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Glomangiosarcoma

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Glomangiosarcoma
Other namesMalignant glomus tumor
SpecialtyDermatology

Glomangiosarcoma is a low grade[1] tumor of the soft tissue. They rarely metastasize,[2] but metastases are possible.[3] It is also known as malignant glomus tumor.[4] Positive staining for vimentin has been reported.[5]

Signs and symptoms

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Glomangiosarcoma usually manifest as painful blue-red dermal nodules that range from 0.5-2cm in size.[4]

Causes

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Glomangiosarcomas can arise de novo or from a preexisting benign glomus tumour.[6]

Diagnosis

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Typically, a definitive diagnosis cannot be made based solely on radiologic findings and clinical symptoms.[7] To get a conclusive diagnosis of glomangiosarcoma, immunohistochemical staining in addition to hematoxylin and eosin staining is needed.[8]

Histologically, glomangiosarcomas differ from benign glomus tumors in that they include sheets of uniform, round to oval cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, many vascular spaces, and cellular pleomorphism linked to frequent mitotic figures.[6][9]

Glomangiosarcomas display many of the same antigens as their benign counterparts on immunohistochemical labeling; these antigens include vimentin, smooth muscle actin, and muscle-specific actin.[10] On the other hand, benign tumors stain more highly for actin and myosin, and malignant tumors stain more intensely for vimentin.[11] Studies conducted in the past have also revealed changes in the expression of Bcl-2 and p53 in comparison to benign glomus tumors.[3][12]

These lesions in soft tissue and skin need to be distinguished from other cutaneous round cell malignancies such hemangiopericytoma, leiomyosarcoma, melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma.[4][13]

Treatment

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Although Mohs micrographic surgery has been previously described, the standard of care for malignant glomus tumors still involves wide local excision with negative surgical margins.[4] It is not currently advised to use adjuvant chemotherapy for primary glomangiosarcoma.[14]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Pérez de la Fuente T, Vega C, Gutierrez Palacios A, Sanchez Lorenzo J, Gonzalez Sarasua J (2005). "Glomangiosarcoma of the hypothenar eminence: a case report". Chirurgie de la Main. 24 (3–4): 199–202. doi:10.1016/j.main.2005.06.006. PMID 16121631.
  2. ^ Park JH, Oh SH, Yang MH, Kim NI (November 2003). "Glomangiosarcoma of the hand: a case report and review of the literature". The Journal of Dermatology. 30 (11): 827–33. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2003.tb00486.x. PMID 14684942. S2CID 21334564. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  3. ^ a b Watanabe K, Sugino T, Saito A, Kusakabe T, Suzuki T (December 1998). "Glomangiosarcoma of the hip: report of a highly aggressive tumour with widespread distant metastases". British Journal of Dermatology. 139 (6): 1097–101. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02574.x. PMID 9990381. S2CID 34576130.
  4. ^ a b c d Kayal JD, Hampton RW, Sheehan DJ, Washington CV (September 2001). "Malignant glomus tumor: a case report and review of the literature". Dermatologic Surgery. 27 (9): 837–40. doi:10.1097/00042728-200109500-00011. PMID 11553174.
  5. ^ Hiruta N, Kameda N, Tokudome T, et al. (September 1997). "Malignant glomus tumor: a case report and review of the literature". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 21 (9): 1096–103. doi:10.1097/00000478-199709500-00015. PMID 9298887.
  6. ^ a b EW, Gould; JC, Manivel; J, Albores-Saavedra; H, Monforte (1990). "Locally infiltrative glomus tumors and glomangiosarcomas. A clinical, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study". Cancer. 65 (2): 310–318. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19900115)65:2<310::aid-cncr2820650221>3.0.co;2-q. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 2153045. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  7. ^ Alhroub, Omar A; Mahameed, Shimaa A; Abdelhafez, Mohammad O; Alhroub, Asil; Hour, Hani; Hasasna, Nabil; Kamal, Nazmi (2022-01-01). "A case of malignant glomus tumor (glomangiosarcoma) of the nasal cavity". Journal of Surgical Case Reports. 2022 (1): rjab641. doi:10.1093/jscr/rjab641. ISSN 2042-8812. PMC 8791658. PMID 35096369.
  8. ^ Wang, Yingjie; Xiang, Yongbo; Bian, Yanyan; Feng, Bin; Liu, Yong; Zhou, Xi; Zhou, Lizhi; Weng, Xisheng (2020). "Glomus tumors associated with the bone and joints: a review of 91 cases". Annals of Translational Medicine. 8 (21). AME Publishing Company: 1460. doi:10.21037/atm-20-6998. ISSN 2305-5839. PMC 7723542. PMID 33313205.
  9. ^ Folpe, Andrew L.; Fanburg–Smith, Julie C.; Miettinen, Markku; Weiss, Sharon W. (2001). "Atypical and Malignant Glomus Tumors". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 25 (1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1–12. doi:10.1097/00000478-200101000-00001. ISSN 0147-5185. PMID 11145243.
  10. ^ Maselli, Amy M.; Jambhekar, Amani V.; Hunter, John G. (2017). "Glomangiosarcoma Arising from a Prior Biopsy Site". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery — Global Open. 5 (1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): e1219. doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000001219. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 5293312. PMID 28203514.
  11. ^ M, Aiba; A, Hirayama; S, Kuramochi (1988). "Glomangiosarcoma in a glomus tumor. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study". Cancer. 61 (7): 1467–1471. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19880401)61:7<1467::aid-cncr2820610733>3.0.co;2-3. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 2449949. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  12. ^ Hegyi, L.; Cormack, G. C.; Grant, J. W. (1998-11-01). "Histochemical investigation into the molecular mechanisms of malignant transformation in a benign glomus tumour". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 51 (11). BMJ: 872–874. doi:10.1136/jcp.51.11.872. ISSN 0021-9746. PMC 500988. PMID 10193335.
  13. ^ Binesh, F.; Akhavan, A.; Zahir, S. T.; Bovanlu, T. R. (2013-01-03). "Clinically malignant atypical glomus tumour". Case Reports. 2013 (jan03 1). BMJ: bcr2012007618. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007618. ISSN 1757-790X. PMC 3603905. PMID 23291816.
  14. ^ Oh, Stephen D.; Stephenson, Daniel; Schnall, Stephen; Fassola, Isabella; Dinh, Paul (2009). "Malignant Glomus Tumor of the Hand". Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 17 (3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 264–269. doi:10.1097/pai.0b013e31818a9d5d. ISSN 1541-2016. PMID 18997618.

Further reading

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