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El Zein family

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Al-Zein crime family.
Page of Al-Irfan newspaper magazine 1909

The El Zein family (Arabic: الزين آل) is a prominent feudal Lebanese family with large estates in Jabal Amil (southern Lebanon), mainly in Shehour, Jibshit, and Kfar Reman. Members are now spread across different areas, both within the country and in the Lebanese diaspora.

The family traces its origins to Zain Al-Abidin Al-Ansari Al-Khazraji, a descendant of Sa’d ibn 'Ubadah, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad and leader of the Khazraj tribe, who settled in Jamal Amil during Saladin's campaign in the 12th century.[1]

Historically, family members held positions in social and political spheres of Jabal Amil due to their large feudal estates in this region.[2] During the 18th century, Ali El Zein "Al-Kabir" the "Proprietor of Shehour", under the leadership of Nasif Al-Nassar, lead the resistance against Jazzar Pasha’s oppressive rule during his campaign on Jabal Amil.[3][4]

The family contributed to intellectual and cultural advancements through initiatives and publications such as the magazine Al-Irfan founded in 1909, which focused on cultural and intellectual topics relevant to Ottoman, Arab, and inter-communal Lebanese communities,[5] as well as a collection of works authored by family members about the history of Jabal Amil and other publications in Lebanon and abroad. Most recently, Lebanese-Australian author Abbas El Zein won an award in 2024 for his book in English.[6][7]

Origins

[edit]

The scholar and historian Ali Sebiti [ar] in his book The History of the Families of Jabal Amel (تاريخ عائلات عامل) narrates that the ancestor of the El Zein family is Zain Al-Abidin, known as Al Zain Al-Ansari Al-Khazraji, originally from Medina and a descendant of Sa’d ibn 'Ubadah, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad and the leader of the Khazraj tribe.[1]

Belad Besharah in the 1858 van de Velde maps

It is said that Zain Al-Abidin migrated from Medina to Egypt and then to Syria. He was one of Saladdin's commanders[8] during his campaign in Palestine and Syria in 1178, alongside Prince Abi Al-Qasim Al-Hasani, who was in charge of managing the coast of Tyre. At the same time, Hossam Al-Din Bishara, Saladdin's nephew, was the ruler of the Beshara region (South Lebanon),[9] while Zain Al-Abidin was made governor of the Tebnine fortress.[1]

Zein Al-Din El Zein

[edit]

One of Zein Al-Abidin's descendants, Khalil bin Musa bin Yusuf El Zein, moved to the village of Shehour and settled there.[10] One of his sons, Zein Al-Din El Zein, was born in Shehour in 1747.[11] He was sent to Najaf in Iraq where he spent fifteen years studying jurisprudence and the science of Hadith.[11][12]

He returned to his hometown to engage in religious duties and community leadership but was martyred by the Ottoman governor Jazzar Pasha in 1773,[13] who saw him as a threat, burning his library of over 3,000 volumes in the process.[14][15] Zein Al-Din El Zein left behind five sons: Ali 'Al Kabir,' Muhammad, Yahya, Qasim, and Hassan.[11]

Role of Ali El Zein “Al Kabir”

[edit]

Ali El Zein "Al-Kabir", known as the "Proprietor of Shehour", administered local affairs in cooperation with the governors of Acre during Ottoman rule after succeeding his father Zein Al-Din El Zein's leadership. The Sublime Porte (Ottoman central authority) entrusted him with local governance management in exchange for an annual tax payment.[1] Ali El Zein's authority extended from the city of Sidon to Naqoura along the coast, and from Shehour to Baraachit in the mountains.[4][16]

In 1776, Ahmad Pasha, known as “Al-Jazzar” (the Butcher), was appointed the new governor of Acre and ruler over the region.[17] The relationship between him and the inhabitants of Jabal Amel deteriorated due to his excessive oppression and tyranny, spreading fear and imposing heavy taxes on them.[18]

Ahmad Pasha Al-Jazzar

In 1783, local leaders gathered in Shehour.[3] Hamza bin Muhammad Al-Nassar and his companion Ali El Zein “Al Kabir” led the revolution[3][19][20] and directed the defense campaign against Jazzar Pasha under the leadership of Nasif Al-Nassar.[21][22] They formed a battalion to attack Jazzar's workers and soldiers, who were stationed in various parts of Jabal Amil under strict military occupation. The battalion attacked Jazzar's local governor in Tebnine, slaughtering him and his aides and seizing the royal treasury.[3][22][23]

Tebnine Fortress

Jazzar Pasha dispatched his soldiers and henchmen to hunt down the rebels invading the village of Shehour killing Hamza Al-Nassar.[19] Ali El Zein and his companions escaped to Iraq, continuing his journey to Iran and eventually to India.[24][25] There, one of the Indian Kings appointed him as a vizier, eventually returning to his homeland after the British invasion of India.[24][25]

Peace did not return to Jabal Amil until Jazzar's death in 1804.[26] However, the rebels' influence extended to Acre and Safad. The new governor eventually realized that his troops would fail to suppress the rebels due to the growing control of the revolutionary forces. The governor Suleiman Pasha, the new ruler of Acre,[22] convened a meeting attended by Bashir Al-Shehabi and Faris Nassif Al-Nassar,[19] representing Jabal Amil. The rebels were pardoned, confiscated properties were returned to their rightful owners.[22][27][28]

Suleiman bin Ali El Zein

[edit]

Suleiman El Zein [ar], son of Ali El Zein “Al-Kabir” succeeded his father's leadership upon his death in 1838. A poet, he funded the Jbaa religious school founded by Abdullah Nehme [ar] and established relations with officials like Fuad Pasha, a representative of the Ottoman Grand Vizier.[29] Suleiman moved to Sidon where he established himself as a merchant, playing a role in the region's social and economic development.[30][31]

After Suleiman's death in 1872, leadership responsibilities were taken over by his children who each settled in different villages: Hussein in Jibshit, Muhammad and Ismail in Kfar Reman, and Ali in Shehour.

Notable descendants of Hussein El Zein

[edit]

Known as Abu Khalil, Hussein bin Suleiman El Zein was a scholar and student of Abdullah Nehme, studying at the Jbaa Religious School. He later moved to the village of Jibshit, where he lived until his death in 1884. He had two sons: Khalil and Abdel-Karim.[32]

Khalil bin Hussein El Zein – A scholar in Islamic jurisprudence, and student of Musa Shararah [ar]. He had five children, including Muhammad bin Khalil El Zein.[33]

Muhammad bin Khalil El Zein was sent to study in Najaf, then returned to Beirut,[34] where he founded the Guidance and Enlightenment Society (جمعية الهداية والإرشاد). He worked on bridging Islamic sects, authoring several books, including The History of Islamic Sects (تاريخ الفرق الإسلامية) and Islamic Principles and Branches (لأصول والفروع الإسلامية).[33]

Abdul-Karim El Zein

Abdul-Karim bin Hussein El Zein [ar] - A scholar, poet, and writer, known for his ownership of large estates, he authored numerous works in theology, literature, and medicine.[35] He studied in Najaf under scholars of Islamic jurisprudence and principles for 20 years before returning to Jibshit, where he succeeded his father. Abdul Karim opposed Ottoman rule and was accused of involvement in secret societies, narrowly escaping execution in 1915. He died in 1941, leaving behind three sons: Muhammad Hussein, Ali, and Jaafar.[36]

Muhammad Hussein bin Abdul Karim El Zein – A religious scholar, poet, judge, and author, best known for his book The Rightly Guided Caliphs (الخلفاء الراشدون) and Shia in History (الشيعة في التاريخ). He studied in Najaf and later served as a judge in Marjeyoun and Nabatiyeh. His poetry often drew on his religious upbringing and cultural heritage.[37]

Dr.Hassan El Zein's Book

Ali bin Abdul-Karim El Zein [ar] (d. 1984) – A revisionist historian and critic.[38][39][better source needed] He was the founder of the Ameli Literature League in 1936 (عصبة الأدب العاملي سنة ١٩٣٦). His works include In Search of Our History (للبحث عن تاريخنا) and others.[40]

El Zein family residence in Jibshit (دار آل الزين في جبشيت)

Hassan bin Ali El Zein – Author and previous editor-in-chief of Al-Irfan magazine. His works include The Legal Status of Christians and Jews in the Islamic State until the Ottoman Conquest (Les conditions juridiques des juifs et des chrétiens en pays d'Islam, jusqu'à la conquete Ottomane), which was his doctoral thesis (Doctorat d'Etat) in the Sorbonne University in Paris.[41]

Jehad El Zein – Son of Hassan, is a political writer in the Middle East, poet and analyst, former editor of As-Safir newspaper, and current writer for An-Nahar newspaper.[42]

Abbas El Zein – Son of Hassan, is a professor at the University of Sydney and award-winning non-fiction writer in Australia.[43] His works include the books Leave to Remain and Bullet Paper Rock.

Notable descendants of Ismail El Zein

[edit]

Ismail Suleiman El Zein [ar] was a Lebanese merchant, politician, and landowner. He inherited his father Suleiman El Zein's estates and political leadership, expanding his land acquisitions including the village of Kfar Reman through trade ventures.[44][45] In 1909, Ismail was assassinated following accusations of oppressive behavior towards his workers.[46] Of his sons include Hussein, Youssef Bek and Hassan Efendi, whose grandson was the Lebanese Army Colonel Rafic El Zein.

Hussein bin Ismail El Zein [ar] was a politician, born in 1876 in the town of Kfar Reman.[47] He established the first charitable school in Nabatiye and held several positions during the French Mandate period, including Member of the Administrative Committee for the South (1920–1922), Member of the Senate (1926–1927) and Member of the First Chamber of Deputies (1927–1929).[48]

Youssef Bek El Zein

[edit]
Youssef Bek El Zein

Youssef Bek bin Ismail El Zein [ar] was a politician and za’im of Kfar Reman. He inherited significant estates from his father, Ismail El Zein, and focused on politics rather than commerce or agriculture.[49]

Serving in the first advisory council for Nabatieh and the first representative council in 1922, he was elected to the Lebanese Parliament in 1926 and maintained his representation of Nabatiyeh until his death. After the decline of the El Assaad family's political influence, Youssef Bek became the dominant political leader in southern Lebanon. His achievements included renovating the Al-Hamidiya School in Nabatiyeh, supporting the Maqasid Charity Association, and financing a major water project in 1925 to supply Nabatieh and its surroundings.[50] Three of his sons followed in his footsteps as parliamentarians: Abdul Latif, Abdul Majeed, and Abdul Karim El Zein.[51]

Abdul Latif bin Youssef El Zein [ar] – politician and former member of the Lebanese Parliament. He studied law at the Collège de la Sagesse and Saint Joseph University in Beirut, and held office as a member of the Lebanese Parliament from 1960 until 2018. He also served as Lebanon's minister of agriculture.[52][53]

Youssef Bek El Zein with his children

Abdul Majeed bin Youssef El Zein [ar] – Officer in the Internal Security Forces, politician, and former Member of the Lebanese Parliament. He entered politics after resigning from the military and served on the parliamentary committees for foreign affairs and defense, serving as an MP until 1972.[54]

Abdul Karim Youssef bin Youssef El Zein [ar] – Soldier, politician, and former Member of the Lebanese Parliament. He graduated from the Military Academy with the rank of lieutenant. He was elected as a Member of the Lebanese Parliament in 1964, representing the Zahrani district in southern Lebanon and served on the Parliamentary Committees for Finance and Budget as well as Agriculture.[55]

Notable descendants of Muhammad El Zein

[edit]

Muhammad bin Suleiman El Zein, along with his brother Abu Khalil, studied in Jbaa. He authored a book on jurisprudence titled Rasa'il fi al-Fiqh (رسائل في الفقه) and another book titled Sharh al-Nizam (شرح النظام) along with other works. He was born in Sidon in 1830 and died there in 1902. He traveled to Najaf but returned upon his father's death without completing his studies there. He had five children, including Muhammad Rida bin Muhammad El Zein.[56][57][58]

Muhammad Rida El Zein

Muhammad Rida bin Muhammad El Zein

[edit]

Muhammad Rida El Zein [ar] was a scholar, poet, and teacher.[56] After completing his early education in Sidon and Nabatiyeh, he traveled to Najaf in 1898 where he studied under scholars such as Muhammad Kazim al-Khurasani [ar] and Fathallah Isfahani [ar].[59] He worked as a trader in Baghdad and later returned to South Lebanon, settling in Kfar Reman and working as a judge in Nabatieh.[60]

A poet, his work addressed themes such as religion, hardship, brotherhood, social issues, wisdom and moral guidance. He participated in literary debates, and among his writings are Islamic History ((التاريخ الإسلام) and The El Zein family in History (آل الزين في التاريخ). He died in 1946 and was buried in Kfar Reman.[58][61]

Notable descendants of Ali El Zein

[edit]

Ali bin Suleiman El Zein was born in Sidon in 1860. He moved to the town of Shehour where he resided and managed his father's extensive properties in Jabal Amil passing away in 1931, leaving behind four sons: Labib, Atif, Abdel-Ala'a and Ahmad Aref.[62]

Ahmad Aref bin Ali El Zein

[edit]
Main article: Ahmed Aref El-Zein
Ahmad Aref El Zein

Ahmad Aref El Zein was a writer, journalist, and reformist from Shehour. He sought educational reforms and the reconciliation of Islamic values with Western ideas of liberty and democracy. He founded Al-Irfan magazine (1909) and Jabal Amel newspaper (1911), contributing to cultural and political thought in the region.[5][63] El Zein actively participated in various reformist and revolutionary organizations, including the Arab Youth Society and the League of the Arab Revolution.[64] He was a pioneer of the Shiite religious Nahda.[65]

He was imprisoned multiple times under Ottoman rule and later during the French Mandate due to his support for the Syrian Revolution and opposition to colonialism.[66] El Zein advocated for educational, agricultural, and administrative reforms. He authored several notable works and also published and edited key literary and religious texts through the printing press of Al-Irfan.[5] Ahmad Aref El-Zein died on October 15, 1960, during a trip to Iran, where he was visiting the cities of Qom and Mashhad. He was buried in the shrine of Imam Reza in Mashhad with the approval of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[66]

Sameh Atef El Zein [ar] – Writer and author of works such as Islam and Human Ideology.

See also

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References

[edit]
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Bibliography

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