] Reports confirmed that the roll-out of the first prototype is expected by 2025, first flight within 2026 and mass production by 2029.[25]

The first flight is scheduled by fourth quarter of 2025.[26] In a press conference in early October 2024, the then newly appointed COAS Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh revealed that the first flight of the Tejas Mk 2 is expected by October 2025 while the Research & Development of the aircraft is to be completed by December 2027.[27]

Design

[edit]

Apart from design commonalities and a few critical systems from its predecessor Tejas Mark 1A, most of the technologies are to be borrowed from whatever has been developed so far for the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft programme. Several radar cross-section-reducing measures will be incorporated in the airframe design so that a degree of frontal stealth can be achieved, including radar-absorbent material coating and composites making up its skin and twisted air-intake ducts. It has a tail-less compound delta-wing configuration with a single vertical stabilizer and close-coupled canards to provide static instability and high manoeuvrability, and is equipped with fly-by-wire systems to control instability.

This MWF is also to feature an indigenous integrated life-support system-onboard oxygen generation system (ILSS-OBOGS), from Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory, aircraft health and usage monitoring system to integrate various sensors onboard Tejas Mark 2 from Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and a built-in integrated electro-optic electronic warfare suite, among other improvements to avionics.[28][29][30] Utilizing extra fuselage space, ADA designed larger air-intake for GE's F414 INS6 engine.[31]

It will have an infra-red search and track (IRST) system and a missile approach warning system.[32] An increase in payload capacity to 6,500 kg (14,300 lb) and internal fuel capacity to over 3,400 kg (7,500 lb), will allow it to carry more weapons with a longer range.[33]

Sensors and avionics

[edit]

The avionics of Tejas Mark 2 will be centered on multisensor data fusion incorporating both active and passive sensors on board. The Tejas Mark 2 would be equipped with a variant of Uttam AESA Radar developed by Electronics and Radar Development Establishment, while the combat aircraft will also have an integrated IRST system for passive target acquisition. The Tejas Mark 2 will have indigenous software-defined radio-based tactical data link for secured communication and network-centric warfare capabilities supported by Air Force Network digital information grid.[34][35]

Cockpit

[edit]

The Tejas Mark 2 will have a night vision goggles-compatible glass cockpit dominated by a touch-sensitive wide area display placed in panoramic orientation and a wide-angle holographic head-up display system.[36] The Tejas Mark 2 will have hands-on throttle-and-stick arrangement with right-hand-on-stick and left-hand-on-throttle settings to ease the pilot workload.

Propulsion

[edit]

In 2008, HAL issued a fresh request for proposal for the procurement of 95- to 100-kilonewton (kN) (21,000–23,000 lbf) thrust-class engine to power the Tejas Mark 2.[37] In 2010, after extensive evaluation of both the Eurojet EJ200 and the General Electric F414, GE's F414 INS6 afterburning turbofan engine was declared as the lowest bidder. The deal covered the purchase of 99 GE F414 engines, with the initial batch supplied directly by GE, while the remainder is to be manufactured in India by HAL under a transfer-of-technology agreement.[38][39][40]

The GE F414 INS6 engine has a maximum thrust output of 98 kN and also offers improved specific fuel consumption over the F404 IN20 engine selected to power both Mark 1 and Mark 1A variants of Tejas.[41] The aircraft is designed keeping in mind that GE's F414 will be replaced once an Indian powerplant is available.[42][43] Therefore, the future engine replacement should make minimal changes in the configuration.

By 2023, 8 units of F414 has been delivered as a part of 99 engine deal.[44][45]

On 22 June 2023, HAL and GE signed a Memorandum of Understanding that clarified the joint production of jet engine in India.[46] On 18 November 2023, Dr. Samir V. Kamat of DRDO announced that the United States has provided the necessary permits, opening the door for GE Aerospace and HAL to jointly produce the General Electric F414 engine in India for Tejas Mark 2 and HAL AMCA.[47][48] As of August 2024, the negotiations for technology transfer for licensed production is to start soon which will be followed by signing of final contract within six months. Production of indigenous engines in a new Bengaluru facility is to start within 2 years of signing the deal and delivery within three years of the same.[49] As of September 2024, the Government of India is to form a negotiating committee for finalising the deal with representatives from Ministry of Defence, HAL, ADA and GTRE. A majority of the workshare maybe outsourced to the private sector.[50]

Operators

[edit]
 India

Indian Air Force – 10 squadrons[51]

  • Phase 1 – 6 squadrons[52]
  • Phase 2 – 4 squadrons[53]

Specifications (Projected)

[edit]
Tejas MKII load configuration

Data from Jane's Defence Weekly,[11] Onmanorama,[34] Defexpo 2020 and Aero India 2021

General characteristics

  • Crew: One or two
  • Length: 14.65[51] m (48 ft 1 in)
  • Wingspan: 8.50 m (27 ft 11 in)
  • Height: 4.87 m (16 ft 0 in)
  • Wing area: 44 m2 (470 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 7,850 kg (17,306 lb) (expected)
  • Gross weight: 11,300 kg (24,912 lb) (expected)
  • Max takeoff weight: 17,500 kg (38,581 lb) (expected)[54][55]
  • Fuel capacity: 3,400 kg (7,500 lb) internal; 3,500 kg (7,700 lb) with drop tank[56]
  • Payload: 6,500 kg (14,300 lb) external stores[57]
  • Powerplant: 1 × General Electric F414-INS6 afterburning turbofan with FADEC, 57.8 kN (13,000 lbf) thrust dry, 97.9 kN (22,000 lbf) with afterburner[58] (Indigenous 110kn engine to be used in future)[43][42]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.8[59]
  • Range: 3,000 km (1,900 mi, 1,600 nmi)
  • Combat range: 1,500 km (930 mi, 810 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 3,500 km (2,200 mi, 1,900 nmi) with 3 external fuel tanks
  • Service ceiling: 17,300 m (56,758 ft)
  • g limits: 9/−3.5

Armament

Avionics

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The FSED process of the LCA programme was begun in 1993 with first two phases completed so far, which resulted in the development of Tejas Mark 1, Mark 1A, LCA trainer, LCA Navy Mark 1 and LCA Navy trainer variants

References

[edit]
  1. ^ M, Anantha Krishnan (6 August 2020). "Upgraded Tejas fighter, touted as 'real desi game-changer', to fly in 2022–23". The Week. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  2. ^ "India's Medium Weight Fighter set to fly into detail design phase". Onmanorama. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  3. ^ "With expected 83 Tejas MK1A orders, ARDC shapes India's upgraded fighter". Onmanorama. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  4. ^ Krishnan, Raghu (18 May 2018). "Post upgradation Tejas' Mark-2 to become a medium weight fighter". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  5. ^ "HAL Ramps Up LCA Production and Looks to the Mk2". Aviation International News. 11 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  6. ^ "Metal-cutting for single-engined Tejas fighter planes to begin in February". Hindustan Times. 8 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  7. ^ Kumar, Anish (19 October 2022). "DefExpo 2022: IAF to phase out Mig-29, Mirage and Jaguar fighter jets by 2035; LCA Mk2 will replace them". Asianet News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  8. ^ Peri, Dinakar (28 October 2022). "Fifth gen fighter AMCA can be rolled out in three years after project sanction: scientists". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  9. ^ "Long-awaited indigenous light combat aircraft Tejas Mk II targeted by 2022". Hindustan Times. 23 August 2019. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  10. ^ a b c ADA annual report 2015-16 (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  11. ^ a b Tauro, Caron Natasha (20 February 2019). "Aero India 2019: ADA unveils Tejas AF Mk 2 Medium Weight Fighter". Janes. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  12. ^ "India's Medium Weight Fighter set to fly into detail design phase". Manoramaonline. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  13. ^ Kadidal, Akhil (22 November 2021). "Boon for Indian industries waiting in wings of LCA Mark II". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  14. ^ a b Singh, Rahul (31 August 2022). "Govt clears LCA-Mk2 fighter's development". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  15. ^ Pandit, Rajat (1 September 2022). "Cabinet Committee on Security approves Tejas 2.0 mega project". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  16. ^ "Tejas Mark II to roll out next year; high-speed trials in 2023: HAL Chief Madhavan". The Hindu. PTI. 31 January 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  17. ^ "Centre gives nod to Tejas Mark-2 development project - Details". TimesNow. 1 September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  18. ^ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (22 October 2022). "16 Countries Interested in LCA Tejas Mk2, Efforts on to Identify Private Agencies to Speed Up Production". News18. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  19. ^ Linganna, Girish (16 October 2022). "LCA Mk2 maybe be delayed, HAL to form a consortium after the private sector backs off". Frontier India. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  20. ^ Mukherjee, Saurav (21 June 2023). "By 2024 end, Indian ADA to roll Tejas Mark II prototype with F-414 engine: Report". LiveMint.
  21. ^ Siddiqui, Huma (20 October 2022). "Atmanirbhar Bharat: LCA 'Tejas' Mk2 variant expected to roll out next December". Financialexpress. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  22. ^ "ADA Tejas Mark II: India's Next-Gen Fighter - Discuss the Future!". 29 November 2023.
  23. ^ "DRDO on track to test powerful Tejas Mark 2". The Tribune. 11 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  24. ^ "Tejas MkII Assembly to Begin This Month in Bangalore, First Flight Expected Next Year". Defence.in. 19 September 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  25. ^ "India's plan for advanced fighters: LCA Mark2 by 2029, AMCA by 2035". The Economic Times. 11 August 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  26. ^ Deshpande, Smruti (13 September 2024). "Man behind Tejas milestone, Jitendra Jadhav takes over as chief of aeronautical development body". ThePrint. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  27. ^ "India has tech to protect itself from missile attack like Israel, more numbers needed, says Air Chief Marshal A P Singh". The Indian Express. 5 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  28. ^ "Tejas Mk-II: India may avail consultancy from European manufacturers who bid for MMRCA deal". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  29. ^ "LCA Tejas to level up with on-board oxygen system by early 2020, says DRDO". The New Indian Express. 20 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  30. ^ "DIAT system soon to monitor in-flight health of Tejas Mk-II - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  31. ^ Shukla, Ajai (30 August 2022). "Cabinet likely to take up Tejas Mark 2 case soon to grant permission". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  32. ^ Tauro, Caron Natasha (20 February 2019). "Aero India 2019: ADA unveils Tejas AF Mk 2 Medium Weight Fighter". Jane's Defence Weekly. Bangalore. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019.
  33. ^ "The Tejas Mark 2 fighter has been bulked up into medium fighter category". www.ajaishukla.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  34. ^ a b Krishnan M, Anantha (3 February 2020). "India's Medium Weight Fighter set to fly into detail design phase". Onmanorama. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  35. ^ "'Make in India' Software Defined Radio: 'Mother' of all solutions for tactical communications of armed forces". 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  36. ^ ADA Annual report 2015-16 (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  37. ^ Sharma, Ravi. "Kaveri engine programme delinked from the Tejas." The Hindu, (Chennai, India), 27 September 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  38. ^ "GE F414 Engines Selected to Power India Light Combat Aircraft Program | GE News". www.ge.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  39. ^ Shukla, Ajai. "American engine to power LCA." Bharat-Rakshak.com, 1 October 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012. Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ "India picks GE's F414 for Tejas MkII fighter." Flight International, 1 October 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012. Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "F414 turbofan engines specification" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  42. ^ a b Jha, Manish Kumar (11 March 2021). "DRDO's Light Tank Will Be Power Pack As "The Highest Altitude Operable Tank In The Globe": G. Satheesh Reddy, Chairman DRDO". BW BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  43. ^ a b "Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy". The Indian EXPRESS. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  44. ^ "GE Aerospace to co-produce F414 engines in India for Tejas Mk2 fighter jets". Deccan Chronicle. 22 June 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  45. ^ Roblin, Sebastien (12 August 2017). "Is India on the Verge of Building a Super Jet Fighter?". The National Interest. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  46. ^ Mattoo, Shashank (22 June 2023). "HAL, GE sign agreement on jet engines". mint. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  47. ^ "All US clearances received: HAL, GE to produce jet engines for LCA Mark2, AMCA fighter jets in India". The Economic Times. 18 November 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  48. ^ "General Electric F414 engine to be Made in India with 100% technology transfer, but without IPR; To be used for Tejas Mk2 and AMCA Mk1". India's growing Military power. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  49. ^ Pubby, Manu (10 August 2024). "Technical, price bids submitted in fighter jet engine deal with US". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  50. ^ Pubby, Manu (27 September 2024). "Fighter engine deal likely this year: HAL CMD". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  51. ^ a b Kadidal, Akhil (6 September 2022). "Update: India sanctions Tejas Mk 2 fighter project". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  52. ^ "IAF committed to induct 6 LCA Mark2 fighter squadrons: Air Chief VR Chaudhari". ANI. 18 July 2022. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  53. ^ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (22 October 2022). "16 Countries Interested in LCA Tejas Mk2, Efforts on to Identify Private Agencies to Speed Up Production". News18. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  54. ^ Sagar, Pradip R (5 January 2021). "20 years since LCA Tejas's first flight: What's next for India's indigenous fighter programme?". The Week. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  55. ^ "Tejas Mk2Light Combat Aircraft". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  56. ^ Shukla, Ajai (30 December 2021). "Here's how Tejas Mark 2 is evolving into a bigger, powerful fighter". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  57. ^ Peri, Dinakar (12 September 2021). "LCA-Mk2 to roll out next year, first flight in 2023, says scientist". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  58. ^ "F414turbofan engines" (PDF). GE Aviation. General Electric. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  59. ^ a b Singh, Rahul (18 September 2022). "LCA Mk-2 set to have heavier payload capacity, better range". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  60. ^ "Tracking The Tejas: How The Tejas Mk2 Design Became The Medium Weight Fighter". Delhi Defence Review. 23 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  61. ^ "MWF Tejas :-Why Tejas Mk2 (MWF) Will be Important — Indian Defence News". Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  62. ^ "HAL Plans to Certify Astra Mk1 and ASRAAM Air to Air Missile". Eletimes. 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  63. ^ M, Tushar (19 August 2021). "Bharat Dynamics, MBDA missiles deal to help indigenous programs in India". Global Data. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  64. ^ "BrahMos to make a generational leap, become lighter, faster and more lethal supersonic cruise missile". ZEENEWS. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  65. ^ a b Krishnan M, Anantha (26 January 2021). "Inspiring ADA; LCAAFMk2 will roll out by August 2022: Dr Madhusudana Rao". YouTube. Tarmak. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  66. ^ a b "Tejas Mark II to have ability to conduct Balakot-like operations". Hindustan Times. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  67. ^ "New Improved Uttam AESA Mk2". Alpha Defence. 13 May 2021. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  68. ^ Chopra (Retd), AM Anil (25 August 2020). "Electronic Warfare -Trends – Time For India to Become Atamnirbhar". Air Power Asia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  69. ^ "Dual Colour Missile Approach Warning System for Fighter Aircraft". DRDO. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  70. ^ "Tejas fighter to get indigenous Laser Designator Pod to target the enemy". Zee News. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  71. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: How A Secretive DRDO Lab Is Saving The IAF Su-30MKI". Livefist. 16 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HAL Tejas Mk2 (Navy).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HAL_Tejas_Mk2&oldid=1256585535"