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CalFresh is the California implementation of the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp program, which provides financial assistance for purchasing food to low-income California residents.

Beneficiaries, who meet federal income eligibility rules, receive an electronic benefit that can be used to purchase foods at many markets and stores. The program is advertised to "help improve the health and well-being of qualified households and individuals by providing them a means to meet their nutritional needs."

CalFresh is currently funded by a private/public partnership.[1] Contractors, alongside community based subcontractors, contribute non-federal funds (State Share). The CDSS holds onto a portion of the reimbursements in order to fund a statewide hotline, develop materials, conduct trainings, and enhance outreach programs.[1]

History

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Originally the Food Stamp Program was established by Henry Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, in 1939 under the Roosevelt administration.[2] Food stamps were first introduced in Rochester, New York.[3] This program was then later readdressed by the introduction of the food stamp pilot programs in 1961, under the Kennedy administration.[2] Later on 31 January 1964, President Johnson proposed to Congress to pass legislation that would make the food stamp programs permanent.[4] In April 1965, the program participation reached half a million, eventually reaching 15 million in October, 1974.[4] Beginning in 1990, electronic benefit transfer cards replaced paper food stamps, prompting a change in name of the program to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.[3]

CalFresh was formally established in the Food Stamp Reform Act of 1977. CalFresh was originally designed to act as a "safety net" against hunger for low income Americans in the state of California. Around the 1980's the original program was greatly expanded due to widespread and severe domestic hunger.[5] Later in 2003, the CDSS and CDPH cooperated with the California Association of Food Banks to develop the first California Food Stamp Access Improvement Plan. As of 1 January 2013, this plan has been overseen by the CDSS and updated annually.

Eligibility

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In order to be eligible for the CalFresh program, you must be a resident of California and meet one of the following requirements:

  • A current bank balance under $2,001
  • A current bank balance under $3,001 and sharing the household with a person over the age of 60 or a person with a disability

In order to be eligible for the CalFresh program as an immigrant, you must meet one of the following requirements:

  • Have lived in the country (in a qualified status) for 5 years[6]
  • Currently receiving disability related assistance[6]
  • Are a child, under 18 years of age, and has been lawfully admitted to the place of legal residence[6]

Recipients over the age of 60 are eligible to use their CalFresh benefits to purchase low-cost meals in certain restaurants using a California EBT card.[7]

In order to be eligible for the Restaurant Meals Program, you must:

  • Be currently enrolled and receiving CalFresh benefits
  • Have an active California EBT Card
  • Be homeless, elderly (age 60 or older), or disabled
  • Staying in a hotel known as a Single Room Occupancy SRO which does not have access to a kitchen

In order to be eligible for CalFresh as a student, you must:

  • Be aged between 18 – 49 years old[8]
  • Enrolled in "higher education"[8]
  • Enrolled in at least "half time" of credits (determined by school)[8]
  • Receive Financial Aid that would meet an exemption

Non-citizens such as tourists and undocumented individuals are not eligible for CalFresh. This will change soon after the passage of Assembly Bill 135 which will increase access to CFAP benefits for all California residents aged 55 years or older, regardless of immigration status.[9]

CalFresh households are subject to gross and net income determination tests. The maximum gross net income allowed by the program is 200% of the Federal Poverty Level. Households are subject to reporting changes: Semi-Annual Reporting and Change Reporting.[10] Most households need to report the following three changes no more than 10 days after they happen.[11]

Federal Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients in states that provide state supplements to SSI are ineligible for SNAP/CalFresh pursuant to 7 U.S.C. § 2015(g). The State Supplementation Program (SSP or SSI/SSP), also known as the SNAP cash-out program, is the state supplement to the SSI program and provides state funded supplemental food benefits to SSI recipients in lieu of SNAP benefits.

Eligibility for immigrants

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As part of large-scale federal welfare reform in 1996, many documented non-citizen immigrants in California lost their eligibility for food stamps through the CalFresh program.[12] Many activists criticized the change as a political attack on immigration, rather than a substantive effort to improve fiscal responsibility.[13] Since then, access to food subsidy benefits have been mostly returned through the California Food Assistance program (CFAP).[14] Under CalFresh, parents who are undocumented can apply for food stamps on behalf of their US-citizen children. Increased food subsidy access for undocumented immigrants will arrive soon after state-level legislative changes. The passage of Assembly Bill 135 is set to increase access to CFAP benefits for all California residents aged 55 years or older, regardless of immigration status.[15]

There are about 2.3 million undocumented immigrants in California, and around 45% of undocumented immigrants and 64% of undocumented children are food insecure.[16] These numbers are bolstered by the fact that undocumented children and DACA enrollees are currently ineligible for food stamp benefits. Policy advocacy organizations such as Nourish California are pushing the state government to expand state funding to cover all eligible immigrants, regardless of immigration status, to lower hunger in the state. Only about 11% of California's unauthorized immigrant population is over the age of 55.[16]

Administration

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The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is a federal aid program administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), while CalFresh is administered jointly by the USDA, the California Department of Social Services (CDSS), and the welfare departments of the 58 counties of California:

County Department/Agency
Alameda Social Services Agency
Fresno Department of Social Services
Humboldt Department of Health & Human Services
Los Angeles Department of Public Social Services
Sacramento Department of Human Assistance
San Diego Health and Human Services Agency
San Francisco Human Services Agency
San Joaquin Human Services Agency
Solano Department of Health and Social Services
Stanislaus Community Services Agency

Federal law mostly consists of the Food Stamp Act (7 U.S.C. § 2011 et seq.), and state law mostly consists of California Welfare and Institutions Code (WIC) Division 9, Part 6, Chapter 10 (WIC § 18900 et seq.). Federal regulations are codified in Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 7 (7 CFR 271 et seq.) and state regulations are not part of the California Code of Regulations (CCR) but are separately published as the CDSS Manual of Policies and Procedures (MPP) and are "available for public use in the office of the welfare department of each county".[17] The MPP includes the Eligibility and Assistance Standards Manual (MPP divisions 40-50, 81-82, 89-91), the Food Stamp Manual (MPP division 63), and the Electronic Benefit Transfer System Manual (MPP division 16). In addition to this manual, the CDSS often communicates policy direction to counties through periodic All County Letters (ACLs), All County Information Notices (ACINs), and business letters.[18]

Funding and benefits

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CalFresh Outreach is funded by both Prime Contractors and subcontractors that rely on federal-based and nonfederal-based entities.[19] The Prime Contractors are made up of the organizations: California Association of Food banks, Catholic Charities of California, Center for Healthy Communities, Code for America, INFO LINE of San Diego County, and Redwood Community Health Coalition. Partners that fund the program as well, include the USDA, FNS Western Region Announcements, and Women, Infants, and Children Program.[20] Fifty percent of funding is given by the USDA to pay for salaries, CalFresh outreach office expenses, approved costs necessary to run the program, along with reimbursement towards contractors.[21]

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, 2.6 million people were estimated to have received $166 per month.[22] Funding has supported 5.1 million people as well from 2022-2023. It is estimated to support 3,054,600 households in the year 2023-2024. Benefits received by households from the year 2022-2023 costed $14.5 billion dollars, with each person receiving around $185 per month.[23] Benefits continue to grow in regards to who they impact, as they have reached around 71% of the eligible population.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "About Us". www.cdss.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  2. ^ a b "The History of SNAP | Snap To Health". www.snaptohealth.org. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  3. ^ a b Klein, Christopher. "How Did Food Stamps Begin?". HISTORY. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  4. ^ a b "A Short History of SNAP | Food and Nutrition Service". www.fns.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  5. ^ "About Us". www.cdss.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  6. ^ a b c "Eligibility and Issuance Requirements". www.cdss.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  7. ^ "280 Restaurants that Take EBT in California (2021)". California Food Stamps Help. 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  8. ^ a b c "Special rules for students". LSNC Guide to CalFresh Benefits. 2015-07-30. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  9. ^ "CFAP". www.cdss.ca.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  10. ^ "Eligibility and Issuance Requirements". www.cdss.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  11. ^ "The Guide to EBT/CalFresh in California". Propel. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  12. ^ East, Chloe N. “Immigrants’ Labor Supply Response to Food Stamp Access.” Labour Economics, vol. 51, 2018, pp. 202–226.
  13. ^ Brown, Hana. “The New Racial Politics of Welfare: Ethno-Racial Diversity, Immigration, and Welfare Discourse Variation.” Social Service Review, vol. 87, no. 3, 2013, pp. 586–612. JSTOR, doi:10.1086/673171. Accessed 24 Feb. 2023.
  14. ^ Skinner, C. (2012). State immigration legislation and SNAP take-up among immigrant families with children. Journal of Economic Issues, 46(3), 661–682. doi:10.2753/jei0021-3624460304
  15. ^ Miranda, Mathew. “Cuts in Gavin Newsom's Budget Include Delaying New Benefit for Undocumented Californians.” Sacramento Bee, 11 Jan. 2023, https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article270961327.html.
  16. ^ a b UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. ASKCHIS 2011-2019. Food insecurity among non-citizens. Available at https://ask.chis.ucla.edu/. Exported April 19, 2022.
  17. ^ Part 1, Division 2, Title 22 of the California Code of Regulations
  18. ^ "How the Food Stamp (CalFresh) Program is structured". foodstampguide.org. Legal Services of Northern California. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  19. ^ "About Us". www.cdss.ca.gov. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  20. ^ "Connections". www.cdss.ca.gov. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  21. ^ "How the CalFresh program is structured". LSNC Guide to CalFresh Benefits. 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
  22. ^ a b "The CalFresh Food Assistance Program". Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  23. ^ "The 2024-25 Budget: Food Assistance Programs". lao.ca.gov. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
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