Deccani literature
Deccani literature (Urdu: ادبیات دكهنى, “Adbiyāt-i-DakhNi Urdū”) is the literature produced in the Deccani dialect of the Urdu language.[1] The earliest forms of Deccani literature are in the form of Sufi and Bhakti texts with poetic genres.[1] The timeline of Deccani literature is divided into two periods: medieval (1300-1800) and modern (after 1800). Though Medieval Deccani literature consists of Mathnawi it also has various genres, including works of "Fakhruddin Nizami" Kadam Rao Padam Rao (1434 AD), Deccani Masnavi originated during the Bahmani Sultanate of the Deccan in the early 14th and 15th century; they are written in rhyming couplets in Deccani Urdu, the use of grammar and meter similar with Masnavi of Urdu language.[1][2]
In the late 15th and early 16th century, after the Bahmani Sultanate disintegrated into the Deccan Sultanates, the Deccani literary tradition was largely developed and became concentrated at Golconda and Bijapur.[3] Numerous Deccani poets were patronized during this time. According to Shaheen and Shahid, Golconda was the literary home of Asadullah Wajhi (author of Sab Ras), ibn-e-Nishati (Phulban), and Ghwasi (Tutinama). Bijapur played host to Hashmi Bijapuri, San‘ati, and Mohammed Nusrati over the years.[4] The rulers themselves participated in these cultural developments. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah of the Golconda Sultanate wrote poetry in Deccani, which was compiled into a Kulliyat. It is widely considered to be the earliest Deccani Urdu poetry of a secular nature.[5][6] and Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 16th century at Qutb Shahi courts contains secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.[7] Ibrahim Adil Shah II of the Bijapur Sultanate produced Kitab-e-Navras (Book of the Nine Rasas), a work of musical poetry written entirely in Deccani.[8] In 18the century a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Digby, Simon (2004). "Before Timur Came: Provincialization of the Delhi Sultanate through the Fourteenth Century". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 47 (3): 333–335. doi:10.1163/1568520041974657. JSTOR 25165052 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Bruijn, J.T.P. de; Flemming, B.; Rahman, Munibur. "Mat̲h̲nawī." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. Augustana. 18 October 2011 http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-0709[permanent dead link] pp.9
- ^ Shaheen & Shahid 2018, p. 100.
- ^ Shaheen & Shahid 2018, p. 124.
- ^ Rahman 2011, p. 27.
- ^ Hussain Khan, Masud (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 50–77. ISBN 978-81-260-0233-7.
- ^ Husain, Ali Alber (2001). Scent in the Islamic Garden: A Study of Deccani Urdu Literary Sources. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-579334-5.
- ^ Matthews, David J. (1993). "Eighty Years of Dakani Scholarship". The Annual of Urdu Studies. 9: 92–93.
- ^ Tharu, Susie J.; Lalita, K. (1991). Women writing in India volume 1, 600 BC to the early twentieth century. The Feminist Press. pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-1-55861-027-9.
Bibliography
[edit]- Dua, Hans R. (2012), "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language", in Michael Clyne (ed.), Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-088814-0
- Rahman, Tariq (2011), From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History (PDF), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-906313-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2014
- Mustafa, K.S (2008), "Dakkhni", in Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories, Allied Publishers, pp. 185–186, ISBN 978-1139465502
- Shaheen, Shagufta; Shahid, Sajjad (2018), Azam, Kousar J (ed.), "The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī", Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad, Routledge, ISBN 9781351393997
- Matthews, David J. (1976). Dakani Language and Literature (Thesis). SOAS University of London.