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Justicia gendarussa

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Justicia gendarussa
Leaves and flowers
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Acanthaceae
Genus: Justicia
Species:
J. gendarussa
Binomial name
Justicia gendarussa
Synonyms[1]
  • Adhatoda subserrata Nees (1847)
  • Dianthera subserrata Blanco (1837)
  • Dicliptera rheedei Kostel. (1834)
  • Ecbolium gendarussa (Burm.f.) Kuntze (1891)
  • Ecbolium gendarussa var. angustifolium Kuntze (1891)
  • Ecbolium subserratum Kuntze (1891)
  • Gendarussa vulgaris Nees (1832)
  • Justicia dahona Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. (1830)
  • Justicia gandarussa L.f. (1782), orth. var.
  • Justicia gendarussa var. angustifolia (Kuntze) Hochr. (1934)
  • Justicia salicina Vahl ex Nees (1847)
plantlings

Justicia gendarussa, commonly known as Willow-leaved justicia (Marathi: बाकस, bakas, काळा अडुळसा, kala adulasa; Sanskrit: कसनः, kasanah, वैध्यसिंहा, vaidyasinha),Lapsulis in Creole Seychelles;[2] is a small erect, branched shrub. According to Plants of the World Online it is native to the Indian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan), Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, the Philippines, and New Guinea, and has been introduced to Nepal, the western Himalayas, Pakistan, southern China including Hainan and Taiwan, eastern Africa, and the Mascarene Islands, Comoro Islands, and Seychelles.[1] It has been described as rare and endemic to India, though those claims are at least confusing, in the context of statements that the plant is widely used in various forms for many of its medicinal and insecticidal properties,[3] and that it is a quick-growing, evergreen forest shrub considered to be a native of China and distributed in Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia.[4]

J. gendarussa is harvested for its leaves for the treatment of various ailments.[5] It is said to be useful for the treatment of asthma, rheumatism and colics of children. Used as a treatment for skin problems like eczema.[6] It may have the potential to be the basis for a birth control pill for men. Clinical tests are being conducted in Indonesia.[7][8][9]

The plant has shown promise as a source of a compound that inhibits an enzyme crucial to the development of HIV.[10][11]

Description

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J. gendarussa is an erect, branched shrub which belongs to the family of Acanthaceae. It is a dicotyledonous plant that can reach heights up to 1.5 m. Its leaves are lanceolate, 4–14 cm long and 1–2.5 cm wide. The color of the leaves can be white, green or grey and hairy on both sides.[12] They are bitter, acrid and thermogenic.[3] The rather small flowers grow as 4–12 cm long spikes at the end of branches or in leaf axils. The color of the flowers is white or pink with purple spots.[citation needed] The flowers are hermaphrodite and the bark has a dark purple.[13] The capsule of J. gendarussa is about 1.2 cm long and smooth.[citation needed] The plant contains a wide range of biologically active compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and phenolic compounds.

Cultivation

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The plant prefers shadow and therefore is distributed in the forests of India, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. J. gendarussa is harvested from the wild. Because of its wide range of medicinal use, this causes jeopardizing of its natural biodiversity. Combined with the habitat destruction this uncontrolled harvesting causes the decline of the population.[4] In addition, the plant is propagated by seeds, whose viability is only for a very short period of time. For all this reason it is important to look for alternative and sustainable methods to cultivate and to conserve the plant.[3][4]

The hydroponic system is an alternative cultivation method for large-scale production. Explants of the J. gendarussa are placed in thermocole sheets and then put into water. The water contains a nutrient solution. There is the possibility to add plant growth regulators, e.g. Indole-3butyric acid, to increase the biomass production especially in the beginning phase to initiate root growth. The temperature is set between 28° and 34 °C and the plants can be harvested after 50 days.[14]

The silviculture presents a possibility for an improved production of J. gendarussa. Possible fertilizers are chicken manure and bamboo charcoal at a rate of 1.5 t/ha.[15]

The plant has a high root infection and strong mycorrhizal association. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus plays an important role for the soil fertility and the maintenance of the plant vigor due to its influence on microflora and nutrient cycle. The association with mycorrhiza can increase the growth and yield of the plant.[16]

Medicine

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J. gendarussa was proved to contain several phytochemicals, which are natural secondary plant compounds. Overall in the plant, roots, stem and leaves, following phytochemicals were found: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenols.[17] The ingredients of the plant may vary depending on the age, physiological stage of the organ parts or the geographic region of cultivation.[18]

The plant was proved to have both anti-microbial and anti-fungal action on selected pathogen strains, and therefore this plant can be used to develop herbal drugs.[17]

J. gendarussa leaf extract was proven to potentially become a male, non-hormonally contraceptive method due to its competitive and reversible inhibition of the spermatozoon hyaluronidase enzyme. The plant is already used as traditional contraceptive method in Indonesia.[19]

The plant compound Patentiflorin A contained in J. gendarussa has shown to have a positive activity against several HIV strains, higher than the clinically used first anti-HIV drug, zidovudine AZT.[20]

Further, extracts of the leaves have an anti-inflammatory effect. This has been demonstrated especially in mice, specific for the carrageenan-induced paw edema.[21]

The juice of the leaves can be drizzled into the ear for earache. To treat external edema, an oil made from the leaves can be used.[22]

Other uses

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J. gendarussa can be considered as a potential phytoremediator. It can absorb high amounts of aluminium, iron and copper in leaves, roots and stems. The problem is that when the plant is used as a phytoremediator, it can no longer be used for medicinal use.[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  2. ^ Image on Flickr https://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/3294969815/
  3. ^ a b c Agastian, P.; Williams, Lincy; Ignacimuthu, S. (April 2006). "In vitro propagation of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.–A medicinal plant". Indian Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (2): 246–248. ISSN 0975-0967.
  4. ^ a b c Dennis Thomas, T.; Yoichiro, Hoshino (2010). "In vitro propagation for the conservation of a rare medicinal plant Justicia gendarussa Burm. F. By nodal explants and shoot regeneration from callus". Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 32 (5): 943–950. doi:10.1007/s11738-010-0482-1. S2CID 24975195.
  5. ^ Dennis Thomas, T.; Yoichiro, Hoshino (September 2010). "In vitro propagation for the conservation of a rare medicinal plant Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. by nodal explants and shoot regeneration from callus". Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 32 (5): 943–950. doi:10.1007/s11738-010-0482-1. ISSN 0137-5881. S2CID 24975195.
  6. ^ medicinal uses pharmacographica indica
  7. ^ Patrick Winn (February 27, 2011). "Indonesia's birth control pill for men". GlobalPost. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
  8. ^ Indonesian Plant Shows Promise for Male Birth Control PBS NewsHour, July 20, 2011
  9. ^ "Indonesia is about to start producing a male birth control pill that will change the world". Coconuts Jakarta. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  10. ^ Zhang, Hong-Jie; Rumschlag-Booms, Emily; Guan, Yi-Fu; Wang, Dong-Ying; Liu, Kang-Lun; Li, Wan-Fei; Nguyen, Van H.; Cuong, Nguyen M.; Soejarto, Djaja D.; Fong, Harry H. S.; Rong, Lijun (2017). "Potent Inhibitor of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Strains Identified from the Medicinal Plant Justicia gendarussa". Journal of Natural Products. 80 (6): 1798–1807. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00004. PMID 28613071.
  11. ^ Labmanager /2017/06/ plant compound more powerful than azt
  12. ^ Chandra, Shierly; Lo, Diana (2021). "A review on the bioactivities of Justicia gendarussa". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 794 (1): 012137. Bibcode:2021E&ES..794a2137C. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/794/1/012137. S2CID 236782236.
  13. ^ Dymock, William; Warden, C. J. H.; Hooper, David (1890). Pharmacographia indica :A history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin, met with in British India. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ld; [etc. etc.]
  14. ^ Sugumaran, P.; Kowsalya, N.; Karthic, Raju; Seshadri, S. (2013-03-29). "Biomass production and antibacterial activity of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. - A valuable Medicinal plant". Journal of Tropical Life Science. 3 (1): 8–13. doi:10.11863/jtls.03.01.02. ISSN 2527-4376.
  15. ^ Soh, Norhidayah Che; Hamzah, Nur Adnilaila; Shah, Ramisah Mohd (2018-10-25). "EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND MEDIA ON BIOMASS OF Justicia gendarussa Burm f. CUTTINGS". Malaysian Applied Biology. 47 (4): 53–59. ISSN 2462-151X.
  16. ^ International Journal of Pharmacognosy: IJP. Panchkula: Verlag nicht ermittelbar. 2014. OCLC 882610888.
  17. ^ a b "Pakistan Journal of Botany". pakbs.org. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  18. ^ Widyowati, Retno; Agil, Mangestuti (2018). "Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Several Indonesian Plants Typically Used in Jamu". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 66 (5): 506–518. doi:10.1248/cpb.c17-00983. PMID 29710047.
  19. ^ Ratih, Gusti Ayu Made; Imawati, Maria Fatmadewi; Purwanti, Diah Intan; Nugroho, Rendra Rizki; Wongso, Suwidji; Prajogo, Bambang; Indrayanto, Gunawan (2019-06-01). "Metabolite Profiling of Justicia gendarussa Herbal Drug Preparations". Natural Product Communications. 14 (6): 1934578X19856252. doi:10.1177/1934578X19856252. ISSN 1934-578X. S2CID 195427031.
  20. ^ Zhang, Hong-Jie; Rumschlag-Booms, Emily; Guan, Yi-Fu; Wang, Dong-Ying; Liu, Kang-Lun; Li, Wan-Fei; Nguyen, Van H.; Cuong, Nguyen M.; Soejarto, Djaja D.; Fong, Harry H. S.; Rong, Lijun (2017-06-23). "Potent Inhibitor of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Strains Identified from the Medicinal Plant Justicia gendarussa". Journal of Natural Products. 80 (6): 1798–1807. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00004. ISSN 0163-3864. PMID 28613071.
  21. ^ Kavitha, S. K.; Viji, V.; Kripa, K.; Helen, A. (2011-07-01). "Protective effect of Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. on carrageenan-induced inflammation". Journal of Natural Medicines. 65 (3): 471–479. doi:10.1007/s11418-011-0524-z. ISSN 1861-0293. PMID 21416126. S2CID 1271250.
  22. ^ Aye, Mya Mu; Aung, Hnin Thanda; Sein, Myint Myint; Armijos, Chabaco (January 2019). "A Review on the Phytochemistry, Medicinal Properties and Pharmacological Activities of 15 Selected Myanmar Medicinal Plants". Molecules. 24 (2): 293. doi:10.3390/molecules24020293. PMC 6359042. PMID 30650546.
  23. ^ Majid, Nik Muhamad; Islam, M. M.; Nap, Melina E.; Ghafoori, Maryam; Abdu, Arifin (2012-03-01). "Heavy metal uptake and translocation by Justicia gendarussa Burm F. from textile sludge contaminated soil". Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B. 62 (2): 101–108. doi:10.1080/09064710.2011.579994. ISSN 0906-4710. S2CID 84927043.
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