Fulani extremism in Nigeria
The Fulani refers to an ethnic group, the Fulani (also known as Fula or Fulɓe), whose neighboring farmers are against them in various ethnicities.[1] Nigeria is considered a “melting pot” of different cultural and ethnic groups. Ethnic identification in the country is a complicated amalgamation of primordial and constructivist approaches.[2]
Background
[edit]The number of Fulani in Nigeria is estimated to be around 13 million.[1] The primary ethnic groups that the Fulani come into conflict with are the Yoruba and the Igbo, [citation needed] although a total of 33 known groups participate in the farmer-pastoralist conflict in the country.[2][3]
General history
[edit]The Fulani are largely nomadic/semi-nomadic group of approximately 100 million individuals who live in the semi-arid climate of West Africa.[1] It is important of course to emphasize that not all Fulani are extremists - the extremists are a subset of this larger ethnic group.[4] The Fulani are a pastoralist group and their livelihood depends on herding cattle, and occasionally goats and sheep, along grazing routes.[5] In recent years, as climate change has brought about increased desertification and a scarcity of resources, Herder-Farmer conflicts have increased in frequency.[6] As Fulani nomads move southward into more fertile lands, there has been greater competition for grazing routes with local farmers, prompting violence.[citation needed]
While there are other kinds of herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria, Herder-Farmer conflicts have been categorized as frequent conflicts and tactics are used to settle the disputes.[1] In some parts of Africa, such as in Mali, formal terrorist groups have been established.[7] The Macina Liberation Front, or the Front de Libération du Macina (FLM) in Mali is an official jihadist group that has become intertwined with the Fulani pastoralists.[7] While there is currently no formal organization in Nigeria, terrorist tactics are still common.[1] These tactics include, but are not limited to, destroying crops, deadly riots, blocking traffic, raping women, beating up farmers, and instigating armed attacks on villages.[8] The battle for fertile farming land and grazing routes has resulted in a significant amount of violence.[1] These crises also occur throughout Guinea, Senegal, Mali, and Cameroon.[1] The religious conflicts arise with other non-Muslim tribes, even against other Fulani, such as the Fula Christians.[9]
While the specific details of some Fulani migration into Nigeria are largely unknown, it is generally assumed that some of the Fulani moved into Northern Nigeria from the Senegambia region in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.[10] Since this initial migration, the Fulani have come into conflict with farmers in Nigeria.[11] The Herder-Farmer conflicts are most prominent in the Kaduna, Plateau, and Benue states.[1]
Over the course of several centuries, these conflicts have fluctuated in intensity based on a variety of social, political, economic, and environmental factors.[citation needed] Specifically, droughts, erratic rainfall, and the degradation of land in Nigeria have intensified the conflict.[1]
Prominent attacks
[edit]There are attacks not consolidated under the rule of top-down leadership.[1] Instead, attacks are operated on an individual, smaller-scale level, which are typical of terrorist groups.[1] As a result, it is difficult to both maintain a clear record of attacks and hold extremists accountable.[8] The following are some prominent attacks in Nigeria.[12][13][14][15]
| Date | Location | Attack Type | Fatalities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3/5/2015 | Egba | Firearms | 95[12] |
| 2/24/2016 | Abugbe | Armed Assault | 51[13] |
| 2/24/2016 | Aila | Armed Assault | 50[13] |
| 2/24/2016 | Akwu | Armed Assault | 50[13] |
| 2/24/2016 | Ugboju | Armed Assault | 50[13] |
| 6/18/2016 | Logo District | Armed Assault | 59[13] |
| 3/20/2017 | Zaki Biam | Armed Assault | 73[14] |
| 5/5/2018 | Gwaska | Facility/Infrastructure Attack | 58[15] |
| 9/3/2018 | Bolki | Facility/Infrastructure Attack | 35[15] |
Statistics
[edit]- In 2018, the Herder-Farmer conflicts were responsible for 72% of deaths in Nigeria.[1] The total death toll was 1,159 deaths.[1]
- In 2019, just one year later, Herder-Farmer conflicts were responsible for only 26% of deaths in Nigeria, accounting for 325 deaths.[1]
- Between the years 2010 and 2016, these conflicts were responsible for 3,068 deaths across several West-African countries.[1]
- In 2014, more than 1,200 people lost their lives. This made the Herder-Farmer conflicts the world's fourth deadliest conflicts group.[16]
Nigerian Grazing Reserve Act of 1964
[edit]In 1964, the government passed this act, hoping that it would encourage the Fulani to adopt sedentary lifestyles and graze on these reserved lands.[17][18]
Land Use Act of 1978
[edit]In 1978, the government implemented the Land Use Act.[10] This piece of legislation empowered the federal government to allocate land to different groups.[10] Additionally, indigenous groups were granted the right to claim ownership of ancestral territories.[10] The passage of the Land Use Act exacerbated the Fulani-farmer conflict, as the nomadic Fulani were largely excluded from the right to claim ownership of ancestral land.[10]
Nigerian Agricultural Policy of 1988
[edit]In an attempt to resolve the issues presented by the Land Use Act, the government has demarcated specific grazing reserves with the Nigerian Agricultural Policy.[17] This law set aside a minimum 10% of the total territory of the country to be reserved for grazing.[17] To date, this mandate has not been enforced to its fullest capacity.[17]
Effects of conflict
[edit]Reduced crop yield
[edit]The constant conflict between the pastoralists and the farmers has had a negative effect on both the herder and the farmer output.[19] Both indiscriminately destroy the crops and the cattle negatively affecting agricultural production.[19]
Displacement of farmers
[edit]Both the Farmers and the Herders are displaced by this conflict, exacerbating poverty and disorder in the agricultural regions.[19]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Institute for Economics and Peace (1 November 2020). "Global Terrorism Index 2020" (PDF). Vision of Humanity.
- ^ a b Ukiwo, Ukoha (18 August 2006). "The Study of Ethnicity in Nigeria". Oxford Development Studies. 33: 7–23. doi:10.1080/13600810500099592. S2CID 144295856.
- ^ Laura Angela Bagnetto (January 29, 2020). "Illicit arms used in northern Nigeria farmer-pastoralist conflict same source as Mali jihadists: report". RFI.
- ^ "Sultan says not all Fulani herders are bandits". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
- ^ Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Fajinmi, Akinyemi; Dongkum, Charles; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Welburn, Susan C. (2014-11-29). "Pastoral livelihoods of the Fulani on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria". Pastoralism. 4 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/s13570-014-0020-7. hdl:20.500.11820/92ba4dbe-7ef9-41a3-93d0-7784f545cfc1. ISSN 2041-7136.
- ^ "Nigeria's Herdsmen-Farmers Conflict and Peace Building". Global Journal of Agricultural Research (GJAR). Retrieved 2023-11-13.
- ^ a b Benjaminsen, Tor, Boubacar, Ba (2019). "Why do pastoralists in Mali join jihadist groups? A political ecological explanation". Journal of Peasant Studies. 46: 1–20. doi:10.1080/03066150.2018.1474457. hdl:11250/2563920. S2CID 158928938.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Okeke, Okechukwu Edward (25 April 2014). "Conflicts between Fulani Herders and Farmers in Central and Southern Nigeria: Discourse on Proposed Establishment of Grazing Routes and Reserves". AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities. 3: 66–84.
- ^ "Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side". Perseution.org. International Christian Concern. 8 July 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Idehen, Roosevelt Osazenaye, Ikuru, Ubelejit Renner (27 November 2019). "Migration and the Emerging Security Challenges in West Africa: Case of Fulani Herders/Sedentary Farmers Conflicts in Nigeria". International Journal of Arts and Humanities Ethiopia. 8: 128–137.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Lenshie, Nsemba Edward; Okengwu, Kelechi; Ogbonna, Confidence N.; Ezeibe, Christian (2021-11-17). "Desertification, migration, and herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria: rethinking the ungoverned spaces thesis". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 32 (8): 1221–1251. doi:10.1080/09592318.2020.1811602. ISSN 0959-2318.
- ^ a b Institute for Economics and Peace (1 November 2016). "Global Terrorism Index 2016" (PDF). Vision of Humanity.
- ^ a b c d e f Institute for Economics and Peace (1 November 2017). "Global Terrorism Index 2017" (PDF). Vision of Humanity.
- ^ a b Institute for Economics and Peace (1 November 2018). "Global Terrorism Index 2018" (PDF). Vision of Humanity.
- ^ a b c Institute of Economics and Peace (1 November 2019). "Global Terrorism Index 2019" (PDF). Vision of Humanity.
- ^ "Making sense of Nigeria's Fulani-farmer conflict". BBC News. 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
- ^ a b c d Okello, Anna (12 September 2014). "Identifying Motivators for State-Pastoralist Dialogue: Exploring the Relationships between Livestock Services, Self-Organisation and Conflict in Nigeria's Pastoralist Fulani". Pastoralism. 4: 1–14. doi:10.1186/s13570-014-0012-7. S2CID 55540876.
- ^ S.A. Ingawa; C. Tarawali; R. von Kaufmann; ILCA Subhumid Research Site, International Livestock Center for Africa (December 1989). "Grazing reserves in Nigeria: Problems, prospects and policy implications" (PDF). African Livestock Policy Analysis Network (ALPAN).
- ^ a b c Ofem, Ofem, Inyang, Bassey (6 May 2014). "Livelihood and Conflict Dimension among Crop Farmers and Fulani Herdsmen in Yakurr Region of Cross River State". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5: 512–519.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)