Colubrinae
| Colubrinae | |
|---|---|
| |
| European ratsnake, Zamenis situla | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Subfamily: | Colubrinae Oppel, 1811 |
| Genera | |
|
Nearly 100, see text | |
The Colubrinae are a subfamily of snakes within the family Colubridae. It includes numerous genera, and although taxonomic sources often disagree on the exact number, the Reptile Database lists 717 species in 92 genera as of September 2019.[2] It is the second largest subfamily of colubrids, after Dipsadinae.[2] Many of the most commonly known snakes are members of this subfamily, including rat snakes, king snakes, milk snakes, vine snakes, and indigo snakes.[2]
Distribution
[edit]Colubrine snakes are distributed worldwide, with the highest diversity in North America, Asia, northern Africa, and the Middle East. There are relatively few species of colubrine snakes in Europe, South America, Australia, and southern Africa, and none in Madagascar, the Caribbean, or the Pacific Islands.[2][3][4]
Description
[edit]Colubrine snakes are extremely morphologically and ecologically diverse. Many are terrestrial, and there are specialized fossorial (e.g. Tantilla) and arboreal (e.g. Oxybelis) groups, but no truly aquatic groups. Some of the most powerful constrictors (e.g. Pantherophis, Pituophis, Lampropeltis) are members of this group, as are a few snakes that have strong enough venom to kill humans (i.e. boomslangs [Dispholidus] and twigsnakes [Thelotornis]).[5][6]
Classification
[edit]Colubrinae is one of several subfamilies within the family Colubridae, the largest family of snakes. Its phylogeny can be shown in the cladogram below:[7]
Within Colubrinae, genera and species seem to make up five distinct radiations[8] that are to varying degrees broadly similar in terms of ecology and geographic distribution, although increased sampling is needed to determine whether all species currently placed in Colubrinae fit into one of these groups. These correspond roughly to the historically recognized tribe names Sonorini, Colubrini, Boigini/Lycodontini, Dispholidini, and Lampropeltini.
Coluber is the type genus of both Colubrinae and Colubridae and the basis for the name Colubroidea, and it is one of only three snake genera named by Carl Linnaeus still in use for a snake today.[9][10]
List of Genera
[edit]
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- Aeluroglena Boulenger, 1898
- Aprosdoketophis Wallach, Lanza & Nistri, 2010
- Archelaphe Schulz, Böhme & Tillack, 2011
- Argyrogena Werner, 1924
- Arizona Kennicott, 1859
- Bamanophis Schätti & Trape, 2008
- Bogertophis Dowling & Price, 1988
- Boiga Fitzinger, 1826
- Cemophora Cope, 1860
- Chapinophis Campbell & Smith, 1998
- Chironius Fitzinger, 1826
- Coelognathus Fitzinger, 1843
- Coluber Linnaeus, 1758
- Colubroelaps Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva, Thien Tao & Quang Truong, 2009
- Conopsis Günther, 1858
- Coronella Laurenti, 1768
- Crotaphopeltis Fitzinger, 1843
- Dasypeltis Wagler, 1830
- Dendrophidion Fitzinger, 1843
- Dipsadoboa Günther, 1858
- Dispholidus Duvernoy, 1832
- Dolichophis Gistel, 1868
- Drymarchon Fitzinger, 1843
- Drymobius Fitzinger, 1843
- Drymoluber Amaral, 1929
- Eirenis Jan, 1862
- Elachistodon Reinhardt, 1863—subsumed by Boiga
- Elaphe Fitzinger in Wagler, 1833
- Euprepiophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Ficimia Gray, 1849
- Geagras Cope, 1876
- Gonyosoma Wagler, 1828
- Gyalopion Cope, 1860
- Hapsidophrys Fischer, 1856
- Hemerophis Schätti & Utiger, 2001
- Hemorrhois Boie, 1826
- Hierophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Lampropeltis Fitzinger, 1843
- Leptodrymus Amaral, 1927
- Leptophis Bell, 1825
- Liopeltis Fitzinger, 1843
- Lycodon Fitzinger, 1826
- Lytorhynchus Peters, 1862
- Macroprotodon Guichenot, 1850
- Masticophis Baird & Girard, 1853
- Mastigodryas Amaral, 1935
- Meizodon Fischer, 1856
- Mopanveldophis Figueroa et al., 2016
- Muhtarophis Avcı, Ilgaz, Rajabizadeh, Yılmaz, Üzüm, Adriaens, Kumlutaş & Olgun, 2015
- Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826
- Oocatochus Helfenberger, 2001
- Opheodrys Fitzinger, 1843
- Oreocryptophis Utiger, Schätti & Helfenberger, 2005
- Orientocoluber Kharin, 2011
- Oxybelis Wagler, 1830
- Palusophis
- Pantherophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Persiophis Rajabizadeh, Pyron, Nazarov, Poyarkov, Adriaens, & Herrel, 2020
- Philothamnus Smith, 1840
- Phrynonax Cope, 1862
- Phyllorhynchus Stejneger, 1890
- Pituophis Holbrook, 1842
- Platyceps Blyth, 1860
- Pseudelaphe Mertens & Rosenberg, 1943
- Pseudoficimia Bocourt, 1883
- Ptyas Fitzinger, 1843
- Rhamnophis Günther, 1862
- Rhinobothryum Wagler, 1830
- Rhinocheilus Baird & Girard, 1853
- Rhynchocalamus Günther, 1864
- Salvadora Baird & Girard, 1853
- Scaphiophis Peters, 1870
- Scolecophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Senticolis Campbell & Howell, 1965
- Simophis Peters, 1860
- Sonora Baird & Girard, 1843
- Spalerosophis Jan, 1865
- Spilotes Wagler, 1830
- Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
- Stenorrhina Duméril, 1853
- Stichophanes Wang, Messenger, Zhao & Zhu, 2014
- Symphimus Cope, 1869
- Sympholis Cope, 1861
- Tantilla Baird & Girard, 1853
- Tantillita Smith, 1941
- Telescopus Wagler, 1830
- Thelotornis Smith, 1849
- Thrasops Hallowell, 1857
- Toxicodryas Hallowell, 1857
- Trimorphodon Cope, 1861
- Wallaceophis Mirza, Vyas, Patel & Sanap, 2016
- Wallophis Werner, 1929
- Xenelaphis Günther, 1864
- Xyelodontophis Broadley & Wallach, 2002
- Zamenis Wagler, 1830
A group of 4 genera historically placed in Colubrinae have recently been called a separate subfamily, Ahaetuliinae, in a few analyses. These are Ahaetulla Link, 1807, Chrysopelea Boie, 1827, Dendrelaphis Boulenger, 1890, and Dryophiops Boulenger, 1896.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ "Subfamily Colubrinae Oppel 1811 (colubrid snake)". Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d Uetz, Peter. "Colubrinae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ^ Wallach, V. W.; Williams, K. L.; Boundy, J. (2014). Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.
- ^ Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Crump, M. L.; Savitzky, A. H.; Wells, K. D.; Brandley, M. C. (2016). Herpetology (4th ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
- ^ Pla, D.; Sanz, L.; Whiteley, G.; Wagstaff, S. C.; Harrison, R. A.; Casewell, N. R.; Calvete, J. J. (2017). "What killed Karl Patterson Schmidt? Combined venom gland transcriptomic, venomic and antivenomic analysis of the South African green tree snake (the boomslang), Dispholidus typus". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1861 (4): 814–823. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.020. PMC 5335903. PMID 28130154.
- ^ Fry, B. G.; Casewell, N. R.; Wüster, W.; Vidal, N.; Young, B.; Jackson, T. N. (2012). "The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system". Toxicon. 60 (4): 434–448. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.013. PMID 22446061.
- ^ a b Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
- ^ Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; De Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626.
- ^ Durso, Andrew (25 May 2015). "The Linnaean Snakes: Part I". Life is Short, but Snakes are Long. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ^ Durso, Andrew (30 June 2015). "The Linnaean Snakes: Part II". Life is Short, but Snakes are Long. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
External links
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Media related to Colubrinae at Wikimedia Commons
