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Drenica

Coordinates: 42°33′31″N 20°48′45″E / 42.55861°N 20.81250°E / 42.55861; 20.81250
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This article is about a region in Kosovo. For the river, see Drenica (river).
Drenica
Historical region of Kosovo
CountryKosovo
MunicipalitiesDrenas
Skenderaj
Area
 • Total668 km2 (258 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total109,389
 • Density160/km2 (420/sq mi)

Drenica (Albanian: Drenicë, Drenica, Serbian Cyrillic: Дреница), also known as the Drenica Valley, is a hilly region in central Kosovo, covering roughly around 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) of Kosovo's total area (6%). It consists of two municipalities, Drenas and Skenderaj, and several villages in Klina, Zubin Potok, Mitrovica and Vushtrri. It is located west of the capital, Pristina.

According to the 2011 Census, the population of the region is 109,389, excluding the surrounding villages. Albanians form the absolute majority of the region.[1]

Etymology

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The etymology of the name is disputed. Explanations can be found in both Albanian and Serbian. It might derive from Albanian dren meaning deer or from Serbian: дрен/dren meaning cornel.[citation needed] Same toponym exist as Drenas in Drenica, Drenova in Albania and Drenoc (also called as Dreni), all derived from the Albanian origin.

Geography

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Geographic location of Drenica

Drenica is located in the center of what is today Kosovo, in the western part of the region itself of Kosovo.[2] It is sometimes regarded as a region in its own right. Drenica is divided into Upper Drenica, also called Red Drenica and Lower Drenica, also called Pasha's Drenica. The highest mountains in the region are Mount Caraleva (1,177m) and Mount Çiçavica (1,091m).[3]

History

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Middle Ages

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Between 1246 and 1255, Stefan Uroš I had reported Albanian toponyms in the Drenica valley. A chrisobull of the Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan that was given to the Monastery of Saint Mihail and Gavril in Prizren between the years of 1348-1353 states the presence of Albanians in the Plains of Dukagjin, the vicinity of Prizren and in the villages of Drenica.[4]

Draškovina was the name of a medieval Serbian župa (county) that included parts of Dukagjini and northern Drenica.[5] The area of Kosovo, including Drenica, was part of Vuk Branković's territory during the fall of the Serbian Empire.[6] Drenica was first mentioned as a župa at the end of the Middle Ages.[7] It was mentioned in 1413, when Đurađ Branković, his mother Mara, and brothers Đurađ and Lazar, endowed the village of Dobroševce to the Monastery of Saint Paul of Mount Athos. Despot Đurađ Branković (1427–1456) founded the Devič monastery in the region.[citation needed] Other than Devič, in this region there were many other Serbian orthodox monasteries, so Drenica was often called second Serbian Holy Mountain.[8] During the Ottoman period, the monastery of Devič was protected by local Albanian Muslims on whose territory Devič was situated on.[9]

Interwar Period

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Main article: Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings

During the Interwar Period, disaffected Kosovar Albanians formed a 'Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo' in Shkodër in 1918, their main demand being the unification of Kosovo with Albania. A general revolt started, known as the Kachak (outlaw) movement, led by Azem Galica, against the incorporation of Kosovo into Yugoslavia. Fighting blew up in Drenica, Galica's home territory. Yugoslav Kingdom troops moved into Drenica and wounded Galica who later died as a result. His death dealt a mortal blow to the Albanian armed resistance against Yugoslav military presence in Kosovo, which he had led for the previous eight years. The end of the major Kacak resistance came when Yugoslav government helped Ahmed Zogu to return to power in Tirana in December 1924, in exchange for his suppressing the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo.[citation needed]

World War II

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During World War II, Drenica was among the many regions of Kosovo where Serb settlers were subjected to persecution by Albanian paramilitaries, including expulsions and murders.[10] The Drenica Uprising of 1945, in which the Albanians of Drenica resisted Yugoslav control after the Yugoslav partisans committed many atrocities against the locals, began on 22 January and ended on 18 February. This began when 75 well-known Drenica Albanians were killed by having their heads bashed in by sledgehammers, and were then thrown into a large ditch - the whole Drenica region, at this time numbering around 35,000 inhabitants, rose in revolt as a result of these actions in a bid for freedom. The Drenica uprising was sustained by over 6,000 men. The Drenica region was surrounded by 12-15 partisan brigades, which comprised 36,000-50,000 Serbs, Montenegrins, Bulgarians and Albanians. The fighting lasted for 28 days, and 430 Drenica fighters were subsequently killed or wounded. Over 150 homes were looted or burnt down, and around 6,000 inhabitants of Drenica, Vushtrri and Mitrovica were deprived of food and all of their belongings. Partisan casualties numbered to 2,550 dead, 6,000 wounded and 850 prisoners captured. On the 18th of February, on the final day of fighting, the main commanders of the uprising fell in battle - they were Shaban Polluzha, Miftar Bajraktari, Mehmet Gradica and Gani Llaushi. Due to the death of these important commanders, and the lack of ammunition, the Drenica uprising crumbled.[11]

Kosovo War

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Main articles: Drenica massacres and NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

The villages surrounding the towns of Drenas and Skenderaj were the birthplace of the ethnic Albanian separatist Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and a stronghold of Albanian nationalism. By 1997, Albanians had begun to refer to Drenica as "liberated territory" because of the local KLA presence. The government considered Drenica a hotbed of "Albanian terrorism." Drenica was a KLA stronghold throughout and prior to the Kosovo War, and saw many armed conflicts against the security forces of FR Yugoslavia. It was also a safe place for refugees coming from other parts of Kosovo. In 1998, Serb police and military launched a campaign in Drenica that terrorised the local population and culminated with the Attack on Prekaz against the Jashari family. Serb forces killed 80 Albanians, of which 25 were women and children, and former Serbian president Milan Milutinović commended the massacre.[12]

The Yugoslav army and paramilitary units used the Feronikel plant near Drenas as a base for operations during the war. Before the war, the factory produced nickel and ore. After the Albanian workers were laid off or expelled, it was also used as a barracks and a fire base, in which cannons and rockets were fired against KLA positions. The plant was bombed by NATO forces on April 29, 1999, causing an unknown number of casualties and extensive damage.[citation needed]

Culture

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The gradual development of animistic and pagan beliefs in certain stages of ancient Balkanic culture would result in the formation of mountain cults - particularly forest cults - which survived in Albanian culture as evidence of past pagan Balkanic beliefs. The forms in which it survived include the holding of a kuvend (meaning ‘convention’ in the Albanian Kanun) - which functioned as a regulated form of parliament in Albanian society - in certain places like Lisi i Kullës (tree of the Kulla) and Murrizi (Hawthorn) in Obri of Drenica, and Lisi i Gjatë (the tall tree) in Kotorr, and Gjashtë Lisat (six trees) in Likoshan of Drenica.[13] There are several Thaçi tribal families in the Drenica region.[14]

Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ "UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo - 5. Drenica Region". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  2. ^ Jovan Đ Marković (1967). Geografske oblasti Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije. Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika Socijalističke Republike Srbije. p. 399.
  3. ^ Elsie, Robert (2011). Historical dictionary of Kosovo (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8108-7483-1.
  4. ^ Iseni, Bashkim (25 January 2008). La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est : genèse, émergence et développement de l'indentité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine. Bern: P. Lang. p. 77. ISBN 978-3039113200.
  5. ^ Душко Томић (2006). Положај СПЦ у конфликту на Косову и Метохији. Задужбина Андрејевић. p. 31. ISBN 978-86-7244-519-0.
  6. ^ Вук Бранковић, 1372-1398. Штамп. у краљевско-српској државној штамп. 1888. p. 6.
  7. ^ Tatomir P. Vukanović (2001). Enciklopedija narodnog života, običaja i verovanja u Srba na Kosovu i Metohiji: VI vek – početak XX veka : više od 2000 odrednica. Vojnoizdavački zavod. p. 159. ISBN 9788673881249.
  8. ^ "BEO-BOOKS - Vukanovic, Tatomir: Drenica. Druga srpska Sveta Gora". Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  9. ^ Di Lellio, Anna (2006). The case for Kosova. London: Anthem Press. p. 45. ISBN 184331245X.
  10. ^ Antonijević, Nenad (2009). Албански злочини над Србима на Косову и Метохији у Другом светском рату, документа (PDF). Muzej žrtava genocida. p. 40. ISBN 9788690632992.
  11. ^ Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah D. (2018). Kosovo, a documentary history : from the Balkan wars to World War II (1st ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 415. ISBN 9781838600037.
  12. ^ Bytyçi, Enver (2015). Coercive diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-1-4438-7272-0.
  13. ^ Instituti Albanologijik i Prishtinës (1986). "Folklor dhe Etnologji". Gjurmime Albanologjike. 16: 101.
  14. ^ Elsie, Robert (2015). The tribes of Albania : history, society and culture. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 187. ISBN 9780857725868.

Further reading

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42°33′31″N 20°48′45″E / 42.55861°N 20.81250°E / 42.55861; 20.81250

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