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English: Schematic representation of the changes in abundance between trophic groups in a temperate rocky reef ecosystem. (a) Interactions at equilibrium. (b) Trophic cascade following disturbance. In this case, the otter is the dominant predator and the macroalgae are kelp. Arrows with positive (green, ) signs indicate positive effects on abundance while those with negative (red, -) indicate negative effects on abundance. The size of the bubbles represents the change in population abundance and associated altered interaction strength following disturbance.
Based on: Estes JA, Tinker MT, Williams TM et al (1998) "Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems". Science, 282: 473–476. doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.473.
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Author Thomas Luypaert, James G. Hagan, Morgan L. McCarthy and Meenakshi Poti

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Changes in abundance in a temperate rocky reef ecosystem

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