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War artist

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Combat artist)
For the genre, see Military art.
Spring in the Trenches, Ridge Wood, 1917 by Paul Nash. Nash was a war artist in both World War I and World War II

A war artist is an artist either commissioned by a government or publication, or self-motivated, to document first-hand experience of war in any form of illustrative or depictive record.[1][2][3] War artists explore the visual and sensory dimensions of war, often absent in written histories or other accounts of warfare.[4]

A war artist in German-occupied France in 1941

These artists may be involved in war as onlookers to the scenes, military personnel, or as specifically commissioned to be present and record military activity.[5]

Artists record military activities in ways that cameras and the written word cannot. Their art collects and distills the experiences of the people who endured it.[6] The artists and their artwork affect how subsequent generations view military conflicts. For example, Australian war artists who grew up between the two world wars were influenced by the artwork which depicted the First World War, and there was a precedent and format for them to follow.[7]

Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield,[8] but there are many other types of war artists. These can include combatants who are artists and choose to record their experiences, non-combatants who are witnesses of war, and prisoners of war who may voluntarily record the conditions or be appointed war artists by senior officers.

In New Zealand, the title of appointed "war artist" is "army artist". In the United States, the term "combat artist" has come to be used to mean the same thing.[9][10]

Some examples and their background

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War artists by nationality

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Argentine

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Australian

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Main article: Australian official war artists
Australians and New Zealanders at Klerksdorp 24 March 1901 by Charles Hammond

War artists have depicted all the conflicts in which Australians have been called to combat. The Australian tradition of "official war artists" started with the First World War. Artists were granted permission to accompany the Australian Imperial Force to record the activities of its soldiers. During the Second World War, the Australian War Museum, later called the Australian War Memorial, engaged artists. At the same time, the Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, and Royal Australian Air Force appointed official war artist-soldiers from within their ranks.[14] These embedded war artists have depicted the activities of Australian forces in Korea, Vietnam, East Timor, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

The ranks of non-soldier artists like George Gittoes continue to create artwork which becomes a commentary on Australia's military actions in war.[15]

Selected artists

A select list of representative Australian artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Second Boer War

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First World War

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Second World War

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Recent conflicts

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Austrian

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The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805 by Denis Dighton, c. 1825
The Last Stand at Isandlwana, 1879, by Charles Edwin Fripp in 1885. Collection of the National Army Museum of South Africa

British

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Main article: British official war artists

British participation in foreign wars has been the subject of paintings and other works created by Britain's war artists. Artwork like the 1688 painting,The Fleet at Sea by Willem van de Velde the Younger depict the Royal Navy in readiness for battle. The Ministry of Defence art collection includes many paintings showing battle scenes, particularly naval battles.[32] Military art and portraiture has evolved along with other aspects of war. The British official war artists of the First World War created a unique account of that conflict. The British War Artists Scheme expanded the number of official artists and enlarged the scope of their activities during the Second War.[33]

Significant themes in the chronicle of twentieth-century wars have been developed by non-military, non-official, civilian artists. For example, society portraitist Arabella Dorman's paintings of wounded Iraq War veterans inspired her to spend two weeks with three regiments in different frontline areas: the Green Jackets at Basra Palace, the Queen's Own Gurkhas at Shaibah Logistics Base ten miles south-west of Basra, and the Queen's Royal Lancers in the Maysaan desert. In the field, Dorman drew quick charcoal portraits of the men she met. Returning to England, the sketches she made helped her use art to "evoke the emotions and psychological impact of war," rather than depicting the "physical horror" of war.[34]

Selected artists

A select list of representative British artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Napoleonic Wars

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Crimean War

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Boer Wars

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First World War

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Second World War

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Recent conflicts

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Portrait of POW "Dusty" Rhodes. A three-minute sketch by Ashley George Old painted in Thailand

Belgian

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First World War

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Canadian

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Main article: Canadian official war artists
Canadian Forestry Corps' Gas Attack, Lievin (1918) by Canadian war artist A. Y. Jackson

Representative works by Canada's artists whose work illustrates and records war are gathered into the extensive collection of the Canadian War Museum. The earliest war art in Canada was rock art created by Indigenous peoples from all regions of the country.[82] During the colonial period, large-scale, European-style paintings of war dominated New France and British North America.[82] The First and Second World Wars saw a dramatic increase in the production of war art in every medium.[82] A few First World War paintings were exhibited in the Senate of Canada Chamber, and artists studied these works as a way of preparing to create new artworks in the conflict in Europe which expanded after 1939.[83]

"The war art commissions brought intense focus to the observation of Canada's role in international conflict... A driving need for a strong national identity urged First and Second World War artists toward symbolism. While these vivid images are of a now distant past, they continue to communicate their messages to us, and so never lose their relevance."[84]

In the Second World War, Canada expanded its official art program;[83] Canadian war artists were a kind of journalist who lived the lives of soldiers.[84] The work of non-official civilian artists also became part of the record of this period. Canada supported Canadian official war artists in both the First World War and the Second World War; no official artists were designated during the Korean War.[85]

Among Canada's embedded artist-journalist teams was Richard Johnson, who was sent by the National Post to Afghanistan in 2007 and 2011; his drawings of Canadian troops were published and posted online as part of the series "Kandahar Journal".[86]

Prominent themes explored by Canadian war artists include commemoration, identity, women, Indigenous representation, propaganda, protest, violence, and religion.[87]

Selected artists

A select list of representative Canadian artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

First World War

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Second World War

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Recent conflicts

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Chilean

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Chinese

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Dutch

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Willem van de Velde the Elder (c. 1611–1693) was the official naval war artist of the Dutch Admiralties during the first two Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 17th century.

Finnish

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Main article: TK company
War artist Kari Suomalainen working on a drawing during the Continuation War.

World War II

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Flemish

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French

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Eugène Chigot (1917), The rebuilding of partially destroyed Calais docks during the Great War.
French war art poster by Henri Dangon, 1916. Lithograph by Imp. H. Chachoin, Paris

During the First World War, the work of artists depicting aspects of the military conflict were put on display in official war art exhibitions.[99] In 1916 the Ministry of Beaux-Arts and the Ministry of War sponsored the Salon des Armées to show the work of the artists who had been mobilized. This one exhibition realized 60,000 francs. The proceeds supported needy artists at home and the disabled.[99]

German

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Main article: German official war artists

Franco-Prussian War

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First World War

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Second World War

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Recent conflicts

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Japanese

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Main article: Japanese official war artists

Korean

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New Zealand

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Main article: New Zealand official war artists

War artists have been appointed by the government to supplement the record of New Zealand's military history.[113] The title of "war artist" changed to "army artist" when Ion Brown was appointed after the two world wars.[114]

Conservators at the National Art Gallery considered the collection to be of historic rather than artistic worth; few were displayed.[115] New Zealand's National Collection of War Art encompasses the work of artists who were working on commission for the Government as official war artists, while others created artworks for their own reasons.[116]

Selected artists

A select list of representative New Zealand artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

First World War

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Bellevue Ridge, 1918 by New Zealand official war artist George Edmund Butler

Second World War

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Recent conflicts

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Romanian

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The Last Attack of the Wounded Bugler by Ion Stoica Dumitrescu, 1917

Russian

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The Apotheosis of War by Vasily Vereshchagin, 1871

Serbian

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South African

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Spanish

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Spanish war artist Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau in Afghanistan (2012)

United States

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Main articles: American official war artists, United States Army Art Program, and United States Air Force Art Program
Thomas Lea's The 2000 Yard Stare published in 1945

The American panorama created by artists whose work focuses on war began with a visual account of the American Revolutionary War. The war artist or combat artist captures instantaneous action and conflates earlier moments of the same scene within one compelling image. Artists are unlike the objective camera lens, which records only a single instant and no more.[126]

In 1917 the American military designated American official war artists who were sent to Europe to record the activities of the American Expeditionary Forces.[127]

In World War II, the Navy Combat Art Program ensured that active-duty artists developed a record of all phases of the war and all major naval operations.[126]

The official war artist continued to be supported in some military engagements. Teams of soldier-artists during the Vietnam War created pictorial accounts and interpretations for the annals of army military history.[128] In 1992 the Army Staff Artist Program was attached to the United States Army Center of Military History as a permanent part of the Museum Division's Collections Branch.[127]

Michael Fay is an official US Marine war artist, one of only three whose work depicts the battlefronts in Iraq and Afghanistan (2007).

The majority of combat artists of the 1970s were selected by George Gray, chairman of NACAL, Navy Air Cooperation and Liaison committee. Some of their paintings will be selected for the Navy Combat Art Museum in the capital by Charles Lawrence, director. In January 1978 the U.S. Navy chose a seascape specialist team: they asked Patricia Yaps and Wayne Dean, both of Milford, Connecticut, to capture air-sea rescue missions off of Key West while they were based at the nearby Naval Air Station Key West. They were among 78 artists selected that year to create works of art depicting Navy subjects.[129][130][131]

Selected artists

A select list of representative American artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Revolutionary War

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American Civil War

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Spanish–American War

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World War I

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World War II

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Vietnam era

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Soldier Artist Participants in the U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Artists Program

Landing Zone by John O. Wehrle, CAT I, 1966, Courtesy of the National Museum of the United States Army
Sergeant Than Naing of Wounded Warrior Battalion, East, sketched by Robert William Bates, 2011

Recent conflicts

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "War artists". Tate.
  2. ^ Jane Bingham, War and Conflict, Raintree - 2006, pages 30-35
  3. ^ Imperial War Museum (IWM), header phrase, "war shapes lives"
  4. ^ Australian War Memorial (AWM): Australian official war artists
  5. ^ Holmes, Richard; Strachan, Hew; Bellamy, Chris; Bicheno, Hugh (January 26, 2001). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866209-9 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ U.S. Naval Historical Center (NHHC), "World War II Navy Art: A Vision of History,", 2001
  7. ^ Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War, Vol. 2, p. 5.
  8. ^ National Archives (UK), "'The Art of War,' Learn About the Art."
  9. ^ a b c "With Sketchpads and Guns, Semper Fi";
  10. ^ "Marine Art". The New York Times. 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  11. ^ Harrington, Peter. "The First True War Artist," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. 9, No. 1, Autumn 1996, pp. 100–109.
  12. ^ a b Steve Bell (2010-03-09). "Ronald Searle: a life in pictures". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  13. ^ Grove, Valerie. "Aged 90, Ronald Searle recalls the bad girls of St Trinian's,"The Times (London). February 20, 2010.
  14. ^ Wilkins, Lola. "Interpreting the war: Australia's Second World War art." CWM, 2005.
  15. ^ a b Strauss, David Levi. "George Gittoes with David Levi Strauss," The Brooklyn Rail (New York). July 8, 2010; Order of Australia, George Gittoes, AM, excerpt of citation, "For service to art and international relations as an artist and photographer portraying the effects on the environment of war, international disasters and heavy industry".
  16. ^ AWM: Australia and the Boer War, 1899–1902; The incident for which Captain Howse was awarded the VC in Vredefort, July 1900 by William Dargie (1968, oil on paper on board, 25.5 x 35.5 cm), AWM ART29246
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "World War I, official artists". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  18. ^ Gray, Anne. (1986). "McCubbin, Louis Frederick (1890–1952)," Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 10, pp. 243–244; excerpt, "Appointed an official war artist under the Australian Records Section scheme to the 3rd Division, he visited scenes of battles with Wallace Anderson and Charles Web Gilbert after the war to collect data for proposed dioramas.
  19. ^ a b c d e f "Second World War, official artists". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  20. ^ "Australian official war artists - Second World War | Australian War Memorial". www.awm.gov.au.
  21. ^ Gill Clarke (2008). The Women's Land Army A Portrait. Sansom & Company. ISBN 978-1-904537-87-8.
  22. ^ Colahan, Colin – Australian War Memorial; An article and images of Colahan's war art compiled by Garry Kinnane., Journal of the Australian War Memorial, retrieved 2011-08-31
  23. ^ "William Dobell" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  24. ^ "Russell Drysdale" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  25. ^ Richard Eurich, The Official Website of Richard Eurich R.A., retrieved 2011-08-11
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  27. ^ "Sketching naval life: the war art of Rex Julius". National Archives of Australia. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  28. ^ "Sydney Nolan" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  29. ^ "Grace Cossington Smith" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h "Conflicts 1945 to today, official artists". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  31. ^ Defence, Dept of. Media Release "The Creation of the Army's Official Art Collection" [1]
  32. ^ a b Ministry of Defence (MoD), Battles
  33. ^ Tolson, Roger. "A Common Cause: Britain's War Artists Scheme." CWM, 2005.
  34. ^ Harrison, David. "War artist Arabella Dorman paints Iraq," Telegraph (London). May 2, 2009.
  35. ^ National Maritime Museum (NMM), The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805 by Denis Dighton, c. 1825.
  36. ^ National Portrait Gallery(NPG), Robert Ker Porter
  37. ^ National Portrait Gallery, Expansion and Empire
  38. ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB), Brierly, Sir Oswald Walters (1817–1894)
  39. ^ Library of Congress (LOC), Simpson, William, 1823–1899
  40. ^ "Bacon, 1868–1914". Artnet.com. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  41. ^ Charles Edwin Fripp; excerpt, "Fripp also held a commission in the Artists Rifles for 13 years ...."
  42. ^ British Sporting Artists Trust (BSAT), Godfrey Douglas Giles
  43. ^ WorldCat Identities: Prater, Ernest
  44. ^ Brighton and Hove Museums, Melton Prior; Lee, Sidney. (2006). Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), Second Supplement, Vol. 3, p. 136., p. 136, at Google Books
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  46. ^ Imperial War Museum. "Gassed and Wounded [Art.IWM ART 4744]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in the Second World War.
  47. ^ "John Hodgson Lobley, 1878–1954". Art UK.
  48. ^ "Witness – Highlights of First World War Art" (PDF). Imperial War Museum.
  49. ^ Imperial War Museum. "'Over The Top'. 1st Artists' Rifles at Marcoing, 30th December 1917 [Art.IWM ART 1656]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
  50. ^ Imperial War Museum. "The Menin Road [Art.IWM ART 2242]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
  51. ^ Imperial War Museum. "Paths of Glory [Art.IWM ART 518]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  52. ^ Imperial War Museum. "Harvest, 1918 [Art.IWM ART 4663]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
  53. ^ Imperial War Museum. "Travoys Arriving with Wounded at a Dressing-Station at Smol, Macedonia, September 1916, 1919 [Art.IWM ART 2268]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 12 Nov 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
  54. ^ "George W Adamson". Imperial War Museums.
  55. ^ "WarMuseum.ca - Art and War - British artist - Edward Ardizzone" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  56. ^ "Richard Eurich 1903–1992". Tate.
  57. ^ "Edward Bawden" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  58. ^ "Henry Carr" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  59. ^ "Amy Elton". Royal Academy. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  60. ^ "Cornwall Artist Index: Amy Elton". Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  61. ^ Thomas, Ronan; West End at War: Anthony Gross. Retrieved 24 April 2013
  62. ^ Tate: Anthony Gross - Artist biography. Retrieved 24 April 2013
  63. ^ "Eliot Hodgkin". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  64. ^ "Laura Knight" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  65. ^ "'An Air Gunner in a Gun-turret : Sergeant G Holmes, D.F.M'".
  66. ^ "Philip Meninsky". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  67. ^ "POW, Chunkai, Thailand, January 1944 [Stanley Gimson portrait]". Imperial War Museums.
  68. ^ "RAF Museum Collections".
  69. ^ "Ministry of Defence | About Defence | What we do | Defence Estate and Environment | MOD Art Collection | Ministry of Defence Art Collection". Mod.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  70. ^ "Albert Richards (1919–1945)". Collection.britishcouncil.org. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
  71. ^ "Ruskin Spear" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  72. ^ Imperial War Museum. "Shipbuilding on the Clyde: Bending the Keel Plate, 1943 [Art.IWM ART LD 3106]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 12 Nov 2013.; also a war artist in World War I.
  73. ^ "Graham Sutherland" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  74. ^ "Carel Weight" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  75. ^ Derek Eland (1 September 2011). "Helmand". derekeland.com. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  76. ^ a b c "Contemporary War Artists: Introduction". Imperial War Museum.
  77. ^ "Contemporary War Artists: Peter Howson: Bosnia". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  78. ^ "Contemporary War Artists: John Keane: The Gulf War". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  79. ^ "Women at war: The female British artists who were written out of history". London: Independent. 8 April 2011.
  80. ^ "Falklands War 1982, Linda Kitson's artistic record". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  81. ^ "Alfred Bastien" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
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  84. ^ a b c d e f g Art Gallery of Ontario, "Canvas of War: Masterpieces from the Canadian War Museum," October 2001 – January 2002.
  85. ^ "North Korea: The Forgotten War," CBC News (Canadian Broadcasting Company). July 18, 2003.
  86. ^ Johnson, Richard. "Kandahar Journal | National Post". nationalpost.com. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
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  89. ^ "Eric Aldwinckle - Nothing Uninteresting". ericaldwinckle.info. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
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  98. ^ Suomalainen, Kari. Sotakuvia. Sanoma Osakeyhtiö 1963.
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  101. ^ McCloskey, p. 50; Yenne, William P. German War Art, 1939–1945.
  102. ^ Klee, Ernst: The Cultural Encyclopedia of the Third Reich - before and after 1945, S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt 2007, S. 15, reprinted 2009. ISBN 3596171539
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  108. ^ Nussbaum, "Fujita Tsuguharu" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 200; McCloskey, p. 117.
  109. ^ Nussbaum, "Ogata Gekkō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 737.
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  145. ^ "Prints & Posters - Early Years - U.S. Center of Military History". U.S. Army Center of Military History. U.S. Government. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  146. ^ "MacDill Officer Presents Painting To Army School". The Tampa Tribune. 1949-11-07. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-12-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  147. ^ "IN RECOGNITION OF WORLD WAR II VETERANS WHO SERVED AS COMBAT ARTISTS: DoD 50th Anniversary of WWII". the Congressional Record Online through the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]. Congressional Record Volume 141, Number 106 (Tuesday, June 27, 1995). Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  148. ^ "Obituaries : Taro Yashima; Artist, Author Aided U.S. in World War II". Los Angeles Times. 1994-07-06. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
  149. ^ "Yasuo Kuniyoshi | Densho Encyclopedia". encyclopedia.densho.org. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
  150. ^ Perricelli, Lynne Moss. "Drawing: Henry Casselli: Drawing From the Inside Out", American Artist. 7 Mar 2008.
  151. ^ "Victor Juhasz".

References

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Further reading

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Australia
  • Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War: Compiled from the Australian War Memorial Collection. Volume 1. 1885–1925; Vol. 2 1940–1970. South Melbourne, Victoria: Sun Books. ISBN 9780725102548; OCLC 4035199
Canada
  • Oliver, Dean Frederick, and Laura Brandon (2000). Canvas of War: Painting the Canadian Experience, 1914 to 1945. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 9781550547726; OCLC 43283109
  • Tippett, Maria. (1984). Art at the Service of War: Canada, Art, and the Great War. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802025418; OCLC 13858984
Germany
New Zealand
South Africa
  • Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. (1900). The Work of War Artists in South Africa. London: "The Art Journal" Office. OCLC 25938498
United Kingdom
United States
  • Cornebise, Alfred. (1991). Art from the trenches: America's Uniformed Artists in World War I. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 9780890963494; OCLC 22892632
  • Harrington, Peter, and Frederic A. Sharf. (1988). A Splendid Little War; The Spanish–American War, 1898; The Artists' Perspective. London: Greenhill. ISBN 9781853673160; OCLC 260112479
  • Chase Maenius. The Art of War[s]: Paintings of Heroes, Horrors and History. 2014. ISBN 978-1320309554
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