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Azoxy compounds

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The structure of the azoxy functional group, where R is a substituent.

In chemistry, azoxy compounds are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure R−N=N (−O)−R.[1] They are considered N-oxides of azo compounds. Azoxy compounds are 1,3-dipoles and cycloadd to double bonds. Most azoxy-containing compounds have aryl substituents.

Preparation

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Azoxybenzene and its derivatives are typically prepared by reduction of nitrocompounds, such as the reduction of nitrobenzene with arsenous oxide.[2] Such reactions are proposed to proceed via the intermediacy of the nitroso compounds and hydroxylamines, e.g. phenylhydroxylamine and nitrosobenzene (Ph = phenyl, C6H5):[3]: 445 

Nitrosocarbamate esters decarboxylate in strong base to an azotate susceptible to strong alkylation agents:

–N(H)CO2R 2NO2 → –N(N=O)CO2R HNO3
–N(N=O)CO2R KOR → –N=NOK CO2 R2O
–N=NOK R3O BF
4
→ –N(N=O)R R2O KBF4

An alternative route involves oxidation of azobenzenes with peroxy acids.[3]: 96–100 

Structure

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Structure of azoxybenzene as determined by X-ray crystallography.[4]

Azoxybenzene compounds are more stable as their trans isomer isomer. In Ph2N2O, the N-N and N-O bond lengths are is 1.24 and 1.255 Å respectively, corresponding to some double bonds character. The CNNC and CNNO are near 176°.[4]

Trans-azoxydibenzene's resonance form with a negative formal charge on oxygen (–N=N (O)–) corresponds to a theoretical 6‑D dipole moment. However, the observed moment is only 4.7 D, suggesting a substantial resonance contribution in which the other nitrogen bears negative charge (–N–N (=O)–).[5]: 42 

Reactions

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Under ultraviolet light transazobenzene compounds isomerize to their cis isomers, analogous to azobenzene. Similar reaction conditions can instead cause isomery to an ortho-azophenol, or migration of the oxygen atom across the two nitrogens.[3]: 101, 766, 1008 

Unlike azo compounds, azoxy compounds do not fragment thermally to lose nitrous oxide; the process is believed forbidden by orbital symmetries. Correspondingly, the reaction is possible under UV light with wavelength approximately 220 nm.[3]: 922, 1007 

The azoxy group is electron-withdrawing, but in non-oxidizing media, aliphatic α hydrogens must be situated between two azoxy groups to appreciably dissociate. Alkyllithia replace the hydrogens, but with reduction:

–N (O)=NC(H)< 2LiR → –N=NC(R)< Li2O↓ RH

Basic oxidants abstract α hydrogens in a free-radical process, leading to dimerization.[3]: 712–716 

Azoxyarenes ortho to a benzylic carbon with good leaving group eliminate the leaving group to give an indazolone (the Davis-Beirut reaction).[3]: 835–836 

Azoxy compounds are weak bases, and unstable to strong acids. Azoxyarenes undergo the Wallach rearrangement to para-azophenols; primary and secondary azoxyaliphates tautomerize to a hydrazamide.[3]: 173–174, 621, 837 

The two aryl groups in azoxyarenes undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution differently. In the case of azoxybenzene, PhNN(O)– reacts at the meta position, while PhN(O)N– reacts at the ortho and para positions.[3]: 247,712–713 

Electrochemical reduction converts azoxyarenes to azo compounds. Single-electron reductants give a deep-blue radical anion, which dimerizes in aqueous solution to the corresponding azo compound and hydrogen peroxide. Strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride also hydrogenolyze electronegative ortho or para arene substituents, but catalytic hydrogenation selects out the azoxy link. Conversely, sodium borohydride preserves the azoxy group even as it reduces arene substituents.[3]: 452–455, 616–617, 619–620, 924–925 

Safety

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Alkyl azoxy compounds, e.g. azoxymethane are suspected to be genotoxic.[6]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "azoxy compounds". doi:10.1351/goldbook.A00567
  2. ^ H. E. Bigelow and Albert Palmer "Azoybenzene" Org. Synth. 1931, 11, 16. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.011.0016
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Patai, Saul, ed. (1975-01-01). The Chemistry of the Hydrazo, Azo and Azoxy Groups. The Chemistry of Functional Groups. Vol. 1. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/0470023414. ISBN 978-0-471-66924-1.
  4. ^ a b González Martínez, Sandra Patricia; Bernès, Sylvain (2007). "trans -Diphenyldiazene Oxide". Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online. 63 (8): o3639. Bibcode:2007AcCrE..63O3639G. doi:10.1107/S1600536807035787.
  5. ^ Patai, Saul, ed. (1977-03-16). Double-Bonded Functional Groups. The Chemistry of Functional Groups. Vol. 1. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470771501. ISBN 978-0-470-77150-1.
  6. ^ Guideline On The Limits Of Genotoxic Impurities "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-04. Retrieved 2007-07-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)