Jump to content

Corruption Perceptions Index

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Corruption perception index)

Map showing countries and territories according to the Corruption Perception Index, 2023, in ascending order:
  Score higher than 89
  Score equal to or between 80 and 89
  Score equal to or between 70 and 79
  Score equal to or between 60 and 69
  Score equal to or between 50 and 59
  Score equal to or between 40 and 49
  Score equal to or between 30 and 39
  Score equal to or between 20 and 29
  Score equal to or between 10 and 19
  Score less than 10
  Data unavailable

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector[1] corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives.[2] The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain".[3]: 2  The index is published annually by the non-governmental organisation Transparency International since 1995.[4]

The 2023 CPI, published in January 2024, currently ranks 180 countries "on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)" based on the situation between 1 May 2022 and 30 April 2023. Denmark, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, and Sweden are perceived as the least corrupt nations in the world, ranking consistently high among international financial transparency, while the most apparently corrupt are Syria, South Sudan, and Venezuela (scoring 13), as well as Somalia (scoring 11).[5]

Although the CPI is currently the most widely used indicator of corruption globally, it is worth emphasizing that there are some limitations. First, the CPI does not distinguish between individual types of corruption (some are not even included in the index) and people's perceptions do not necessarily correspond to the actual level of corruption. To get a more comprehensive picture, the CPI should be used alongside other assessments. Furthermore, the CPI is better suited for analyzing long-term trends, as perceptions tend to change slowly.[6]

Methods

[edit]

The following paragraph describes the methodology for calculating the index, which has been used to calculate the index since 2012, when the methodology was modified to allow comparison over time. The index is calculated in four steps: selection of source data, rescaling source data, aggregating the rescaled data and then reporting a measure for uncertainty.[3]: 7 

Selection of source data

[edit]

The goal of the data selection is to capture expert and business leader assessments of various public sector corruption practices. This includes bribery, misuse of public funds, abuse of public office for personal gain, nepotism in civil service, and state capture. Since 2012 CPI takes into account 13 different surveys and assessments[7] from 12 different institutions.[3]: 1  The institutions are:

Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.[3]: 7  The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.[8] Transparency International commissioned the University of Passau's Johann Graf Lambsdorff to produce the CPI.[9] Early CPIs used public opinion surveys.[3]: 7 

Rescaling source data

[edit]

In order for all data to be aggregated into the CPI index, it is first necessary to carry out standardization during which all data points are converted to a scale of 0-100. Here, 0 represents the most corruption and 100 signifies the least. Indices originally measuring corruption inversely (higher values for higher corruption) are multiplied by -1 to align with the 0-100 scale.

In the next step, the mean and standard deviation for each data source based on data from the baseline year are calculated (the "impute" command of the STATA statistical software package is used to replace missing values). Subsequently, a standardized z score is calculated with an average centered around 0 and a standard deviation of 1 for each source from each country. Finally, these scores are converted back to a 0-100 scale with a mean of approximately 45 and a standard deviation of 20. Scores below 0 are set to 0, and scores exceeding 100 are capped at 100. This ensures consistent comparability across years since 2012.

Aggregating the rescaled data

[edit]

The resulting CPI index for each country is calculated as a simple average of all its rescaled scores that are available for the given country, while at least three data sources must be available in order to calculate the index. The imputed data is used only for standardization and is not used as a score to calculate the index.

Reporting a measure for uncertainty

[edit]

The CPI score is accompanied by a standard error and confidence interval. This reflects the variation present within the data sources used for a particular country or territory.

Validity

[edit]

A study published in 2002 found a "very strong significant correlation" between the Corruption Perceptions Index and two other proxies for corruption: black market activity and an overabundance of regulation.[10]

All three metrics also had a highly significant correlation with the real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap); the Corruption Perceptions Index correlation with RGDP/Cap was the strongest, explaining over three-quarters of the variance.[10] (Note that a lower rating on this scale reflects greater corruption so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption.)

Alex Cobham of the Center for Global Development reported in 2013 that "many of the staff and chapters" at Transparency International, the publisher of the Corruption Perceptions Index, "protest internally" over concerns about the index. The original creator of the index, Johann Graf Lambsdorff, withdrew from work on the index in 2009, stating "In 1995 I invented the Corruption Perceptions Index and have orchestrated it ever since, putting TI on the spotlight of international attention. In August 2009 I have informed Cobus de Swardt, managing director of TI, that I am no longer available for doing the Corruption Perceptions Index."[11]

[edit]

CPI and Economic Growth

[edit]

Research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception, as defined by the CPI. The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth,[12] as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country's CPI score.[13] Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.

The research article "The Investigation of the Relationship between Corruption Perception Index and GDP in the Case of the Balkans"[14] from 2020 confirms the positive co-integration relationship in Balkan countries between CPI and GDP and calculates the affecting rate of CDI GDP as 0.34. Moreover, the direction of causality between CDI and GDP was identified from CDI to GDP and, according to this, the hypothesis that CDI is the cause of GDP was accepted.

The working paper Corruption and Economic Growth: New Empirical Evidence[15] from 2019 emphasizes that many previous studies used the CPI for their analysis before 2012 (when the index was difficult to compare over time) and therefore may be biased. At the same time, it presents new empirical evidence based on data for 175 over the period 2012-2018. The results show that corruption is negatively associated with economic growth (Real per capita GDP decreased by around 17% in the long-run when the reversed CPI increased by one standard deviation).

CPI and Justice

[edit]

As reported by Transparency International, there is a correlation between the absence of discrimination and a better CPI score. That indicates that in countries with high corruption, equal treatment before the law is not guaranteed and there is more space for discrimination against specific groups.[16]

It seems that the country's justice system is an important protector of the country against corruption, and conversely, a high level of corruption can undermine the effectiveness of the justice system.Furthermore, as noted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), justice systems around the world are overburdened with large caseloads, chronically underfunded and in need of more financial and human resources to properly fulfill their mandates. This, in combination with increasing outside interference, pressures and efforts to undermine judicial independence, results in the inability of justice systems to control corruption. The latest edition of the World Justice Project's Rule of Law Index, which shows that in the past year, justice systems in most countries exhibited signs of deterioration, including increasing delays and lower levels of accessibility and affordability, also serves as evidence of the urgency of the situation. Conversely, because corruption implies disproportionate favoring of some groups or individuals over others, it prevents people from accessing justice. For example, a person may rely on personal contacts to change a statutory process.

As shown in the Corruption Perception Index 2023, there is also a positive relationship between corruption and impunity. Countries with higher levels of corruption are less likely to sanction public officials for failing to adhere to existing rules and fulfilled their responsibilities. A positive relationship was also shown between corruption and access to justice.[17]

CPI and Some Other Phenomena and Indices

[edit]

Thesis The Relationship Between Corruption And Income Inequality: A Crossnational Study,[18] published in 2013, investigates the connection between corruption and income inequality on a global scale. The study's key finding is a robust positive association between income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) and corruption (measured by the CPI).

A study from 2001[19] shows that the more affected by corruption, the worse a country's environmental performance. Measuring national environmental performance according to 67 variables, the closest match is with the 2000 TI Corruption Perceptions Index, which revealed a 0.75 correlation with the ranking of environmental performance.

A 2022 study titled "Statistical Analyses on the Correlation of Corruption Perception Index and Some Other Indices in Nigeria"[20] investigated the relationship between the Corruption Perception Index in Nigeria and other relevant indices. These other indices included the Human Development Index (HDI), Global Peace Index (GPI), and Global Hunger Index (GHI). The result from the analysis carried out on the standardized data set shows that a positive linear relationship exists among all the variable considered except for CPI and GPI holding HDI and GHI constant which indicates a negative linear relationship between them.

A study investigating the relationship between public governance and the Corruption Perception Index[21] found that aspects of public administration like voice and accountability, political stability, and rule of law significantly influence how corrupt a country is perceived to be. This suggests that strong governance practices can be effective in reducing corruption.

Assessments

[edit]

The Index’s methodology was criticized in the past.[22]

According to political scientist Dan Hough, three flaws in the Index include:[23]

  • Corruption is too complex a concept to be captured by a single score. For instance, the nature of corruption in rural Kansas will be different from that in the city administration of New York, yet the Index measures them in the same way.
  • By measuring perceptions of corruption, as opposed to corruption itself, the Index may simply be reinforcing existing stereotypes and cliches.
  • The Index only measures public sector corruption, ignoring the private sector. This, for instance, means the well-publicized Libor scandal, Odebrecht case and the VW emissions scandal are not counted as corrupt actions.

Media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance, without clarifying what the numbers mean. The local Transparency International chapter in Bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country's scores to increase; media reported it as an "improvement".[24]

In a 2013 article in Foreign Policy, Alex Cobham suggested that CPI should be dropped for the good of Transparency International. It argues that the CPI embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption, potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and at the same time incentivizing inappropriate policy responses. Cobham writes, "the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it's hard to see a justification for its continuing publication."[25]

Recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the CPI with other subjective indicators have found that, while not perfect, the CPI is argued to be broadly consistent with one-dimensional measures of corruption.[26]

In the United States, many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the CPI when attempting to measure the risk of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in different nations. This practice has been criticized by the Minnesota Journal of International Law, which wrote that since the CPI may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of actual national corruption risk.[27]

Transparency International also publishes the Global Corruption Barometer, which ranks countries by corruption levels using direct surveys instead of perceived expert opinions, which has been under criticism for substantial bias from the powerful elite.[25]

Transparency International has warned that a country with a clean CPI score may still be linked to corruption internationally. For example, while Sweden had the 3rd best CPI score in 2015, one of its state-owned companies, TeliaSonera, was facing allegations of bribery in Uzbekistan.[28]

Ranking over Time

[edit]

As stated by Transparency International in 2024,[29] the level of corruption stagnates at the global level. Only 28 of the 180 countries measured by the CPI index have improved their corruption levels over the last twelve years, and 34 countries have significantly worsened. No significant change was recorded for 118 countries. Moreover, according to Transparency International, over 80 percent of the population lives in countries whose CPI index is lower than the global average of 43, and thus corruption remains a problem that affects the majority of people globally.

Among the states with the most significant decline in the CPI are authoritarian states such as Venezuela, as well as established democracies that have been rated high for a long time, such as Sweden (decrease of 7, the current score 82) or Great Britain (decrease 3, current score 71). Other countries experiencing sharp declines include Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Gabon, Guatemala, and Turkey. In contrast, the most significant improvements in the CPI score over the last twelve years were recorded by Uzbekistan, Tanzania, Ukraine, Côte d'Ivoire, the Dominican Republic and Kuwait.

Legend

[edit]
Scores Perceived as less corrupt Perceived as more corrupt
since 2012 99–90 89–80 79–70 69–60 59–50 49–40 39–30 29–20 19–10 9–0
1995–2011 10–9 8.99–8 7.99–7 6.99–6 5.99–5 4.99–4 3.99–3 2.99–2 1.99–1 0.99–0

2020–2023

[edit]

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[30]

# Nation or Territory 2023[5] 2022[31] 2021[32] 2020[33]
Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i]
1  Denmark
90
Steady
90
Steady
88
Steady
88
Steady
2  Finland
87
Steady
87
Decrease 1
88
Increase 2
85
Steady
3  New Zealand
85
Decrease 1
87
Decrease 1
88
Steady
88
Steady
4  Norway
84
Steady
84
Steady
85
Increase 3
84
Steady
5  Singapore
83
Steady
83
Decrease 1
85
Decrease 1
85
Increase 1
6  Sweden
82
Decrease 1
83
Decrease 1
85
Decrease 1
85
Increase 1
6   Switzerland
82
Increase 1
82
Steady
84
Decrease 4
85
Increase 1
8  Netherlands
79
Steady
80
Steady
82
Steady
82
Steady
9  Germany
78
Steady
79
Increase 1
80
Decrease 1
80
Steady
10  Luxembourg
78
Increase 1
77
Decrease 1
81
Steady
80
Steady
11  Ireland
77
Decrease 1
77
Increase 3
74
Increase 7
72
Decrease 2
12  Canada
76
Increase 2
74
Decrease 1
75
Decrease 2
77
Increase 1
13  Estonia
76
Increase 2
74
Decrease 1
74
Increase 4
75
Increase 1
14  Australia
75
Decrease 1
75
Increase 5
73
Decrease 7
77
Increase 1
15  Hong Kong
75
Decrease 2
76
Steady
76
Decrease 1
77
Increase 5
16  Belgium
73
Increase 2
73
Steady
73
Decrease 3
76
Increase 2
17  Japan
73
Increase 2
73
Steady
73
Increase 1
74
Increase 1
18  Uruguay
73
Decrease 2
74
Increase 4
73
Increase 3
71
Steady
19  Iceland
72
Decrease 5
74
Decrease 1
74
Increase 4
75
Decrease 6
20  Austria
71
Increase 2
71
Decrease 9
74
Increase 2
76
Decrease 3
21  France
71
Increase 1
72
Increase 1
71
Increase 1
69
Steady
22  Seychelles
71
Increase 3
70
Steady
70
Increase 4
66
Steady
23  United Kingdom
71
Decrease 2
73
Decrease 7
78
Steady
77
Increase 1
24  Barbados
69
Increase 5
65
Steady
65
Steady
64
Increase 1
25  United States
69
Steady
69
Increase 3
67
Decrease 2
67
Decrease 2
26  Bhutan
68
Decrease 1
68
Steady
68
Decrease 1
68
Increase 1
27  United Arab Emirates
68
Increase 1
67
Decrease 3
69
Decrease 3
71
Steady
28  Taiwan
67
Decrease 3
68
Steady
68
Increase 3
65
Steady
29  Chile
66
Decrease 2
67
Steady
67
Decrease 2
67
Increase 1
30  Bahamas
64
Steady
64
Steady
64
Steady
63
Decrease 1
30  Cape Verde
64
Increase 5
60
Increase 4
58
Increase 2
58
Steady
32  South Korea
63
Decrease 1
63
Increase 1
62
Increase 1
61
Increase 6
33  Israel
62
Decrease 2
63
Increase 5
59
Decrease 1
60
Steady
34  Lithuania
61
Decrease 1
62
Increase 1
61
Increase 1
60
Steady
34  Portugal
61
Decrease 1
62
Decrease 1
62
Increase 1
61
Decrease 3
36  Latvia
60
Increase 3
59
Decrease 3
59
Increase 6
57
Increase 2
36  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
60
Decrease 1
60
Increase 1
59
Increase 4
59
Decrease 1
36  Spain
60
Decrease 1
60
Decrease 1
61
Decrease 2
62
Decrease 2
 Brunei Darussalam
60
Steady
39  Botswana
59
Decrease 4
60
Increase 10
55
Decrease 10
60
Decrease 1
40  Qatar
58
Steady
58
Decrease 9
63
Decrease 1
63
Steady
41  Czechia
57
Steady
56
Increase 8
54
Steady
54
Decrease 5
42  Dominica
56
Increase
55
Steady
55
Increase 3
55
Steady
42  Italy
56
Decrease 1
56
Increase 1
56
Increase 10
53
Decrease 1
42  Slovenia
56
Decrease 1
56
Steady
57
Decrease 6
60
Steady
45  Costa Rica
55
Increase 3
54
Decrease 9
58
Increase 3
57
Increase 2
45  Saint Lucia
55
Steady
55
Decrease 3
56
Increase 3
56
Increase 3
47  Poland
54
Decrease 2
55
Decrease 3
56
Increase 3
56
Decrease 4
47  Slovakia
54
Increase 2
53
Increase 7
52
Increase 4
49
Decrease 1
49  Cyprus
53
Increase 2
52
Increase 1
53
Decrease 10
57
Decrease 1
49  Georgia
53
Decrease 8
56
Increase 4
55
Steady
56
Decrease 1
49  Grenada
53
Increase 2
52
Increase 1
53
Steady
53
Decrease 1
49  Rwanda
53
Increase 5
51
Decrease 2
53
Decrease 3
54
Increase 2
53  Fiji
52
Decrease 4
53
Decrease 4
55
Increase 10
53  Saudi Arabia
52
Increase 1
51
Decrease 2
53
Steady
53
Decrease 1
55  Malta
51
Decrease 1
51
Decrease 5
54
Increase 3
53
Decrease 2
55  Mauritius
51
Increase 2
50
Decrease 8
54
Increase 3
53
Increase 4
57  Croatia
50
Steady
50
Increase 6
47
Steady
47
Steady
57  Malaysia
50
Increase 4
47
Increase 1
48
Decrease 5
51
Decrease 6
59  Greece
49
Decrease 8
52
Increase 7
49
Increase 1
50
Increase 1
59  Namibia
49
Steady
49
Decrease 1
49
Decrease 1
51
Decrease 1
61  Vanuatu
48
Decrease 1
48
Increase 6
45
Increase 9
43
Decrease 11
62  Armenia
47
Increase 1
46
Decrease 5
49
Increase 2
49
Increase 17
63  Kuwait
46
Increase 14
42
Decrease 4
43
Increase 5
42
Increase 7
63  Jordan
46
Decrease 2
47
Decrease 3
49
Increase 2
49
Steady
63  Montenegro
46
Increase 2
45
Decrease 1
46
Increase 3
45
Decrease 1
63  Romania
46
Steady
46
Increase 3
45
Increase 3
44
Increase 1
67  Bulgaria
45
Increase 5
43
Increase 6
42
Decrease 9
44
Increase 5
67  São Tomé and Príncipe
45
Decrease 2
45
Increase 1
45
Decrease 3
47
Increase 1
69  Jamaica
44
Steady
44
Increase 1
44
Decrease 1
44
Increase 5
70  Ghana
43
Increase 2
43
Increase 1
43
Increase 2
43
Increase 5
70  Benin
43
Increase 2
43
Increase 6
42
Increase 5
41
Decrease 3
70  Oman
43
Decrease 1
44
Decrease 13
52
Decrease 7
54
Increase 7
70  Senegal
43
Increase 2
43
Increase 1
43
Decrease 6
45
Decrease 1
70  Solomon Islands
43
Increase 7
42
Decrease 4
43
Increase 5
42
Decrease 1
70  Timor-Leste
43
Increase 7
42
Increase 5
41
Increase 4
40
Increase 7
76  Bahrain
42
Decrease 7
44
Increase 9
42
Steady
42
Decrease 1
76  China
42
Decrease 11
45
Increase 1
45
Increase 12
42
Increase 2
76  Cuba
42
Decrease 11
45
Decrease 1
46
Decrease 1
47
Decrease 3
76  Hungary
42
Increase 1
42
Decrease 4
43
Decrease 4
44
Increase 1
76  Moldova
42
Increase 15
39
Increase 14
36
Increase 10
34
Increase 5
76  North Macedonia
42
Increase 9
40
Increase 2
39
Increase 24
35
Decrease 5
76  Trinidad and Tobago
42
Increase 1
42
Increase 5
41
Increase 4
40
Decrease 1
83  Burkina Faso
41
Decrease 6
42
Increase 1
42
Increase 8
40
Decrease 1
83  Kosovo
41
Increase 1
41
Increase 3
39
Increase 17
36
Decrease 3
83  South Africa
41
Decrease 11
43
Decrease 2
44
Decrease 1
44
Increase 1
83  Vietnam
41
Decrease 6
42
Increase 10
39
Increase 17
36
Decrease 8
87  Colombia
40
Increase 4
39
Decrease 4
39
Increase 5
39
Increase 4
87  Guyana
40
Decrease 2
40
Increase 2
39
Decrease 4
41
Increase 2
87  Ivory Coast
40
Increase 12
37
Increase 6
36
Decrease 1
36
Increase 2
87  Suriname
40
Decrease 2
40
Increase 2
39
Increase 7
38
Decrease 24
87  Tanzania
40
Increase 7
38
Decrease 7
39
Increase 7
38
Increase 2
87  Tunisia
40
Decrease 2
40
Decrease 15
44
Decrease 1
44
Increase 5
93  Kazakhstan
39
Increase 8
36
Increase 1
37
Decrease 8
38
Increase 19
93  India
39
Decrease 8
40
Steady
40
Increase 1
40
Decrease 6
93  Lesotho
39
Increase 6
37
Decrease 3
38
Decrease 13
41
Increase 2
93  Maldives
39
Decrease 8
40
Steady
40
Decrease 10
43
Increase 55
97  Morocco
38
Decrease 3
38
Decrease 7
39
Decrease 1
40
Decrease 6
98  Argentina
37
Decrease 4
38
Increase 2
38
Decrease 18
42
Decrease 12
98  Albania
37
Increase 3
36
Increase 9
35
Decrease 6
36
Increase 2
98  Belarus
37
Decrease 7
39
Decrease 9
41
Decrease 19
47
Increase 3
98  Ethiopia
37
Decrease 4
38
Decrease 7
39
Increase 7
38
Increase 2
98  Gambia
37
Increase 12
34
Decrease 8
37
Steady
37
Decrease 6
98  Zambia
37
Increase 18
33
Increase 1
33
Steady
33
Decrease 4
104  Algeria
36
Increase 12
33
Increase 1
33
Decrease 13
36
Increase 2
104  Brazil
36
Decrease 10
38
Increase 2
38
Decrease 2
38
Increase 12
104  Serbia
36
Decrease 3
36
Decrease 5
38
Decrease 2
38
Decrease 3
104  Ukraine
36
Increase 12
33
Increase 6
32
Decrease 5
33
Increase 9
108  Bosnia and Herzegovina
35
Increase 2
34
Steady
35
Increase 1
35
Decrease 10
108  Dominican Republic
35
Increase 15
32
Increase 5
30
Increase 9
28
Steady
108  Egypt
35
Increase 22
30
Decrease 13
33
Steady
33
Decrease 11
108    Nepal
35
Increase 2
34
Increase 7
33
Steady
33
Decrease 4
108  Panama
35
Decrease 7
36
Increase 4
36
Increase 6
35
Decrease 10
108  Sierra Leone
35
Increase 2
34
Increase 5
34
Increase 2
33
Increase 2
108  Thailand
35
Decrease 7
36
Increase 9
35
Decrease 6
36
Decrease 3
115  Ecuador
34
Decrease 14
36
Increase 4
36
Decrease 13
39
Increase 1
115  Indonesia
34
Decrease 5
34
Decrease 14
38
Increase 6
37
Decrease 17
115  Malawi
34
Decrease 5
34
Steady
35
Increase 19
30
Decrease 6
115  Philippines
34
Increase 1
33
Increase 1
33
Decrease 2
34
Decrease 2
115  Sri Lanka
34
Decrease 14
36
Increase 1
37
Decrease 8
38
Decrease 1
115  Turkey
34
Decrease 14
36
Decrease 5
38
Decrease 10
40
Increase 5
121  Angola
33
Decrease 5
33
Increase 20
29
Increase 6
27
Increase 4
121  Mongolia
33
Decrease 5
33
Decrease 6
35
Increase 1
35
Decrease 5
121  Peru
33
Decrease 20
36
Increase 4
36
Decrease 11
38
Increase 7
121  Uzbekistan
33
Increase 5
31
Increase 14
28
Increase 6
26
Increase 7
125  Niger
32
Decrease 2
32
Increase 1
31
Decrease 1
32
Decrease 3
126  El Salvador
31
Decrease 10
33
Decrease 1
34
Decrease 11
36
Increase 9
126  Kenya
31
Decrease 3
32
Increase 5
30
Decrease 4
31
Increase 13
126  Mexico
31
Steady
31
Decrease 2
31
Steady
31
Increase 6
126  Togo
31
Increase 4
30
Decrease 2
30
Increase 6
29
Decrease 4
130  Djibouti
30
Steady
30
Decrease 2
30
Increase 14
27
Decrease 16
130  Eswatini
30
Steady
30
Decrease 8
32
Decrease 5
33
Decrease 4
130  Mauritania
30
Steady
30
Increase 10
28
Decrease 6
29
Increase 3
133  Bolivia
29
Decrease 7
31
Increase 2
30
Decrease 4
31
Decrease 1
133  Pakistan
29
Increase 7
27
Steady
28
Decrease 16
31
Decrease 4
133  Papua New Guinea
29
Decrease 3
30
Decrease 6
31
Increase 18
27
Decrease 5
136  Gabon
28
Steady
29
Decrease 12
31
Increase 5
30
Decrease 6
136  Laos
28
Decrease 10
31
Increase 2
30
Increase 6
29
Decrease 4
136  Mali
28
Increase 1
28
Decrease 1
29
Decrease 7
30
Increase 1
136  Paraguay
28
Increase 1
28
Decrease 9
30
Increase 9
28
Steady
140  Cameroon
27
Increase 2
26
Increase 2
27
Increase 5
25
Increase 4
141  Guinea
26
Increase 6
25
Increase 3
25
Decrease 13
28
Decrease 7
141  Kyrgyzstan
26
Decrease 1
27
Increase 4
27
Decrease 20
31
Increase 2
141  Russia
26
Decrease 4
28
Decrease 1
29
Decrease 7
30
Increase 8
141  Uganda
26
Increase 1
26
Increase 2
27
Decrease 2
27
Decrease 5
145  Liberia
25
Decrease 3
26
Decrease 6
29
Increase 1
28
Steady
145  Madagascar
25
Decrease 3
26
Increase 5
26
Increase 2
25
Increase 9
145  Mozambique
25
Decrease 3
26
Increase 5
26
Increase 2
25
Decrease 3
145  Nigeria
25
Increase 5
24
Increase 4
24
Decrease 5
25
Decrease 3
149  Bangladesh
24
Decrease 2
25
Steady
26
Decrease 1
26
Steady
149  Central African Republic
24
Increase 1
24
Increase 4
24
Decrease 8
26
Increase 7
149  Iran
24
Decrease 2
25
Increase 3
25
Decrease 1
25
Decrease 3
149  Lebanon
24
Increase 1
24
Increase 4
24
Decrease 5
25
Decrease 12
149  Zimbabwe
24
Increase 8
23
Steady
23
Steady
24
Increase 1
154  Azerbaijan
23
Increase 3
23
Decrease 29
30
Increase 1
30
Decrease 3
154  Guatemala
23
Decrease 4
24
Steady
25
Decrease 1
25
Decrease 3
154  Honduras
23
Increase 3
23
Steady
23
Steady
24
Decrease 11
154  Iraq
23
Increase 3
23
Steady
23
Increase 3
21
Increase 2
158  Cambodia
22
Decrease 8
24
Increase 7
23
Increase 3
21
Increase 2
158  Congo
22
Increase 6
21
Decrease 2
21
Increase 3
19
Steady
158  Guinea-Bissau
22
Increase 6
21
Decrease 2
21
Increase 3
19
Increase 3
161  Eritrea
21
Increase 1
22
Decrease 1
22
Decrease 1
21
Steady
162  Afghanistan
20
Decrease 12
24
Increase 24
16
Decrease 9
19
Increase 8
162  Burundi
20
Increase 9
17
Decrease 2
19
Decrease 4
19
Steady
162  Chad
20
Increase 5
19
Decrease 3
20
Decrease 4
21
Increase 2
162  Comoros
20
Increase 5
19
Decrease 3
20
Decrease 4
21
Decrease 7
162  Democratic Republic of the Congo
20
Increase 4
20
Increase 3
19
Increase 1
18
Decrease 2
162  Myanmar
20
Decrease 5
23
Decrease 17
28
Decrease 3
28
Decrease 7
162  Sudan
20
Steady
22
Increase 2
20
Increase 10
16
Decrease 1
162  Tajikistan
20
Decrease 12
24
Steady
25
Decrease 1
25
Increase 4
170  Libya
18
Increase 1
17
Increase 1
17
Increase 1
17
Decrease 5
170  Turkmenistan
18
Decrease 3
19
Increase 2
19
Decrease 4
19
Steady
172  Equatorial Guinea
17
Decrease 1
17
Increase 1
17
Increase 2
16
Decrease 1
172  Haiti
17
Decrease 1
17
Decrease 7
20
Increase 6
18
Decrease 2
172  Nicaragua
17
Decrease 5
19
Decrease 3
20
Decrease 5
22
Increase 2
172  North Korea
17
Decrease 1
17
Increase 3
16
Decrease 4
18
Increase 2
176  Yemen
16
Steady
16
Decrease 2
16
Increase 2
15
Increase 1
177  Venezuela
13
Steady
14
Steady
14
Decrease 1
15
Decrease 3
177  South Sudan
13
Increase 1
13
Increase 2
11
Decrease 1
12
Steady
177  Syria
13
Increase 1
13
Steady
13
Steady
14
Steady
180  Somalia
11
Steady
12
Decrease 2
13
Increase 1
12
Increase 1

2012–2019

[edit]

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[30]

# Nation or Territory 2019[34] 2018[35] 2017[36] 2016[37] 2015[38] 2014[39] 2013[40] 2012[41]
Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score
1  New Zealand
87
Increase 1
87
Decrease 1
89
Steady
90
Steady
91
Increase 1
91
Decrease 1
91
Steady
90
1  Denmark
87
Steady
88
Increase 1
88
Decrease 1
90
Steady
91
Steady
92
Steady
91
Steady
90
3  Finland
86
Steady
85
Steady
85
Steady
89
Steady
90
Steady
89
Steady
89
Decrease 2
90
4  Sweden
85
Decrease 1
85
Increase 3
84
Decrease 2
88
Steady
89
Steady
87
Decrease 1
89
Increase 1
88
4  Singapore
85
Decrease 1
85
Increase 3
84
Increase 1
84
Steady
85
Steady
84
Decrease 2
86
Steady
87
4   Switzerland
85
Decrease 1
85
Steady
85
Increase 2
86
Increase 1
86
Decrease 1
86
Increase 2
85
Decrease 1
86
7  Norway
84
Steady
84
Decrease 4
85
Increase 3
85
Decrease 1
88
Steady
86
Steady
86
Increase 2
85
8  Netherlands
82
Steady
82
Steady
82
Steady
83
Increase 1
84
Decrease 1
83
Steady
83
Increase 1
84
9  Germany
80
Increase 2
80
Increase 1
81
Decrease 2
81
Increase 1
81
Increase 1
79
Steady
78
Increase 1
79
9  Luxembourg
80
Steady
81
Decrease 1
82
Increase 2
81
Decrease 3
85
Increase 2
82
Increase 2
80
Increase 1
80
11  Iceland
78
Increase 3
76
Decrease 1
77
Increase 1
78
Decrease 1
79
Decrease 1
79
Steady
78
Decrease 1
82
12  United Kingdom
77
Decrease 1
80
Decrease 3
82
Increase 2
81
Increase 1
81
Increase 3
78
Steady
76
Increase 3
74
12  Canada
77
Decrease 3
81
Decrease 1
82
Increase 1
82
Increase 1
83
Steady
81
Decrease 1
81
Steady
84
12  Austria
77
Increase 2
76
Increase 2
75
Increase 1
75
Decrease 1
76
Increase 7
72
Increase 3
69
Decrease 1
69
12  Australia
77
Increase 1
77
Steady
77
Steady
79
Steady
79
Decrease 2
80
Decrease 2
81
Decrease 2
85
16  Hong Kong
76
Decrease 2
76
Decrease 1
77
Increase 2
77
Increase 3
75
Decrease 1
74
Decrease 2
75
Decrease 1
77
17  Belgium
75
Steady
75
Decrease 1
75
Decrease 1
77
Steady
77
Steady
76
Steady
75
Increase 1
75
18  Estonia
74
Steady
73
Increase 3
71
Increase 1
70
Increase 1
70
Increase 4
69
Increase 1
68
Increase 4
64
18  Ireland
74
Steady
73
Increase 1
74
Steady
73
Decrease 1
75
Decrease 1
74
Increase 4
72
Increase 4
69
20  Japan
73
Decrease 2
73
Increase 2
73
Steady
72
Decrease 2
75
Decrease 3
76
Increase 3
74
Decrease 1
74
21  United Arab Emirates
71
Increase 2
70
Decrease 2
71
Increase 3
66
Decrease 1
70
Increase 3
70
Steady
69
Increase 1
68
21  Uruguay
71
Increase 2
70
Steady
70
Decrease 2
71
Steady
74
Steady
73
Decrease 2
73
Increase 1
72
23  United States
69
Decrease 1
71
Decrease 6
75
Increase 2
74
Decrease 2
76
Increase 1
74
Increase 2
73
Steady
73
23  France
69
Decrease 2
72
Increase 2
70
Steady
69
Steady
70
Increase 4
69
Decrease 5
71
Steady
71
25  Bhutan
68
Steady
68
Increase 1
67
Increase 1
65
Steady
65
Increase 3
65
Increase 1
63
Increase 2
63
26  Chile
67
Increase 1
67
Decrease 1
67
Decrease 2
66
Decrease 1
70
Decrease 2
73
Increase 1
71
Decrease 2
72
27  Seychelles
66
Increase 1
66
Increase 8
60
Increase 4 Steady
55
Increase 4
55
Increase 3
54
Increase 4
52
28  Taiwan
65
Increase 3
63
Decrease 2
63
Increase 2
61
Steady
62
Increase 5
61
Steady
61
Increase 1
61
29  Bahamas
64
Steady
65
Decrease 1
65
Decrease 4
66
Steady Steady
71
Decrease 2
71
Steady
71
30  Barbados
62
Decrease 5
68
Steady
68
Increase 6
61
Decrease 14 Steady
74
Decrease 2
75
Steady
76
30  Portugal
62
Steady
64
Decrease 1
63
Steady
62
Decrease 1
64
Increase 3
63
Increase 2
62
Steady
63
30  Spain
62
Increase 11
58
Increase 1
57
Decrease 1
58
Decrease 4
58
Increase 1
60
Increase 2
59
Decrease 10
65
30  Qatar
62
Increase 3
62
Decrease 4
63
Increase 2
61
Decrease 9
71
Increase 5
69
Increase 1
68
Decrease 1
68
34  Botswana
61
Steady
61
Steady
61
Increase 1
60
Decrease 6
63
Increase 2
63
Decrease 1
64
Steady
65
35  Brunei Darussalam
60
Decrease 4
63
Increase 1
62
Increase 9
58
Decrease 3 Steady Steady
60
Increase 8
55
35  Lithuania
60
Increase 3
59
Steady
59
Steady
59
Decrease 2
59
Increase 4
58
Increase 3
57
Increase 5
54
35  Israel
60
Decrease 1
61
Decrease 2
62
Decrease 4
64
Increase 4
61
Increase 6
60
Decrease 2
61
Increase 3
60
35  Slovenia
60
Increase 1
60
Decrease 2
61
Decrease 3
61
Increase 3
60
Increase 6
58
Increase 3
57
Decrease 6
61
39  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
59
Increase 2
58
Decrease 1
58
Decrease 5
60
Steady Steady
62
Decrease 2
62
Increase 3
62
39  South Korea
59
Increase 6
57
Increase 6
54
Increase 1
53
Decrease 9
54
Increase 1
55
Increase 2
55
Decrease 1
56
41  Cape Verde
58
Increase 4
57
Increase 3
55
Decrease 10
59
Increase 2
55
Increase 3
57
Decrease 2
58
Steady
60
41  Poland
58
Decrease 5
60
Steady
60
Decrease 7
62
Steady
63
Increase 7
61
Increase 2
60
Increase 3
58
41  Cyprus
58
Decrease 3
59
Increase 4
57
Increase 5
55
Decrease 15
61
Decrease 1
63
Steady
63
Decrease 2
66
44  Costa Rica
56
Increase 4
56
Decrease 10
59
Increase 3
58
Decrease 1
55
Increase 8
54
Increase 1
53
Decrease 1
54
44  Georgia
56
Decrease 3
58
Increase 5
56
Decrease 2
57
Increase 4
52
Increase 3
52
Increase 4
49
Decrease 4
52
44  Latvia
56
Decrease 3
58
Decrease 1
58
Increase 4
57
Decrease 6
56
Increase 6
55
Increase 5
53
Increase 5
49
44  Czech Republic
56
Decrease 6
59
Increase 4
57
Increase 5
55
Decrease 9
56
Increase 15
51
Increase 4
48
Decrease 3
49
48  Saint Lucia
55
Increase 2
55
Decrease 2
55
Decrease 13
60
Decrease 11 Steady
71
Decrease 2
71
Steady
71
48  Dominica
55
Decrease 3
57
Decrease 3
57
Decrease 4
59
Increase 2 Steady
58
Increase 1
58
Steady
58
50  Malta
54
Increase 1
54
Decrease 5
56
Increase 1
55
Decrease 13
60
Increase 10
55
Increase 1
56
Decrease 2
57
51  Malaysia
53
Increase 10
47
Increase 1
47
Decrease 7
49
Decrease 1
50
Decrease 3
52
Increase 2
50
Increase 1
49
51  Grenada
53
Increase 2
52
Decrease 1
52
Decrease 6
56
Steady Steady Steady Steady
51  Rwanda
53
Decrease 3
56
Steady
55
Increase 2
54
Decrease 7
54
Increase 12
49
Decrease 6
53
Increase 1
53
51  Saudi Arabia
53
Increase 7
49
Decrease 1
49
Increase 5
46
Decrease 14
52
Increase 7
49
Increase 8
46
Increase 3
44
51  Italy
53
Increase 2
52
Increase 1
50
Increase 6
47
Increase 1
44
Increase 8
43
Steady
43
Increase 3
42
56  Oman
52
Decrease 3
52
Increase 15
44
Decrease 4
45
Decrease 4
45
Increase 4
45
Decrease 3
47
Steady
47
56  Namibia
52
Decrease 4
53
Increase 1
51
Steady
52
Decrease 8
53
Increase 10
49
Increase 2
48
Increase 1
48
56  Mauritius
52
Steady
51
Decrease 2
50
Decrease 4
54
Decrease 5
53
Increase 3
54
Increase 4
52
Decrease 9
57
59  Slovakia
50
Decrease 2
50
Decrease 3
50
Steady
51
Decrease 4
51
Increase 4
50
Increase 7
47
Increase 1
46
60  Jordan
48
Decrease 2
49
Increase 1
48
Decrease 2
48
Decrease 12
53
Increase 10
49
Increase 11
45
Decrease 8
48
60  Greece
48
Increase 7
45
Decrease 8
48
Increase 10
44
Decrease 11
46
Increase 11
43
Increase 11
40
Increase 14
36
60  Cuba
48
Increase 1
47
Increase 1
47
Decrease 2
47
Decrease 4
47
Increase 7
46
Steady
46
Decrease 5
48
63  Croatia
47
Decrease 3
48
Decrease 3
49
Decrease 2
49
Decrease 5
51
Increase 11
48
Decrease 4
48
Increase 5
46
64  São Tomé and Príncipe
46
Steady
46
Steady
46
Decrease 2
46
Increase 4
42
Increase 10
42
Decrease 4
42
Steady
42
64  Vanuatu
46
Steady
46
Increase 7
43
Steady Steady Steady Steady Steady
66  Argentina
45
Increase 19
40
Steady
39
Increase 10
36
Increase 11
32
Increase 1
34
Decrease 1
34
Decrease 4
35
66  Montenegro
45
Increase 1
45
Decrease 3
46
Steady
45
Decrease 3
44
Increase 15
42
Decrease 9
44
Increase 8
41
66  Senegal
45
Increase 1
45
Decrease 1
45
Decrease 2
45
Decrease 3
44
Increase 8
43
Increase 8
41
Increase 17
36
66  Belarus
45
Increase 4
44
Decrease 2
44
Increase 11
40
Increase 27
32
Increase 13
31
Increase 4
29
Steady
31
70  Hungary
44
Decrease 6
46
Increase 2
45
Decrease 9
48
Decrease 7
51
Decrease 2
54
Decrease 1
54
Decrease 1
55
70  South Africa
44
Increase 3
43
Decrease 2
43
Decrease 7
45
Decrease 3
44
Increase 6
44
Increase 5
42
Decrease 3
43
70  Romania
44
Decrease 9
47
Decrease 2
48
Decrease 2
48
Increase 1
46
Increase 11
43
Steady
43
Decrease 3
44
70  Suriname
44
Increase 3
43
Increase 4
41
Decrease 13
45
Increase 24
36
Increase 12
36
Decrease 6
36
Decrease 6
37
74  Jamaica
43
Decrease 4
44
Decrease 2
44
Increase 15
39
Decrease 14
41
Increase 16
38
Decrease 2
38
Steady
38
74  Tunisia
43
Decrease 1
43
Increase 1
42
Increase 1
41
Increase 1
38
Increase 3
40
Decrease 2
41
Decrease 2
41
74  Bulgaria
43
Increase 3
42
Decrease 6
43
Increase 4
41
Decrease 6
41
Steady
43
Increase 8
41
Decrease 2
41
77  Bahrain
42
Increase 22
36
Increase 4
36
Decrease 33
43
Decrease 20
51
Increase 5
49
Increase 2
48
Decrease 4
51
77  Solomon Islands
42
Decrease 7
44
Increase 15
39
Decrease 13
42
Steady Steady Steady Steady
77  Armenia
42
Increase 28
35
Increase 2
35
Increase 6
33
Decrease 18
35
Decrease 1
37
Steady
36
Increase 11
34
80  Ghana
41
Decrease 2
41
Increase 3
40
Decrease 11
43
Decrease 14
47
Increase 5
48
Increase 2
46
Increase 1
45
80  Morocco
41
Decrease 7
43
Increase 8
40
Increase 9
37
Decrease 2
36
Decrease 8
39
Increase 11
37
Decrease 3
37
80  India
41
Decrease 2
41
Increase 3
40
Decrease 2
40
Decrease 3
38
Increase 9
38
Increase 9
36
Steady
36
80  China
41
Increase 7
39
Decrease 10
41
Increase 2
40
Increase 4
37
Increase 17
36
Decrease 20
40
Steady
39
80  Benin
41
Increase 5
40
Steady
39
Increase 10
36
Decrease 12
37
Decrease 3
39
Increase 14
36
Steady
36
85  Guyana
40
Increase 8
37
Decrease 2
38
Increase 17
34
Increase 11
29
Increase 5
30
Increase 12
27
Decrease 3
28
85  Trinidad and Tobago
40
Decrease 7
41
Decrease 1
41
Increase 24
35
Decrease 29
39
Increase 13
38
Decrease 2
38
Decrease 3
39
85  Indonesia
40
Increase 4
38
Increase 7
37
Decrease 6
37
Decrease 2
36
Increase 19
34
Increase 7
32
Increase 4
32
85  Burkina Faso
40
Decrease 7
41
Decrease 4
42
Decrease 2
42
Increase 4
38
Increase 9
38
Decrease 2
38
Steady
38
85  Lesotho
40
Decrease 7
41
Decrease 4
42
Increase 9
39
Decrease 22
44
Decrease 6
49
Steady
49
Increase 9
45
85  Kuwait
40
Decrease 7
41
Increase 7
39
Decrease 10
41
Decrease 20
49
Increase 12
44
Increase 2
43
Decrease 3
44
91  Serbia
39
Decrease 4
39
Decrease 10
41
Decrease 5
42
Decrease 1
40
Increase 7
41
Decrease 6
42
Increase 8
39
91  Turkey
39
Decrease 13
41
Increase 3
40
Decrease 6
41
Decrease 9
42
Decrease 2
45
Decrease 11
50
Increase 1
49
93  Sri Lanka
38
Decrease 4
38
Increase 2
38
Increase 4
36
Decrease 12
37
Increase 2
38
Increase 6
37
Decrease 12
40
93  Ecuador
38
Increase 21
34
Increase 3
32
Increase 3
31
Decrease 14
32
Increase 4
33
Decrease 8
35
Increase 16
32
93  Timor-Leste
38
Increase 12
35
Decrease 14
38
Increase 10
35
Increase 22
28
Increase 10
28
Decrease 14
30
Decrease 6
33
96  Ethiopia
37
Increase 18
34
Decrease 7
35
Increase 1
34
Decrease 6
33
Increase 8
33
Increase 1
33
Increase 2
33
96  Vietnam
37
Increase 21
33
Decrease 10
35
Increase 6
33
Decrease 2
31
Increase 8
31
Decrease 3
31
Increase 7
31
96  Gambia
37
Decrease 3
37
Increase 37
30
Increase 15
26
Decrease 22
28
Increase 3
29
Increase 1
28
Decrease 22
34
96  Colombia
37
Increase 3
36
Decrease 3
37
Decrease 6
37
Decrease 7
37
Increase 11
37
Steady
36
Steady
36
96  Tanzania
37
Increase 3
36
Increase 4
36
Increase 13
32
Increase 1
30
Increase 2
31
Decrease 8
33
Decrease 9
35
101  Kosovo
36
Decrease 8
37
Decrease 8
39
Increase 10
36
Increase 7
33
Increase 8
33
Increase 1
33
Decrease 6
34
101  Thailand
36
Decrease 2
36
Decrease 3
37
Increase 5
35
Decrease 25
38
Increase 9
38
Increase 17
35
Decrease 14
37
101  Peru
36
Increase 4
35
Decrease 9
37
Increase 5
35
Decrease 13
36
Decrease 3
38
Decrease 2
38
Steady
38
101  Panama
36
Decrease 8
37
Increase 3
37
Decrease 9
38
Decrease 15
39
Increase 22
37
Increase 8
35
Decrease 19
38
101  Bosnia and Herzegovina
36
Decrease 12
38
Increase 2
38
Decrease 8
39
Decrease 7
38
Increase 4
39
Decrease 8
42
Steady
42
106  Brazil
35
Decrease 1
35
Decrease 9
37
Decrease 17
40
Decrease 3
38
Decrease 7
43
Increase 3
42
Decrease 3
43
106  Mongolia
35
Decrease 13
37
Increase 10
36
Decrease 16
38
Decrease 15
39
Increase 8
39
Increase 3
38
Increase 11
36
106  Albania
35
Decrease 7
36
Decrease 8
38
Decrease 8
39
Increase 5
36
Increase 22
33
Increase 6
31
Decrease 3
33
106  Egypt
35
Decrease 1
35
Increase 12
32
Decrease 9
34
Decrease 20
36
Increase 6
37
Increase 20
32
Increase 4
32
106  Algeria
35
Decrease 1
35
Increase 7
33
Decrease 4
34
Decrease 20
36
Increase 12
36
Decrease 6
36
Increase 11
34
106  Ivory Coast
35
Decrease 1
35
Decrease 2
36
Increase 5
34
Decrease 2
32
Increase 9
32
Increase 21
27
Steady
29
106  North Macedonia
35
Decrease 13
37
Increase 14
35
Decrease 17
37
Decrease 24
42
Decrease 2
45
Increase 3
44
Steady
43
113  Kazakhstan
34
Increase 11
31
Decrease 2
31
Increase 9
29
Decrease 8
28
Increase 3
29
Increase 14
26
Decrease 7
28
113    Nepal
34
Increase 11
31
Decrease 2
31
Increase 9
29
Decrease 1
27
Decrease 4
29
Decrease 10
31
Increase 23
27
113  Philippines
34
Decrease 14
36
Increase 12
34
Decrease 10
35
Decrease 6
35
Decrease 10
38
Increase 9
36
Increase 11
34
113  Zambia
34
Decrease 8
35
Decrease 9
37
Decrease 9
38
Decrease 11
38
Increase 9
38
Decrease 2
38
Increase 5
37
113  Eswatini
34
Decrease 24
38
Decrease 4
39
Decrease 16 Steady Steady
43
Increase 13
39
Steady
37
113  El Salvador
34
Decrease 8
35
Increase 7
33
Decrease 17
36
Decrease 23
39
Increase 8
39
Increase 3
38
Steady
38
119  Sierra Leone
33
Increase 10
30
Increase 1
30
Decrease 7
30
Decrease 4
29
Steady
31
Steady
30
Increase 4
31
120  Moldova
32
Decrease 3
33
Increase 5
31
Increase 1
30
Decrease 21
33
Increase 1
35
Decrease 1
35
Decrease 8
36
120  Niger
32
Decrease 6
34
Decrease 2
33
Decrease 11
35
Decrease 3
34
Increase 5
35
Increase 3
34
Increase 7
33
120  Pakistan
32
Decrease 3
33
Steady
32
Decrease 1
32
Increase 1
30
Increase 9
29
Increase 1
28
Increase 12
27
123  Malawi
31
Decrease 3
32
Increase 2
31
Decrease 2
31
Decrease 9
31
Decrease 1
33
Decrease 19
37
Decrease 3
37
123  Bolivia
31
Increase 9
29
Decrease 20
33
Increase 1
33
Decrease 15
34
Increase 5
35
Increase 3
34
Decrease 1
34
123  Gabon
31
Increase 1
31
Decrease 7
32
Decrease 16
35
Decrease 3
34
Decrease 4
37
Increase 12
34
Decrease 4
35
126  Djibouti
30
Decrease 2
31
Decrease 2
31
Increase 1
30
Decrease 25
34
Increase 9
34
Decrease 13
36
Steady
36
126  Kyrgyzstan
30
Increase 6
29
Increase 3
29
Increase 1
28
Decrease 13
28
Increase 13
27
Increase 14
24
Increase 4
24
126  Azerbaijan
30
Increase 26
25
Decrease 30
31
Increase 1
30
Decrease 4
29
Increase 7
29
Increase 1
28
Increase 12
27
126  Ukraine
30
Decrease 6
32
Increase 10
30
Increase 1
29
Decrease 1
27
Increase 12
26
Increase 2
25
Steady
26
130  Laos
29
Increase 2
29
Increase 3
29
Decrease 12
30
Increase 16
25
Increase 6
25
Decrease 5
26
Increase 20
21
130  Guinea
29
Increase 8
28
Increase 10
27
Decrease 6
27
Decrease 3
25
Increase 6
25
Increase 5
24
Increase 4
24
130  Myanmar
29
Increase 2
29
Decrease 2
30
Increase 6
28
Increase 11
22
Increase 9
21
Increase 1
21
Increase 15
15
130  Mexico
29
Increase 8
28
Decrease 3
29
Decrease 12
30
Decrease 12
31
Decrease 8
35
Increase 3
34
Decrease 1
34
130  Maldives
29
Decrease 6
31
Decrease 12
33
Decrease 17
36
Steady Steady Steady Steady
130  Mali
29
Decrease 10
32
Increase 2
31
Decrease 6
32
Decrease 21
35
Increase 20
32
Increase 12
28
Decrease 22
34
130  Togo
29
Decrease 1
30
Decrease 12
32
Decrease 1
32
Decrease 10
32
Increase 20
29
Decrease 3
29
Increase 5
30
137  Russia
28
Increase 1
28
Decrease 3
29
Decrease 4
29
Decrease 12
29
Increase 17
27
Decrease 9
28
Increase 6
28
137  Papua New Guinea
28
Increase 1
28
Decrease 3
29
Increase 1
28
Increase 3
25
Increase 6
25
Decrease 1
25
Increase 6
25
137  Mauritania
28
Increase 7
27
Decrease 1
28
Decrease 1
27
Decrease 31
31
Increase 13
30
Decrease 5
30
Increase 4
31
137  Liberia
28
Decrease 17
32
Increase 2
31
Decrease 32
37
Decrease 7
37
Increase 11
37
Decrease 11
38
Decrease 8
41
137  Lebanon
28
Increase 1
28
Increase 5
28
Decrease 7
28
Decrease 13
28
Increase 13
27
Decrease 9
28
Increase 1
30
137  Kenya
28
Increase 7
27
Decrease 1
28
Increase 2
26
Decrease 6
25
Increase 6
25
Decrease 9
27
Increase 3
27
137  Uganda
28
Increase 12
26
Increase 2
26
Steady
25
Decrease 12
25
Increase 3
26
Decrease 2
26
Decrease 10
29
137  Paraguay
28
Decrease 5
29
Increase 3
29
Decrease 12
30
Increase 7
27
Increase 20
24
Steady
24
Steady
25
137  Dominican Republic
28
Decrease 8
30
Increase 6
29
Decrease 15
31
Decrease 18
33
Increase 13
32
Increase 8
29
Decrease 5
32
146  Nigeria
26
Decrease 2
27
Increase 4
27
Decrease 12
28
Steady
26
Steady
27
Increase 8
25
Decrease 5
27
146  Mozambique
26
Increase 12
23
Decrease 5
25
Decrease 11
27
Decrease 31
31
Increase 8
31
Steady
30
Increase 4
31
146  Guatemala
26
Decrease 2
27
Decrease 1
28
Decrease 7
28
Decrease 13
28
Decrease 8
32
Increase 8
29
Decrease 10
33
146  Iran
26
Decrease 8
28
Decrease 8
30
Increase 1
29
Decrease 1
27
Increase 6
27
Increase 8
25
Decrease 11
28
146  Angola
26
Increase 19
19
Increase 2
19
Decrease 3
18
Decrease 1
15
Decrease 2
19
Decrease 8
23
Increase 4
22
146  Bangladesh
26
Increase 3
26
Decrease 6
28
Increase 2
26
Decrease 6
25
Increase 6
25
Decrease 9
27
Increase 8
26
146  Honduras
26
Decrease 14
29
Increase 3
29
Decrease 12
30
Decrease 12
31
Increase 15
29
Increase 14
26
Decrease 7
28
153  Cameroon
25
Decrease 1
25
Increase 1
25
Decrease 8
26
Decrease 15
27
Increase 6
27
Increase 8
25
Steady
26
153  Central African Republic
25
Decrease 4
26
Increase 7
23
Increase 3
20
Decrease 14
24
Increase 5
24
Decrease 6
25
Steady
26
153  Uzbekistan
25
Increase 5
23
Decrease 1
22
Decrease 1
21
Decrease 3
19
Increase 13
18
Increase 2
17
Increase 2
17
153  Tajikistan
25
Decrease 1
25
Increase 9
21
Decrease 10
25
Decrease 15
26
Increase 16
23
Increase 2
22
Increase 3
22
153  Comoros
25
Decrease 9
27
Increase 4
27
Increase 5
24
Decrease 17
26
Increase 6
26
Decrease 15
28
Increase 6
28
158  Zimbabwe
24
Increase 2
22
Decrease 3
22
Decrease 3
22
Decrease 4
21
Increase 6
21
Increase 1
21
Increase 6
20
158  Madagascar
24
Decrease 6
25
Increase 3
24
Decrease 10
26
Decrease 22
28
Increase 10
28
Decrease 6
28
Decrease 9
32
160  Eritrea
23
Decrease 3
24
Increase 8
20
Decrease 1
18
Decrease 10
18
Increase 12
18
Decrease 6
20
Decrease 10
25
161  Nicaragua
22
Decrease 9
25
Decrease 1
26
Decrease 6
26
Decrease 15
27
Increase 3
28
Decrease 6
28
Increase 3
29
162  Chad
20
Increase 3
19
Steady
20
Decrease 6
20
Decrease 12
22
Increase 7
22
Increase 9
19
Increase 2
19
162  Cambodia
20
Decrease 1
20
Steady
21
Decrease 5
21
Decrease 6
21
Increase 6
21
Increase 4
20
Decrease 3
22
162  Iraq
20
Increase 6
18
Increase 1
18
Decrease 3
17
Decrease 5
16
Increase 9
16
Increase 1
16
Decrease 2
18
165  Turkmenistan
19
Decrease 4
20
Increase 6
19
Decrease 13
22
Steady
18
Increase 15
17
Decrease 1
17
Increase 2
17
165  Republic of the Congo
19
Steady
19
Decrease 4
21
Decrease 2
20
Decrease 13
23
Increase 6
23
Increase 2
22
Steady
26
165  Burundi
19
Increase 5
17
Decrease 13
22
Increase 2
20
Decrease 9
21
Increase 9
20
Decrease 2
21
Increase 8
19
168  Haiti
18
Decrease 7
20
Decrease 4
22
Increase 2
20
Decrease 1
17
Increase 3
19
Increase 2
19
Increase 2
19
168  Democratic Republic of the Congo
18
Decrease 7
20
Steady
21
Decrease 5
21
Decrease 9
22
Increase 7
22
Steady
22
Increase 6
21
168  Libya
18
Increase 2
17
Increase 1
17
Decrease 1
14
Decrease 9
16
Increase 5
18
Increase 6
15
Decrease 12
21
168  Guinea Bissau
18
Increase 4
16
Decrease 1
17
Decrease 3
16
Decrease 10
17
Increase 3
19
Increase 2
19
Steady
25
172  North Korea
17
Increase 4
14
Decrease 5
17
Increase 3
12
Decrease 7
8
Increase 7
8
Increase 1
8
Steady
8
173  Sudan
16
Decrease 1
16
Increase 3
16
Decrease 5
14
Decrease 5
12
Increase 8
11
Increase 1
11
Decrease 1
13
173  Afghanistan
16
Decrease 1
16
Increase 5
15
Decrease 8
15
Decrease 3
11
Increase 6
12
Increase 3
8
Decrease 1
8
173  Equatorial Guinea
16
Decrease 1
16
Decrease 1
17
Decrease 8 Steady Steady Steady
19
Steady
20
173  Venezuela
16
Decrease 5
18
Increase 1
18
Decrease 3
17
Decrease 8
17
Increase 3
19
Decrease 1
20
Increase 5
19
177  Yemen
15
Decrease 1
14
Decrease 1
16
Decrease 5
14
Decrease 16
18
Increase 7
19
Increase 6
18
Decrease 11
23
178  Syria
13
Steady
13
Steady
14
Decrease 5
13
Decrease 19
18
Increase 5
20
Increase 9
17
Decrease 24
26
179  South Sudan
12
Decrease 1
13
Increase 1
12
Decrease 4
11
Decrease 12
15
Increase 8
15
Increase 2
14
Steady
180  Somalia
9
Steady
10
Steady
9
Decrease 4
10
Decrease 9
8
Increase 7
8
Increase 1
8
Decrease 1
8

2003–2011

[edit]

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[30]

# Nation or Territory 2011[42] 2010[43] 2009[44] 2008[45] 2007[46] 2006[47] 2005[48] 2004[49] 2003[50]
Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i]
1  New Zealand 9.5 Steady 9.3 Steady 9.4 Steady 9.3 Steady 9.4 Steady 9.6 Increase 1 9.6 Steady 9.6 Increase 1 9.5 Decrease 1
2  Finland 9.4 Increase 2 9.2 Increase 2 8.9 Decrease 1 9 Decrease 4 9.4 Steady 9.6 Increase 1 9.6 Decrease 1 9.7 Steady 9.7 Steady
2  Denmark 9.4 Decrease 1 9.3 Increase 1 9.3 Decrease 1 9.3 Steady 9.4 Increase 3 9.5 Steady 9.5 Decrease 1 9.5 Steady 9.5 Decrease 1
4  Sweden 9.3 Steady 9.2 Decrease 1 9.2 Decrease 2 9.3 Increase 3 9.3 Increase 2 9.2 Steady 9.2 Steady 9.2 Steady 9.3 Decrease 1
5  Singapore 9.2 Decrease 4 9.3 Increase 2 9.2 Increase 1 9.2 Steady 9.3 Increase 1 9.4 Steady 9.4 Steady 9.3 Steady 9.4 Steady
6  Norway 9 Increase 4 8.6 Increase 1 8.6 Increase 3 7.9 Decrease 5 8.7 Decrease 1 8.8 Steady 8.9 Steady 8.9 Steady 8.8 Increase 4
7  Netherlands 8.9 Steady 8.8 Decrease 1 8.9 Increase 1 8.9 Steady 9 Increase 2 8.7 Increase 2 8.6 Decrease 1 8.7 Decrease 3 8.9 Steady
8   Switzerland 8.8 Steady 8.7 Decrease 3 9 Steady 9 Increase 2 9 Steady 9.1 Steady 9.1 Steady 9.1 Increase 1 8.8 Increase 4
8  Australia 8.8 Steady 8.7 Steady 8.7 Increase 1 8.7 Increase 2 8.6 Decrease 2 8.7 Steady 8.8 Steady 8.8 Decrease 1 8.8 Increase 3
10  Canada 8.7 Decrease 4 8.9 Increase 2 8.7 Increase 1 8.7 Steady 8.7 Increase 5 8.5 Steady 8.4 Decrease 2 8.5 Decrease 1 8.7 Decrease 4
11  Luxembourg 8.5 Steady 8.5 Increase 1 8.2 Decrease 1 8.3 Increase 1 8.4 Decrease 1 8.6 Increase 2 8.5 Steady 8.4 Decrease 2 8.7 Decrease 4
12  Hong Kong 8.4 Increase 1 8.4 Decrease 1 8.2 Steady 8.1 Increase 2 8.3 Increase 1 8.3 Steady 8.3 Increase 1 8 Decrease 2 8 Steady
13  Iceland 8.3 Decrease 2 8.5 Decrease 3 8.7 Decrease 1 8.9 Decrease 1 9.2 Decrease 5 9.6 Steady 9.7 Increase 2 9.5 Decrease 1 9.6 Increase 2
14  Japan 8 Increase 3 7.8 Steady 7.7 Increase 1 7.3 Decrease 1 7.5 Steady 7.6 Increase 4 7.3 Increase 3 6.9 Decrease 3 7 Decrease 1
14  Germany 8 Increase 1 7.9 Decrease 1 8 Steady 7.9 Increase 2 7.8 Steady 8 Steady 8.2 Decrease 1 8.2 Increase 1 7.7 Increase 2
16  United Kingdom 7.8 Increase 4 7.6 Decrease 3 7.7 Decrease 1 7.7 Decrease 4 8.4 Decrease 1 8.6 Steady 8.6 Steady 8.6 Steady 8.7 Decrease 1
16  Barbados 7.8 Increase 1 7.8 Increase 3 7.4 Increase 2 7 Increase 1 6.9 Increase 1 6.7 Steady 6.9 Decrease 3 7.3
16  Austria 7.8 Decrease 1 7.9 Increase 1 7.9 Decrease 4 8.1 Increase 3 8.1 Decrease 4 8.6 Decrease 1 8.7 Increase 3 8.4 Increase 1 8 Increase 1
19  Ireland 7.5 Decrease 5 8 Steady 8 Increase 2 7.7 Increase 1 7.5 Increase 1 7.4 Increase 1 7.4 Decrease 2 7.5 Increase 1 7.5 Increase 5
19  Belgium 7.5 Increase 3 7.1 Decrease 1 7.1 Decrease 3 7.3 Increase 3 7.1 Decrease 1 7.3 Decrease 1 7.4 Decrease 2 7.5 Steady 7.6 Increase 3
21  Bahamas 7.3
22  Qatar 7.2 Decrease 3 7.7 Increase 3 7 Increase 6 6.5 Increase 4 6 Steady 6 Steady 5.9 Increase 6 5.2 Decrease 6 5.6
22  Chile 7.2 Decrease 1 7.2 Increase 4 6.7 Decrease 2 6.9 Decrease 1 7 Decrease 2 7.3 Increase 1 7.3 Decrease 1 7.4 Steady 7.4 Decrease 3
24  United States 7.1 Decrease 2 7.1 Decrease 3 7.5 Decrease 1 7.3 Increase 2 7.2 Steady 7.3 Decrease 3 7.6 Steady 7.5 Increase 1 7.5 Decrease 2
25  Uruguay 7 Decrease 1 6.9 Increase 1 6.7 Decrease 2 6.9 Increase 2 6.7 Increase 3 6.4 Increase 4 5.9 Decrease 4 6.2 Increase 5 5.5 Decrease 1
25  Saint Lucia 7 Decrease 3 7 Decrease 1 7.1 Increase 3 6.8
25  France 7 Steady 6.8 Decrease 1 6.9 Decrease 1 6.9 Decrease 4 7.3 Decrease 1 7.4 Steady 7.5 Increase 4 7.1 Increase 1 6.9 Increase 2
28  United Arab Emirates 6.8 Steady 6.3 Increase 2 6.5 Increase 5 5.9 Decrease 1 5.7 Decrease 3 6.2 Decrease 1 6.2 Decrease 1 6.1 Increase 8 5.2
29  Estonia 6.4 Decrease 3 6.5 Increase 1 6.6 Steady 6.6 Increase 1 6.5 Decrease 4 6.7 Increase 3 6.4 Increase 4 6 Increase 2 5.5 Decrease 4
30  Cyprus 6.3 Decrease 2 6.3 Decrease 1 6.6 Increase 4 6.4 Increase 8 5.3 Decrease 2 5.6 Steady 5.7 Decrease 1 5.4 Decrease 9 6.1
31  Spain 6.2 Decrease 1 6.1 Increase 2 6.1 Decrease 4 6.5 Decrease 3 6.7 Decrease 2 6.8 Steady 7 Decrease 1 7.1 Increase 1 6.9 Decrease 3
32  Taiwan 6.1 Increase 4 5.8 Increase 1 5.6 Increase 2 5.7 Decrease 5 5.7 Steady 5.9 Decrease 2 5.9 Increase 3 5.6 Decrease 5 5.7 Decrease 1
32  Portugal 6.1 Steady 6 Increase 3 5.8 Decrease 3 6.1 Decrease 4 6.5 Decrease 2 6.6 Steady 6.5 Increase 1 6.3 Decrease 2 6.6 Steady
32  Botswana 6.1 Increase 1 5.8 Increase 4 5.6 Decrease 1 5.8 Increase 2 5.4 Decrease 1 5.6 Decrease 5 5.9 Decrease 1 6 Decrease 1 5.7 Decrease 6
35  Slovenia 5.9 Decrease 8 6.4 Steady 6.6 Decrease 1 6.7 Increase 1 6.6 Increase 1 6.4 Increase 3 6.1 Steady 6 Decrease 2 5.9 Decrease 2
36  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5.8 Decrease 5 6.4 Decrease 3 6.5 Increase 2 6.1
36  Israel 5.8 Decrease 6 6.1 Increase 2 6.1 Increase 1 6 Decrease 3 6.1 Increase 4 5.9 Decrease 6 6.3 Decrease 2 6.4 Decrease 5 7 Decrease 3
38  Bhutan 5.7 Decrease 1 5.7 Increase 12 5 Decrease 4 5.2 Increase 1 5 Decrease 14 6
39  Puerto Rico 5.6 Decrease 6 5.8 Increase 2 5.8 Increase 1 5.8
39  Malta 5.6 Steady 5.6 Increase 6 5.2 Decrease 9 5.8 Decrease 3 5.8 Decrease 5 6.4 Decrease 3 6.6 Steady 6.8
41  Poland 5.5 Increase 4 5.3 Increase 4 5 Increase 9 4.6 Increase 3 4.2 Steady 3.7 Increase 9 3.4 Decrease 3 3.5 Decrease 3 3.6 Decrease 19
41  Cape Verde 5.5 Increase 7 5.1 Decrease 2 5.1 Increase 1 5.1 Increase 2 4.9
42  South Korea 5.4 Decrease 2 5.4 Decrease 2 5.5 Increase 1 5.6 Increase 3 5.1 Decrease 1 5.1 Decrease 2 5 Increase 7 4.5 Increase 3 4.3 Decrease 10
44  Dominica 5.2 Increase 2 5.2 Decrease 12 5.9 Decrease 1 6 Increase 4 5.6 Increase 16 4.5
44  Brunei Darussalam 5.2 Decrease 6 5.5 Increase 1 5.5
46  Mauritius 5.1 Decrease 5 5.4 Increase 1 5.4 Decrease 1 5.5 Increase 12 4.7 Decrease 11 5.1 Increase 9 4.2 Increase 3 4.1 Decrease 6 4.4 Decrease 8
46  Macau 5.1 Increase 4 5 Decrease 7 5.3 Steady 5.4 Decrease 9 5.7 Decrease 8 6.6
46  Bahrain 5.1 Increase 4 4.9 Decrease 4 5.1 Decrease 3 5.4 Increase 3 5 Decrease 10 5.7 Steady 5.8 Decrease 2 5.8 Decrease 7 6.1
49  Rwanda 5 Increase 20 4 Increase 20 3.3 Increase 13 3 Increase 9 2.8 Increase 10 2.5 Decrease 38 3.1
50  Seychelles 4.8 Steady 4.8 Increase 4 4.8 Increase 1 4.8 Increase 2 4.5 Increase 6 3.6 Decrease 8 4 Decrease 7 4.4
50  Oman 4.8 Decrease 6 5.3 Decrease 5 5.5 Increase 2 5.5 Increase 12 4.7 Decrease 14 5.4 Decrease 11 6.3 Increase 1 6.1 Decrease 3 6.3
50  Lithuania 4.8 Decrease 1 5 Increase 3 4.9 Increase 6 4.6 Decrease 7 4.8 Decrease 5 4.8 Decrease 2 4.8 Steady 4.6 Decrease 3 4.7 Decrease 5
50  Costa Rica 4.8 Decrease 9 5.3 Increase 2 5.3 Increase 4 5.1 Decrease 1 5 Increase 9 4.1 Decrease 4 4.2 Decrease 10 4.9 Increase 9 4.3 Decrease 10
54  Kuwait 4.6 Increase 2 4.5 Increase 10 4.1 Decrease 1 4.3 Decrease 5 4.3 Decrease 14 4.8 Decrease 1 4.7 Decrease 1 4.6 Decrease 9 5.3
54  Hungary 4.6 Decrease 1 4.7 Decrease 7 5.1 Increase 1 5.1 Decrease 8 5.3 Increase 2 5.2 Decrease 1 5 Increase 2 4.8 Decrease 2 4.8 Decrease 7
56  Jordan 4.5 Decrease 2 4.7 Decrease 5 5 Decrease 2 5.1 Increase 6 4.7 Decrease 13 5.3 Decrease 3 5.7 Steady 5.3 Increase 6 4.6 Decrease 3
57  Saudi Arabia 4.4 Decrease 3 4.7 Increase 9 4.3 Increase 17 3.5 Decrease 1 3.4 Decrease 9 3.3 Steady 3.4 Increase 1 3.4 Decrease 25 4.5
57  Namibia 4.4 Increase 2 4.4 Decrease 3 4.5 Increase 5 4.5 Decrease 4 4.5 Decrease 2 4.1 Decrease 8 4.3 Increase 7 4.1 Decrease 13 4.7 Decrease 13
57  Czech Republic 4.4 Decrease 1 4.6 Decrease 4 4.9 Decrease 7 5.2 Decrease 4 5.2 Increase 5 4.8 Increase 1 4.3 Increase 4 4.2 Increase 3 3.9 Decrease 2
 Fiji 4 55
60  Malaysia 4.3 Decrease 1 4.4 Decrease 3 4.5 Decrease 9 5.1 Decrease 4 5.1 Increase 1 5 Decrease 5 5.1 Steady 5 Decrease 2 5.2 Decrease 4
61  Turkey 4.2 Decrease 2 4.4 Increase 2 4.4 Decrease 3 4.6 Increase 6 4.1 Decrease 4 3.8 Increase 5 3.5 Increase 12 3.2 Steady 3.1 Decrease 13
61  Latvia 4.2 Increase 1 4.3 Decrease 6 4.5 Decrease 4 5 Decrease 1 4.8 Decrease 2 4.7 Increase 2 4.2 Increase 6 4 Steady 3.8 Decrease 5
61  Cuba 4.2 Increase 12 3.7 Decrease 12 4.4 Increase 4 4.3 Decrease 4 4.2 Increase 5 3.5 Decrease 7 3.8 Increase 3 3.7 Decrease 19 4.6
64  South Africa 4.1 Decrease 8 4.5 Decrease 1 4.7 Decrease 1 4.9 Decrease 11 5.1 Increase 8 4.6 Decrease 5 4.5 Decrease 2 4.6 Increase 4 4.4 Decrease 12
64  Georgia 4.1 Increase 9 3.8 Decrease 7 4.1 Increase 1 3.9 Increase 12 3.4 Increase 20 2.8 Increase 31 2.3 Increase 3 2 Decrease 9 1.8 Decrease 39
66  Slovakia 4 Decrease 4 4.3 Decrease 6 4.5 Decrease 4 5 Decrease 3 4.9 Steady 4.7 Decrease 2 4.3 Increase 10 4 Increase 2 3.7 Decrease 7
66  Montenegro 4 Increase 7 3.7 Decrease 4 3.9 Increase 16 3.4 Decrease 1 3.3
66  Croatia 4 Increase 3 4.1 Decrease 3 4.1 Decrease 4 4.4 Increase 2 4.1 Increase 5 3.4 Increase 1 3.4 Decrease 3 3.5 Decrease 8 3.7 Decrease 8
69  Samoa 3.9 Steady 4.1 Decrease 13 4.5 Increase 6 4.4 Decrease 5 4.5
69  Italy 3.9 Steady 3.9 Decrease 6 4.3 Decrease 8 4.8 Decrease 14 5.2 Increase 4 4.9 Decrease 5 5 Increase 2 4.8 Decrease 7 5.3 Decrease 4
69  Ghana 3.9 Decrease 1 4.1 Increase 1 3.9 Decrease 2 3.9 Increase 2 3.7 Increase 1 3.3 Decrease 5 3.5 Decrease 1 3.6 Increase 6 3.3 Decrease 20
69  FYR Macedonia 3.9 Decrease 2 4.1 Increase 4 3.8 Increase 1 3.6 Increase 12 3.3 Increase 21 2.7 Decrease 2 2.7 Decrease 6 2.7 Increase 9 2.3 Decrease 43
73  Tunisia 3.8 Decrease 7 4.3 Decrease 1 4.2 Decrease 3 4.4 Decrease 1 4.2 Decrease 10 4.6 Decrease 8 4.9 Decrease 4 5 Steady 4.9 Decrease 3
73  Brazil 3.8 Decrease 4 3.7 Increase 6 3.7 Increase 5 3.5 Decrease 8 3.5 Decrease 2 3.3 Decrease 8 3.7 Decrease 3 3.9 Decrease 5 3.9 Decrease 9
75  Romania 3.6 Decrease 2 3.7 Decrease 2 3.8 Decrease 1 3.8 Decrease 1 3.7 Increase 15 3.1 Increase 1 3 Increase 2 2.9 Decrease 4 2.8 Decrease 6
75  China 3.6 Increase 3 3.5 Increase 1 3.6 Decrease 7 3.6 Steady 3.5 Decrease 2 3.3 Increase 8 3.2 Decrease 7 3.4 Decrease 5 3.4 Decrease 7
77  Vanuatu 3.5 Increase 1 3.6 Increase 17 3.2 Increase 14 2.9 Decrease 11 3.1
77  Lesotho 3.5 Increase 8 3.5 Increase 4 3.3 Increase 3 3.2 Decrease 8 3.3 Decrease 5 3.2 Decrease 9 3.4
77  Gambia 3.5 Increase 21 3.2 Increase 8 2.9 Increase 52 1.9 Decrease 15 2.3 Decrease 22 2.5 Decrease 18 2.7 Decrease 13 2.8 Increase 2 2.5
80  Thailand 3.4 Increase 7 3.5 Decrease 3 3.4 Decrease 4 3.5 Increase 4 3.3 Decrease 21 3.6 Decrease 4 3.8 Increase 5 3.6 Increase 6 3.3 Decrease 6
80  Peru 3.4 Increase 7 3.5 Decrease 12 3.7 Decrease 3 3.6 Steady 3.5 Decrease 2 3.3 Decrease 5 3.5 Increase 2 3.5 Decrease 8 3.7 Decrease 14
80  Morocco 3.4 Increase 11 3.4 Decrease 2 3.3 Decrease 9 3.5 Decrease 8 3.5 Increase 7 3.2 Decrease 1 3.2 Decrease 1 3.2 Decrease 7 3.3 Decrease 18
80  Greece 3.4 Increase 5 3.5 Decrease 14 3.8 Decrease 14 4.7 Decrease 1 4.6 Decrease 2 4.4 Decrease 7 4.3 Increase 2 4.3 Increase 1 4.3 Decrease 6
80  El Salvador 3.4 Decrease 2 3.6 Increase 6 3.4 Decrease 17 3.9 Steady 4 Decrease 10 4 Decrease 6 4.2 Steady 4.2 Increase 8 3.7 Increase 3
80  Colombia 3.4 Decrease 2 3.5 Decrease 3 3.7 Decrease 5 3.8 Decrease 2 3.8 Decrease 9 3.9 Decrease 4 4 Increase 5 3.8 Decrease 1 3.7 Decrease 2
 Grenada 3.4 Decrease 13 3.5 66
86  Sri Lanka 3.3 Increase 15 3.2 Decrease 4 3.1 Decrease 5 3.2 Increase 2 3.2 Decrease 10 3.1 Decrease 6 3.2 Decrease 11 3.5 Decrease 1 3.4 Decrease 14
86  Serbia 3.3 Increase 1 3.5 Decrease 4 3.5 Increase 2 3.4 Decrease 6 3.4 Increase 11 3
86  Panama 3.3 Decrease 8 3.6 Increase 6 3.4 Increase 1 3.4 Increase 9 3.2 Decrease 10 3.1 Decrease 19 3.5 Decrease 3 3.7 Increase 4 3.4 Increase 1
86  Jamaica 3.3 Increase 5 3.3 Increase 8 3 Decrease 3 3.1 Decrease 12 3.3 Decrease 23 3.7 Increase 3 3.6 Increase 10 3.3 Decrease 17 3.8 Decrease 12
86  Bulgaria 3.3 Decrease 8 3.6 Decrease 7 3.8 Increase 1 3.6 Decrease 8 4.1 Decrease 7 4 Decrease 2 4 Decrease 1 4.1 Steady 3.9 Decrease 9
91  Zambia 3.2 Increase 19 3 Decrease 11 3 Increase 16 2.8 Increase 8 2.6 Decrease 12 2.6 Decrease 4 2.6 Decrease 5 2.6 Decrease 10 2.5 Decrease 15
91  Trinidad and Tobago 3.2 Decrease 13 3.6 Increase 1 3.6 Decrease 7 3.6 Increase 7 3.4 Steady 3.2 Decrease 20 3.8 Decrease 8 4.2 Decrease 8 4.6 Decrease 10
91  Liberia 3.2 Steady 3.3 Increase 6 3.1 Increase 41 2.4 Increase 12 2.1 Decrease 13 2.2
91  Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.2 Increase 7 3.2 Increase 1 3 Decrease 7 3.2 Decrease 8 3.3 Increase 9 2.9 Decrease 5 2.9 Decrease 6 3.1 Decrease 12 3.3
95  Tonga 3.1 Increase 15 3 Decrease 11 3 Increase 39 2.4 Increase 37 1.7
95  Swaziland 3.1 Increase 10 3.2 Decrease 26 3.6 Decrease 7 3.6 Increase 12 3.3 Increase 37 2.5 Decrease 18 2.7
95  Kiribati 3.1 Increase 6 3.2 Increase 10 2.8 Decrease 15 3.1 Decrease 12 3.3
95  India 3.1 Decrease 4 3.3 Decrease 7 3.4 Increase 1 3.4 Decrease 13 3.5 Decrease 2 3.3 Increase 18 2.9 Increase 2 2.8 Decrease 7 2.8 Decrease 12
95  Albania 3.1 Decrease 4 3.3 Increase 4 3.2 Decrease 10 3.4 Increase 20 2.9 Increase 6 2.6 Increase 15 2.4 Decrease 18 2.5 Decrease 16 2.5 Decrease 11
100  Tanzania 3 Increase 27 2.7 Decrease 1 2.6 Decrease 24 3 Decrease 8 3.2 Decrease 1 2.9 Decrease 5 2.9 Increase 2 2.8 Increase 2 2.5 Decrease 21
100  Suriname 3 Decrease 25 3.7 Decrease 3 3.6 Steady 3.5 Increase 18 3 Decrease 12 3.2 Decrease 29 4.3
100  Sao Tome and Principe 3 Increase 10 3 Increase 1 2.8 Increase 10 2.7 Decrease 3 2.7
100  Mexico 3 Increase 5 3.1 Decrease 16 3.3 Decrease 17 3.6 Steady 3.5 Decrease 2 3.3 Decrease 5 3.5 Decrease 1 3.6 Steady 3.6 Decrease 7
100  Malawi 3 Decrease 13 3.4 Increase 2 3.3 Increase 26 2.8 Increase 3 2.7 Decrease 13 2.7 Decrease 8 2.8 Decrease 7 2.8 Decrease 7 2.8 Decrease 15
100  Madagascar 3 Increase 27 2.6 Decrease 28 3 Decrease 14 3.4 Increase 9 3.2 Decrease 10 3.1 Increase 13 2.8 Decrease 15 3.1 Increase 6 2.6 Increase 10
100  Indonesia 3 Increase 16 2.8 Decrease 5 2.8 Increase 15 2.6 Increase 17 2.3 Decrease 13 2.4 Increase 7 2.2 Decrease 4 2 Decrease 11 1.9 Decrease 26
100  Gabon 3 Increase 16 2.8 Decrease 10 2.9 Decrease 10 3.1 Decrease 12 3.3 Increase 6 3 Decrease 2 2.9 Decrease 14 3.3
100  Djibouti 3 Decrease 2 3.2 Increase 13 2.8 Decrease 9 3 Increase 3 2.9
100  Burkina Faso 3 Increase 5 3.1 Decrease 26 3.6 Increase 1 3.5 Increase 25 2.9 Decrease 26 3.2 Decrease 9 3.4 Decrease 5
100  Benin 3 Increase 16 2.8 Decrease 10 2.9 Decrease 10 3.1 Increase 22 2.7 Increase 3 2.5 Decrease 33 2.9 Decrease 11 3.2
100  Argentina 3 Increase 10 2.9 Decrease 4 2.9 Increase 3 2.9 Decrease 4 2.9 Decrease 12 2.9 Increase 4 2.8 Increase 11 2.5 Decrease 16 2.5 Decrease 22
 Belize 2.9 Decrease 10 3 Decrease 33 3.5 Decrease 4 3.7 Decrease 2 3.8 Decrease 14 4.5 46
 Serbia and Montenegro 2.8 Steady 2.7 Increase 9 2.3 106
112  Vietnam 2.9 Increase 15 2.7 Decrease 7 2.7 Increase 1 2.7 Increase 2 2.6 Decrease 12 2.6 Decrease 4 2.6 Decrease 5 2.6 Decrease 2 2.4 Decrease 15
112  Senegal 2.9 Increase 4 2.9 Decrease 17 3 Decrease 14 3.4 Decrease 14 3.6 Decrease 1 3.3 Increase 8 3.2 Increase 7 3 Decrease 9 3.2 Decrease 10
112  Moldova 2.9 Increase 4 2.9 Decrease 27 3.3 Increase 20 2.9 Increase 2 2.8 Decrease 32 3.2 Increase 9 2.9 Increase 26 2.3 Decrease 14 2.4 Decrease 7
112  Kosovo 2.9 Increase 4 2.8
112  Egypt 2.9 Decrease 7 3.1 Increase 6 2.8 Increase 4 2.8 Decrease 10 2.9 Decrease 35 3.3 Steady 3.4 Increase 7 3.2 Decrease 7 3.3 Decrease 8
112  Algeria 2.9 Decrease 2 2.9 Increase 1 2.8 Decrease 19 3.2 Increase 7 3 Decrease 15 3.1 Increase 13 2.8 Steady 2.7 Decrease 9 2.6
118  Mali 2.8 Increase 5 2.7 Decrease 12 2.8 Decrease 15 3.1 Increase 22 2.7 Decrease 19 2.8 Decrease 11 2.9 Decrease 11 3.2 Increase 1 3
118  Bolivia 2.8 Decrease 2 2.8 Increase 4 2.7 Decrease 18 3 Increase 3 2.9 Steady 2.7 Increase 12 2.5 Increase 5 2.2 Decrease 16 2.3 Decrease 17
120  Solomon Islands 2.7 Increase 3 2.8 Decrease 12 2.8 Decrease 2 2.9 Increase 2 2.8
120  Mozambique 2.7 Increase 7 2.7 Increase 3 2.5 Decrease 4 2.6 Decrease 15 2.8 Decrease 12 2.8 Decrease 2 2.8 Decrease 7 2.8 Decrease 4 2.7 Decrease 5
120  Mongolia 2.7 Increase 7 2.7 Decrease 7 2.7 Decrease 18 3 Decrease 3 3 Steady 2.8 Decrease 14 3 Steady 3 Decrease 42
120  Kazakhstan 2.7 Decrease 10 2.9 Increase 10 2.7 Increase 25 2.2 Increase 5 2.1 Decrease 39 2.6 Decrease 4 2.6 Increase 15 2.2 Decrease 22 2.4 Decrease 12
120  Iran 2.7 Increase 34 2.2 Increase 14 1.8 Decrease 27 2.3 Decrease 10 2.5 Decrease 26 2.7 Decrease 17 2.9 Decrease 1 2.9 Decrease 9 3
120  Guatemala 2.7 Decrease 19 3.2 Decrease 17 3.4 Increase 12 3.1 Increase 15 2.8 Steady 2.6 Increase 6 2.5 Increase 5 2.2 Decrease 22 2.4 Decrease 19
120  Ethiopia 2.7 Increase 3 2.7 Decrease 3 2.7 Increase 6 2.6 Increase 12 2.4 Decrease 8 2.4 Increase 7 2.2 Decrease 23 2.3 Decrease 22 2.5 Decrease 33
120  Ecuador 2.7 Increase 14 2.5 Increase 12 2.2 Increase 5 2 Decrease 1 2.1 Decrease 12 2.3 Decrease 21 2.5 Decrease 5 2.4 Increase 1 2.2 Decrease 24
120  Bangladesh 2.7 Increase 23 2.4 Decrease 4 2.4 Increase 8 2.1 Increase 15 2 Decrease 6 2 Increase 2 1.7 Decrease 13 1.5 Decrease 12 1.3 Decrease 31
 Palestine 2.6 Increase 1 2.5 Decrease 30 3 78
129  Syria 2.6 Increase 5 2.5 Decrease 8 2.6 Increase 21 2.1 Decrease 9 2.4 Decrease 45 2.9 Decrease 23 3.4 Increase 1 3.4 Decrease 5 3.4
129  Philippines 2.6 Increase 17 2.4 Decrease 7 2.4 Increase 2 2.3 Decrease 10 2.5 Decrease 10 2.5 Decrease 4 2.5 Decrease 15 2.6 Decrease 10 2.5 Decrease 15
129  Honduras 2.6 Increase 14 2.4 Decrease 13 2.5 Decrease 4 2.6 Increase 5 2.5 Decrease 10 2.5 Decrease 14 2.6 Increase 7 2.3 Decrease 8 2.3 Decrease 35
129  Dominican Republic 2.6 Decrease 24 3 Decrease 6 3 Increase 3 3 Decrease 3 3 Steady 2.8 Decrease 14 3 Increase 2 2.9 Decrease 17 3.3 Decrease 11
129  Armenia 2.6 Decrease 2 2.6 Decrease 7 2.7 Decrease 11 2.9 Decrease 10 3 Decrease 6 2.9 Decrease 5 2.9 Decrease 6 3.1 Decrease 4 3 Decrease 2
134  Sierra Leone 2.5 Increase 12 2.4 Steady 2.2 Increase 12 1.9 Decrease 8 2.1 Decrease 8 2.2 Decrease 16 2.4 Decrease 12 2.3 Decrease 1 2.2
134  Pakistan 2.5 Increase 12 2.3 Decrease 7 2.4 Decrease 5 2.5 Increase 4 2.4 Increase 4 2.2 Increase 2 2.1 Decrease 15 2.1 Decrease 37 2.5 Decrease 15
134  Niger 2.5 Steady 2.6 Decrease 28 2.9 Increase 9 2.8 Increase 8 2.6 Increase 15 2.3 Decrease 12 2.4 Decrease 4 2.2
134  Nicaragua 2.5 Steady 2.5 Decrease 4 2.5 Increase 4 2.5 Decrease 11 2.6 Decrease 12 2.6 Decrease 4 2.6 Decrease 10 2.7 Decrease 9 2.6 Decrease 7
134  Maldives 2.5 Increase 12 2.3 Decrease 16 2.5 Decrease 15 2.8 Decrease 31 3.3
134  Lebanon 2.5 Steady 2.5 Decrease 4 2.5 Decrease 28 3 Decrease 3 3 Decrease 36 3.6 Increase 20 3.1 Increase 14 2.7 Decrease 19 3
134  Guyana 2.5 Decrease 11 3.7 Increase 3 2.6 Steady 2.6 Decrease 3 2.6 Decrease 2 2.5 Decrease 4 2.5
134  Eritrea 2.5 Decrease 7 2.6 Decrease 1 2.6 Steady 2.6 Decrease 15 2.8 Decrease 18 2.9 Increase 14 2.6 Decrease 5 2.6
134  Cameroon 2.5 Increase 20 2.2 Decrease 8 2.2 Decrease 5 2.3 Decrease 3 2.4 Steady 2.3 Decrease 1 2.2 Decrease 8 2.1 Decrease 5 1.8 Decrease 35
143  Uganda 2.4 Decrease 9 2.5 Decrease 4 2.5 Decrease 4 2.6 Decrease 15 2.8 Decrease 6 2.7 Increase 12 2.5 Decrease 15 2.6 Increase 11 2.2 Decrease 20
143  Togo 2.4 Increase 3 2.4 Decrease 35 2.8 Increase 10 2.7 Increase 22 2.3 Decrease 13 2.4
143  Timor Leste 2.4 Decrease 9 2.5 Increase 12 2.2 Decrease 1 2.2 Decrease 22 2.6 Decrease 12 2.6
143  Russia 2.4 Increase 11 2.1 Decrease 8 2.2 Increase 1 2.1 Decrease 4 2.3 Decrease 22 2.5 Increase 5 2.4 Decrease 36 2.8 Decrease 4 2.7 Decrease 15
143  Nigeria 2.4 Steady 2.4 Decrease 13 2.5 Decrease 9 2.7 Increase 26 2.2 Decrease 5 2.2 Increase 10 1.9 Decrease 8 1.6 Decrease 12 1.4 Decrease 31
143  Mauritania 2.4 Increase 3 2.3 Decrease 16 2.5 Decrease 15 2.8 Increase 8 2.6 Decrease 39 3.1
143  Comoros 2.4 Increase 11 2.1 Decrease 11 2.3 Decrease 9 2.5 Decrease 11 2.6
143  Belarus 2.4 Decrease 9 2.5 Increase 5 2.4 Increase 12 2 Decrease 1 2.1 Increase 1 2.1 Decrease 44 2.6 Decrease 33 3.3 Decrease 21 4.2 Decrease 17
143  Azerbaijan 2.4 Decrease 9 2.4 Increase 9 2.3 Increase 15 1.9 Decrease 8 2.1 Decrease 20 2.4 Increase 7 2.2 Increase 3 1.9 Decrease 16 1.8 Decrease 29
152  Ukraine 2.3 Decrease 6 2.4 Steady 2.2 Decrease 12 2.5 Decrease 16 2.7 Decrease 19 2.8 Increase 8 2.6 Increase 15 2.2 Decrease 16 2.3 Decrease 21
152  Tajikistan 2.3 Increase 2 2.1 Increase 4 2 Decrease 7 2 Decrease 1 2.1 Decrease 8 2.2 Increase 2 2.1 Decrease 11 2 Decrease 9 1.8
154  Zimbabwe 2.2 Decrease 8 2.4 Steady 2.2 Increase 20 1.8 Decrease 16 2.1 Decrease 20 2.4 Decrease 23 2.6 Increase 7 2.3 Decrease 8 2.3 Decrease 35
154  Paraguay 2.2 Steady 2.2 Steady 2.1 Decrease 16 2.4 Steady 2.4 Decrease 27 2.6 Increase 33 2.1 Decrease 4 1.9 Decrease 11 1.6 Decrease 31
154  Papua New Guinea 2.2 Steady 2.1 Steady 2.1 Decrease 3 2 Increase 11 2 Decrease 32 2.4 Steady 2.3 Decrease 28 2.6 Increase 16 2.1
154    Nepal 2.2 Steady 2.2 Decrease 11 2.3 Decrease 22 2.7 Increase 10 2.5 Decrease 10 2.5 Decrease 4 2.5 Decrease 27 2.8
154  Laos 2.2 Steady 2.1 Increase 4 2 Decrease 7 2 Increase 17 1.9 Decrease 57 2.6 Decrease 34 3.3
154  Kenya 2.2 Steady 2.1 Decrease 8 2.2 Increase 1 2.1 Increase 3 2.1 Decrease 8 2.2 Increase 2 2.1 Decrease 15 2.1 Decrease 7 1.9 Decrease 26
154  Guinea-Bissau 2.2 Steady 2.1 Increase 8 1.9 Decrease 4 1.9 Decrease 11 2.2
154  Ivory Coast 2.2 Steady 2.2 Steady 2.1 Decrease 3 2 Decrease 1 2.1 Increase 1 2.1 Increase 1 1.9 Decrease 19 2 Decrease 15 2.1 Decrease 47
154  Republic of the Congo 2.2 Steady 2.1 Increase 8 1.9 Decrease 4 1.9 Decrease 8 2.1 Decrease 8 2.2 Decrease 12 2.3 Decrease 16 2.3 Decrease 1 2.2
154  Central African Republic 2.2 Steady 2.1 Increase 4 2 Decrease 7 2 Increase 11 2 Decrease 32 2.4
164  Yemen 2.1 Decrease 10 2.2 Steady 2.1 Decrease 13 2.3 Decrease 10 2.5 Decrease 20 2.6 Decrease 8 2.7 Increase 9 2.4 Decrease 24 2.6
164  Kyrgyzstan 2.1 Steady 2 Decrease 2 1.9 Increase 4 1.8 Decrease 16 2.1 Decrease 8 2.2 Decrease 12 2.3 Decrease 8 2.2 Decrease 4 2.1 Decrease 31
164  Guinea 2.1 Steady 2 Increase 4 1.8 Increase 5 1.6 Decrease 5 1.9 Decrease 8 1.9
164  Cambodia 2.1 Decrease 10 2.1 Increase 4 2 Increase 8 1.8 Decrease 4 2 Decrease 11 2.1 Decrease 21 2.3
168  Libya 2 Decrease 14 2.2 Decrease 24 2.5 Decrease 4 2.6 Increase 5 2.5 Decrease 26 2.7 Increase 12 2.5 Decrease 9 2.5 Increase 10 2.1
168  Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 Decrease 4 2 Decrease 2 1.9 Increase 9 1.7 Decrease 3 1.9 Decrease 12 2 Decrease 12 2.1 Decrease 11 2
168  Chad 2 Increase 3 1.7 Increase 4 1.6 Decrease 2 1.6 Decrease 1 1.8 Decrease 16 2 Increase 2 1.7 Decrease 16 1.7
168  Angola 2 Steady 1.9 Decrease 6 1.9 Decrease 4 1.9 Decrease 11 2.2 Decrease 5 2.2 Increase 9 2 Decrease 18 2 Decrease 9 1.8 Decrease 26
172  Venezuela 1.9 Increase 3 1.5 Decrease 13 1.9 Decrease 4 1.9 Increase 4 2 Decrease 24 2.3 Decrease 8 2.3 Decrease 16 2.3 Decrease 14 2.4 Decrease 19
172  Equatorial Guinea 1.9 Decrease 4 1.9 Steady 1.8 Increase 3 1.7 Decrease 3 1.9 Decrease 17 2.1 Increase 1 1.9
172  Burundi 1.9 Decrease 2 1.8 Decrease 2 1.8 Decrease 10 1.9 Decrease 27 2.5 Decrease 1 2.4 Steady 2.3
175  Iraq 1.8 Steady 1.5 Increase 1 1.5 Increase 2 1.3 Steady 1.5 Decrease 18 1.9 Decrease 23 2.2 Decrease 8 2.1 Decrease 16 2.2
175  Haiti 1.8 Decrease 21 2.2 Increase 14 1.8 Increase 9 1.4 Steady 1.6 Decrease 14 1.8 Decrease 8 1.8 Decrease 10 1.5 Decrease 14 1.5 Decrease 42
177  Uzbekistan 1.6 Decrease 5 1.6 Increase 2 1.7 Decrease 8 1.8 Increase 9 1.7 Decrease 24 2.1 Decrease 14 2.2 Decrease 23 2.3 Decrease 14 2.4 Decrease 32
177  Turkmenistan 1.6 Decrease 5 1.6 Decrease 4 1.8 Decrease 2 1.8 Decrease 4 2 Decrease 20 2.2 Increase 13 1.8 Decrease 22 2
177  Sudan 1.6 Decrease 5 1.6 Increase 4 1.5 Decrease 3 1.6 Decrease 1 1.8 Decrease 16 2 Decrease 12 2.1 Decrease 22 2.2 Decrease 16 2.3
180  Myanmar 1.5 Decrease 4 1.4 Increase 2 1.4 Steady 1.3 Increase 1 1.4 Decrease 19 1.9 Decrease 5 1.8 Decrease 13 1.7 Decrease 13 1.6
180  Afghanistan 1.5 Decrease 4 1.4 Increase 3 1.3 Decrease 3 1.5 Decrease 4 1.8 Decrease 55 2.5
182  Somalia 1 Decrease 4 1.1 Increase 2 1.1 Steady 1 Decrease 1 1.4 Decrease 35 2.1
182  North Korea 1

1995–2002

[edit]

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[30]

# Nation or Territory 2002[51] 2001[52] 2000[53] 1999[54] 1998[55] 1997[56] 1996[57] 1995[58]
Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score  Δ[i] Score
1  Finland 9.7 Steady 9.9 Steady 10 Increase 1 9.4 Steady 9.6 Steady 9.48 Increase 2 9.05 Steady 9.12
2  New Zealand 9.5 Increase 1 9.4 Steady 9.4 Steady 9.4 Increase 1 9.4 Steady 9.23 Decrease 3 9.43 Steady 9.55
2  Denmark 9.5 Steady 9.5 Steady 9.8 Decrease 1 10 Steady 10 Steady 9.94 Increase 1 9.33 Steady 9.32
4  Iceland 9.4 Steady 9.2 Increase 2 9.1 Decrease 1 9.2 Steady 9.3
5  Sweden 9.3 Increase 1 9 Decrease 3 9.4 Steady 9.4 Steady 9.5 Steady 9.35 Steady 9.08 Increase 3 8.87
5  Singapore 9.3 Decrease 1 9.2 Increase 2 9.1 Increase 1 9.1 Steady 9.1 Increase 2 8.66 Decrease 2 8.8 Decrease 4 9.26
7  Netherlands 9 Increase 1 8.8 Increase 1 8.9 Decrease 1 9 Steady 9 Decrease 2 9.03 Increase 3 8.71 Steady 8.69
7  Luxembourg 9 Increase 2 8.7 Increase 2 8.6 Steady 8.8 Steady 8.7 Decrease 1 8.61
7  Canada 9 Steady 8.9 Decrease 2 9.2 Steady 9.2 Increase 1 9.2 Decrease 1 9.1 Steady 8.96 Steady 8.87
10  United Kingdom 8.7 Increase 3 8.3 Decrease 3 8.7 Increase 3 8.6 Decrease 2 8.7 Increase 3 8.22 Decrease 2 8.44 Steady 8.57
11  Australia 8.6 Steady 8.5 Increase 2 8.3 Decrease 1 8.7 Decrease 1 8.7 Decrease 3 8.86 Increase 2 8.6 Decrease 3 8.8
12   Switzerland 8.5 Steady 8.4 Decrease 1 8.6 Decrease 2 8.9 Increase 1 8.9 Increase 1 8.61 Decrease 3 8.76 Steady 8.76
12  Norway 8.5 Decrease 2 8.6 Decrease 4 9.1 Increase 3 8.9 Decrease 1 9 Decrease 1 8.92 Decrease 1 8.87 Increase 4 8.61
14  Hong Kong 8.2 Steady 7.9 Increase 1 7.7 Steady 7.7 Increase 1 7.8 Increase 2 7.28 Steady 7.01 Decrease 1 7.12
15  Austria 7.8 Steady 7.8 Steady 7.7 Increase 2 7.6 Steady 7.5 Steady 7.61 Decrease 1 7.59 Steady 7.13
16  United States 7.7 Steady 7.6 Decrease 2 7.8 Increase 4 7.5 Decrease 1 7.5 Decrease 1 7.61 Decrease 1 7.66 Steady 7.79
17  Chile 7.5 Increase 1 7.5 Steady 7.4 Increase 1 6.9 Increase 1 6.8 Increase 3 6.05 Decrease 2 6.8 Decrease 7 7.94
18  Israel 7.3 Decrease 2 7.6 Increase 6 6.6 Decrease 2 6.8 Decrease 1 7.1 Decrease 4 7.97 Decrease 1 7.71
18  Germany 7.3 Increase 2 7.4 Decrease 3 7.6 Decrease 3 8 Increase 1 7.9 Decrease 2 8.23 Steady 8.27 Steady 8.14
20  Spain 7.1 Increase 2 7 Decrease 2 7 Increase 2 6.6 Increase 1 6.1 Increase 1 5.9 Increase 8 4.31 Decrease 6 4.35
20  Japan 7.1 Increase 1 7.1 Increase 2 6.4 Increase 2 6 Steady 5.8 Decrease 4 6.57 Decrease 4 7.05 Increase 3 6.72
20  Belgium 7.1 Increase 4 6.6 Increase 1 6.1 Increase 4 5.3 Decrease 1 5.4 Decrease 2 5.25 Decrease 6 6.84 Decrease 1 6.85
23  Ireland 6.9 Decrease 5 7.5 Increase 1 7.2 Decrease 4 7.7 Decrease 1 8.2 Decrease 2 8.28 Decrease 1 8.45
24  Botswana 6.4 Increase 2 6 Steady 6 Decrease 2 6.1 Decrease 1 6.1
25  Portugal 6.3 Steady 6.3 Decrease 2 6.4 Decrease 2 6.7 Increase 1 6.5 Decrease 3 6.97 Increase 3 6.53 Steady 5.56
25  France 6.3 Decrease 2 6.7 Decrease 2 6.7 Increase 1 6.6 Decrease 1 6.7 Decrease 1 6.66 Decrease 1 6.96 Decrease 1 7
27  Slovenia 6 Increase 7 5.2 Decrease 6 5.5 Decrease 3 6
28  Namibia 5.7 Increase 2 5.4 Steady 5.4 Decrease 1 5.3 Steady 5.3
29  Taiwan 5.6 Decrease 2 5.9 Increase 1 5.5 Steady 5.6 Increase 1 5.3 Increase 2 5.02 Decrease 2 4.98 Decrease 4 5.08
29  Estonia 5.6 Decrease 1 5.6 Decrease 1 5.7 Steady 5.7 Decrease 1 5.7
31  Italy 5.2 Decrease 2 5.5 Increase 10 4.6 Decrease 1 4.7 Increase 1 4.6 Decrease 9 5.03 Increase 4 3.42 Decrease 1 2.99
32  Uruguay 5.1 Increase 3 5.1 Increase 6 4.4 Increase 1 4.3 Decrease 13 4.14
33  Trinidad and Tobago 4.9 Decrease 2 5.3
33  Malaysia 4.9 Increase 3 5 Steady 4.8 Decrease 4 5.1 Decrease 3 5.3 Increase 3 5.01 Decrease 6 5.32 Decrease 3 5.28
33  Hungary 4.9 Decrease 2 5.3 Steady 5.2 Increase 2 5 Decrease 5 5.18 Increase 3 4.86 Decrease 3 4.12
36  Tunisia 4.8 Decrease 5 5.3 Increase 1 5.2 Increase 2 5 Decrease 1 5
36  South Africa 4.8 Increase 2 4.8 Decrease 4 5 Steady 5 Decrease 2 5.2 Increase 1 4.95 Decrease 10 5.68 Decrease 2 5.62
36  Lithuania 4.8 Increase 2 4.8 Increase 5 4.1 Increase 7 3.8
36  Belarus 4.8 Increase 7 4.1 Increase 15 3.4 Decrease 11 3.9
40  South Korea 4.5 Increase 2 4.2 Increase 6 4 Increase 2 3.8 Decrease 7 4.2 Decrease 9 4.29 Decrease 7 5.02 Steady 4.29
40  Mauritius 4.5 Steady 4.5 Decrease 3 4.7 Decrease 1 4.9 Decrease 3 5
40  Jordan 4.5 Decrease 3 4.9 Increase 2 4.6 Increase 2 4.4 Decrease 3 4.7 Decrease 8 4.89
40  Costa Rica 4.5 Steady 4.5 Decrease 10 5.4 Increase 2 5.1 Decrease 5 5.6 Decrease 5 6.45
44  Greece 4.2 Decrease 2 4.2 Decrease 7 4.9 Increase 1 4.9 Steady 4.9 Decrease 11 5.35 Increase 3 5.01 Increase 2 4.04
 Mongolia 4.3
45  Poland 4 Decrease 1 4.1 Decrease 1 4.1 Increase 1 4.2 Decrease 5 4.6 Decrease 10 5.08 Decrease 5 5.57
45  Peru 4 Decrease 1 4.1 Decrease 3 4.4 Decrease 1 4.5 Increase 1 4.5
45  Jamaica 4 Increase 5 3.8 Decrease 1 3.8
45  Bulgaria 4 Increase 2 3.9 Increase 5 3.5 Increase 11 3.3 Increase 3 2.9
45  Brazil 4 Increase 1 4 Increase 3 3.9 Decrease 4 4.1 Increase 1 4 Decrease 10 3.56 Increase 4 2.96 Decrease 3 2.7
50  Ghana 3.9 Increase 9 3.4 Decrease 7 3.5 Increase 11 3.3 Decrease 8 3.3
51  Croatia 3.8 Decrease 4 3.9 Increase 4 3.7 Increase 23 2.7
52  Sri Lanka 3.7
52  Slovak Republic 3.7 Decrease 1 3.7 Increase 1 3.5 Increase 1 3.7 Decrease 6 3.9
52  Morocco 3.7 Decrease 15 4.7 Increase 8 4.1 Increase 5 3.7
52  Latvia 3.7 Increase 7 3.4 Decrease 2 3.4 Increase 1 3.4 Increase 13 2.7
52  Czech Republic 3.7 Decrease 5 3.9 Decrease 5 4.3 Decrease 3 4.6 Decrease 2 4.8 Decrease 10 5.2 Decrease 2 5.37
57  Mexico 3.6 Decrease 6 3.7 Increase 8 3.3 Decrease 1 3.4 Decrease 3 3.3 Decrease 8 2.66 Decrease 9 3.3 Decrease 6 3.18
57  Colombia 3.6 Decrease 7 3.8 Increase 10 3.2 Increase 12 2.9 Increase 7 2.2 Decrease 29 2.23 Decrease 8 2.73 Decrease 11 3.44
59  Ethiopia 3.5 Increase 1 3.2
59  Dominican Republic 3.5 Increase 4 3.1
59  China 3.5 Decrease 2 3.5 Increase 6 3.1 Decrease 5 3.4 Decrease 6 3.5 Decrease 11 2.88 Increase 9 2.43 Decrease 10 2.16
62  El Salvador 3.4 Decrease 8 3.6 Decrease 11 4.1 Increase 6 3.9 Increase 2 3.6
62  Egypt 3.4 Decrease 8 3.6 Increase 9 3.1 Steady 3.3 Increase 3 2.9 Decrease 25 2.84
64  Turkey 3.2 Decrease 10 3.6 Decrease 4 3.8 Increase 4 3.6 Steady 3.4 Decrease 16 3.21 Decrease 5 3.54 Decrease 4 4.1
64  Thailand 3.2 Decrease 3 3.2 Decrease 1 3.2 Increase 8 3.2 Decrease 7 3 Decrease 22 3.06 Decrease 2 3.33 Decrease 3 2.79
 FYR Macedonia 3.3
66  Senegal 3.1 Decrease 1 2.9 Decrease 13 3.5 Increase 6 3.4 Decrease 3 3.3
67  Panama 3 Decrease 16 3.7
68  Uzbekistan 2.9 Increase 3 2.7 Increase 8 2.4 Increase 15 1.8
68  Malawi 2.9 Decrease 7 3.2 Decrease 18 4.1 Increase 2 4.1 Steady 4.1
70  Argentina 2.8 Decrease 13 3.5 Decrease 5 3.5 Increase 19 3 Decrease 10 3 Decrease 19 2.81 Decrease 7 3.41 Decrease 11 5.24
71  Zimbabwe 2.7 Decrease 6 2.9 Steady 3 Decrease 20 4.1 Decrease 2 4.2
71  Tanzania 2.7 Increase 11 2.2 Decrease 6 2.5 Increase 17 1.9 Decrease 12 1.9
71  Russia 2.7 Increase 8 2.3 Increase 3 2.1 Steady 2.4 Decrease 6 2.4 Decrease 27 2.27 Decrease 2 2.58
71  India 2.7 Steady 2.7 Decrease 2 2.8 Increase 3 2.9 Decrease 6 2.9 Decrease 21 2.75 Increase 1 2.63 Decrease 11 2.78
71  Honduras 2.7 Steady 2.7 Increase 23 1.8 Decrease 11 1.7
 Burkina Faso 3
71  Ivory Coast 2.7 Increase 6 2.4 Decrease 6 2.7 Increase 4 2.6 Decrease 16 3.1
77  Zambia 2.6 Decrease 2 2.6 Decrease 18 3.4 Decrease 1 3.5 Decrease 4 3.5
77  Romania 2.6 Decrease 8 2.8 Decrease 1 2.9 Decrease 5 3.3 Decrease 2 3 Decrease 24 3.44
77  Philippines 2.6 Decrease 12 2.9 Increase 4 2.8 Decrease 15 3.6 Increase 1 3.3 Decrease 15 3.05 Increase 4 2.69 Decrease 8 2.77
77  Pakistan 2.6 Increase 2 2.3 Increase 8 2.2 Decrease 16 2.7 Decrease 23 2.53 Increase 5 1 Decrease 14 2.25
81  Venezuela 2.5 Decrease 12 2.8 Increase 2 2.7 Increase 4 2.6 Increase 2 2.3 Decrease 33 2.77 Increase 4 2.5 Decrease 10 2.66
81  Nicaragua 2.5 Decrease 4 2.4 Decrease 7 3.1 Decrease 9 3
81  Guatemala 2.5 Decrease 16 2.9 Increase 3 3.2 Decrease 9 3.1
81  Albania 2.5 Increase 3 2.3
85  Vietnam 2.4 Decrease 10 2.6 Increase 1 2.5 Decrease 1 2.6 Decrease 1 2.5 Decrease 31 2.79
85  Ukraine 2.4 Decrease 2 2.1 Increase 4 1.5 Decrease 12 2.6 Decrease 6 2.8
85  Georgia 2.4 Decrease 1 2.3
 Armenia 2.5 Increase 4 2.5
88  Kazakhstan 2.3 Decrease 17 2.7 Decrease 6 3 Increase 19 2.3
89  Haiti 2.2
89  Ecuador 2.2 Decrease 10 2.3 Decrease 5 2.6 Increase 8 2.4 Decrease 5 2.3 Decrease 38 3.19
89  Cameroon 2.2 Decrease 5 2 Steady 2 Increase 15 1.5 Decrease 14 1.4 Decrease 36 2.46
89  Bolivia 2.2 Decrease 5 2 Decrease 13 2.7 Increase 9 2.5 Decrease 11 2.8 Decrease 18 2.05 Decrease 15 3.4
 Kyrgyz Republic 2.2
 Mozambique 2.2 Decrease 25 3.5
93  Uganda 2.1 Decrease 5 1.9 Decrease 8 2.3 Increase 7 2.2 Decrease 14 2.6 Decrease 30 2.71
93  Moldova 2.1 Decrease 30 3.1 Increase 11 2.6 Increase 1 2.6
95  Azerbaijan 2 Decrease 11 2 Increase 3 1.5 Increase 9 1.7
96  Kenya 1.9 Decrease 12 2 Decrease 2 2.1 Increase 8 2 Decrease 16 2.5 Decrease 22 2.21
96  Indonesia 1.9 Decrease 8 1.9 Decrease 3 1.7 Increase 11 1.7 Decrease 16 2 Decrease 34 2.72 Decrease 1 2.65 Decrease 4 1.94
98  Paraguay 1.7 Decrease 8 2 Decrease 6 1.5
98  Madagascar 1.7
98  Angola 1.7 Decrease 13 1.7
101  Nigeria 1.6 Decrease 11 1 Steady 1.2 Increase 8 1.6 Decrease 17 1.9 Decrease 29 1.76 Increase 2 0.69
 Yugoslavia 1.3 Increase 1 2 Decrease 29 3 61
102  Bangladesh 1.2 Decrease 11 0.4 Decrease 40 2.29

Transnational Corruption in States with High CPI Scores

[edit]

The advanced economies of Northern and Western Europe, North America, and Asia and the Pacific tend to top the rankings over the long term. This means that these countries are perceived as having a low level of corruption in the public sector. These nations also generally have well-functioning judicial systems, a strong rule of law, and political stability – all factors that contribute to perceptions of clean governance. However, while these top-ranked countries have strong domestic institutions, their commitment to fighting corruption appears to be weak when it comes to their own financial systems and regulations affecting the international environment.[59] The CPI doesn't capture transnational corruption, so corrupt foreign business practices by companies from these countries don't affect their CPI scores. The example of the Netherlands highlights this issue. Despite a high CPI score, the Netherlands has a poor record of prosecuting companies that bribe foreign officials to win contracts, as seen in the Nigerian oil bribery case.[60]

The report Exporting Corruption 2022,[61] which assesses foreign bribery enforcement in 43 of the 44 signatories to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, as well as China, ZAO Hong Kong, India and Singapore, reinforces this concern. It found a significant decline in foreign bribery enforcement, only two out of 47 countries are now in active enforcement category. Other key findings were that no country is exempt from bribery by its nationals and related money laundering. Moreover, according to the report weaknesses remain in legal frameworks and enforcement systems are not adequately disclosed by most countries information on enforcement, victim compensation is rare and international cooperation is increasing still faces significant obstacles. This calls for a more comprehensive approach to tackling corruption, addressing both domestic and international aspects.

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Change in Rank (not Score).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Corruption Perception Index". transparency.org. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  2. ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index: Frequently Asked Questions". Transparency International. 2024. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e Corruption Perceptions Index 2010: Long Methodological Brief (PDF) (Report). Transparency International. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  4. ^ "1995 – CPI". Transparency.org. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  5. ^ a b "CPI 2023". Transparency International. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  6. ^ Andy McDevitt. (2016). How-to guide for corruption assessment tools (2nd edition). U4 operated by Transparency International.
  7. ^ Transparency International. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2022: Full Source Description". Corruption Perceptions Index: 1.
  8. ^ Transparency International (2010). "Frequently asked questions (FAQs)". Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  9. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005)". Retrieved 22 November 2005.
  10. ^ a b Wilhelm, Paul G. (2002). "International Validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index: Implications for Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Education". Journal of Business Ethics. 35 (3). Springer Netherlands: 177–189. doi:10.1023/A:1013882225402. S2CID 151245049.
  11. ^ Cobham, Alex (23 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions: Why Transparency International's Flagship Corruption Index Falls Short". cgdev.org.
  12. ^ Shao, J.; Ivanov, P. C.; Podobnik, B.; Stanley, H. E. (2007). "Quantitative relations between corruption and economic factors". The European Physical Journal B. 56 (2): 157. arXiv:0705.0161. Bibcode:2007EPJB...56..157S. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2007-00098-2. S2CID 2357298.
  13. ^ Podobnik, B.; Shao, J.; Njavro, D.; Ivanov, P. C.; Stanley, H. E. (2008). "Influence of corruption on economic growth rate and foreign investment". The European Physical Journal B. 63 (4): 547. arXiv:0710.1995. Bibcode:2008EPJB...63..547P. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2008-00210-2. S2CID 3038265.
  14. ^ Göktürk, E.; Yalçınkaya, H. S. (2020). "The investigation of relationship between Corruption Perception Index and GDP in the case of the Balkans". International Journal of Management Economics and Business. 16 (4). doi:10.17130/ijmeb.853535.
  15. ^ Gründler, Klaus; Potrafke, Niklas (2019). "Corruption and Economic Growth: New Empirical Evidence". European Journal of Political Economy. 60: 101810. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.08.001. hdl:10419/207207.
  16. ^ "CPI 2023: Corruption and (in)justice - News". Transparency.org. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  17. ^ “CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2023.” Transparency International, Jan. 2024. ISBN 978-3-96076-250-8.
  18. ^ Mehen, M. (2013). The Relationship between Corruption and Income Inequality: A Crossnational Study (PDF) (Thesis). Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University.
  19. ^ ""Strongest correlation" between corruption and poor environmental…". Transparency.org. 25 January 2001. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  20. ^ Onyeogulu, T; Ogoke, U.P. (29 January 2023). "Statistical Analyses on the Correlation of Corruption Perception Index and Some Other Indices in Nigeria". Scientia Africana. 21 (3): 37–48. doi:10.4314/sa.v21i3.3.
  21. ^ Koeswayo, P. S.; Handoyo, S.; Abdul Hasyir, D (2024). "Investigating the Relationship between Public Governance and the Corruption Perception Index". Cogent Social Sciences. 10 (1). doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2342513.
  22. ^ "Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index: Whose Perceptions Are They Anyway?" (PDF). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2020.
  23. ^ Hough, Dan (27 January 2016). "Here's this year's (flawed) Corruption Perception Index. Those flaws are useful". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  24. ^ Werve, Jonathan (23 September 2008). "TI's Index: Local Chapter Not Having It". Global Integrity. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013.
  25. ^ a b Cobham, Alex (22 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  26. ^ Hamilton, Alexander (2017). "Can We Measure the Power of the Grabbing Hand? A Comparative Analysis of Different Indicators of Corruption" (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series.
  27. ^ Campbell, Stuart (2013). "Perception is Not Reality: The FCPA, Brazil, and the Mismeasurement of Corruption". Minnesota Journal of International Law. 22 (1). Rochester, NY: Elsevier: 247–282. SSRN 2210019.
  28. ^ "2015 Corruptions Perceptions Index - Explore the results". Transparency.org. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  29. ^ "CPI 2023: Highlights and insights - News". Transparency.org. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  30. ^ a b c d "Corruption Perceptions Index (latest)". Transparency International. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  31. ^ "CPI 2022". Transparency International. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  32. ^ "CPI 2021". Transparency International. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  33. ^ "CPI 2020". Transparency International. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  34. ^ "CPI 2019". Transparency International. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  35. ^ "CPI 2018". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  36. ^ "CPI 2017". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  37. ^ "CPI 2016". Transparency International. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  38. ^ "CPI 2015". Transparency International. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  39. ^ "CPI 2014". Transparency International. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  40. ^ "CPI 2013". Transparency International. 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  41. ^ "CPI 2012". Transparency International. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  42. ^ "CPI 2011". Transparency International. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  43. ^ "CPI 2010". Transparency International. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  44. ^ "CPI 2009". Transparency International. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  45. ^ "CPI 2008". Transparency International. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  46. ^ "CPI 2007". Transparency International. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  47. ^ "CPI 2006". Transparency International. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  48. ^ "CPI 2005". Transparency International. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  49. ^ "CPI 2004". Transparency International. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  50. ^ "CPI 2003". Transparency International. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  51. ^ "CPI 2002". Transparency International. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  52. ^ "CPI 2001". Transparency International. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  53. ^ "CPI 2000". Transparency International. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  54. ^ "CPI 1999". Transparency International. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  55. ^ "CPI 1998". Transparency International. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  56. ^ "CPI 1997". Transparency International. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  57. ^ "CPI 1996". Transparency International. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  58. ^ "CPI 1995". Transparency International. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  59. ^ "CPI 2023: Trouble at the top - News". Transparency.org. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  60. ^ "Nigeria oil bribery case: Netherlands and US must reopen…". Transparency.org. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  61. ^ Dell, G., & McDevitt, A. (2022). Exporting Corruption 2022: Assessing Enforcement of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention. In www.transparency.org (No. 978-3-96076-228–7). Transparency International.
[edit]