57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)

57 mm anti-tank gun model 1943 (ZiS-2)
57 mm anti-tank gun model 1943 (ZiS-2)
	ZiS-2 in the Kremlin of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Type	Anti-tank gun
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
Wars	World War II; Vietnam War; Lebanese Civil War; North Yemen Civil War; South African Border War
Production history
Designer	design bureau of No. 92 Artillery Factory ; headed by V. G. Grabin
Produced	1941, 1943–1945
No. built	10,016
Specifications
Mass	1,250 kg (2,756 lb)
Length	7.03 m (23 ft 1 in)
Barrel length	bore: 3.95 m (13 ft 0 in) L/69.3; overall: 4.16 m (13 ft 8 in) L/73
Width	1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)
Height	1.37 m (4 ft 6 in)
Crew	7
Shell	Fixed QF 57×480 mmR (AP)
Caliber	57 mm (2.24 in)
Breech	Semi-automatic vertical sliding-wedge
Recoil	Hydro-pneumatic
Carriage	Split trail
Elevation	-5° to 25°
Traverse	56°
Rate of fire	25 rpm cyclic; 10 rpm practical
Muzzle velocity	1,270 m/s (4,200 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	8.4 km (5.21 miles)

The ZiS-2 (Russian: ЗиС-2) (GRAU index: 52-P-271) is a Soviet 57 mm anti-tank gun used during World War II. The ZiS-4 is a version of the gun that was meant to be installed in tanks. ZiS stands for Zavod imeni Stalina (Russian Завод имени Сталина, 'Factory named after Stalin'), the official title of Artillery Factory No. 92, which produced the gun first.

Development

In the beginning of 1940 the design office of V. G. Grabin received a task from the artillery department to develop a powerful anti-tank gun.^[4] The head of this department, Marshal Kulik, and his subordinates estimated that the use of heavily armoured tanks by the USSR in the Winter War would not have gone unnoticed in Nazi Germany and would lead to the development of similar fighting machines there. There is also a chance that the department was influenced by German propaganda about the experimental multi-turreted "supertank" NbFz, i.e. heavier armour was attributed to this vehicle than it actually carried. Therefore, Grabin and his office were guided by the characteristics of their own domestic heavy tank KV-1 with 40–75 mm armour. In the opinion of the designers the optimal calibre in this case was 57 mm. The velocity and mass of the armour-piercing 57 mm projectile allowed it to attain sufficient kinetic energy to penetrate up to 90 mm of RHA while keeping the gun sufficiently light, mobile and easy to conceal. However, the decision also had a downside: this calibre was a new one to the Red Army so the manufacturing of the projectile had to be started from scratch.

Development started in May 1940, and in the beginning of 1941 the gun was adopted as the 57 mm anti-tank gun model 1941 (Russian: 57-мм противотанковая пушка образца 1941 года), abbreviated ZiS-2 (ЗиС-2). Production began on 1 June 1941, but on 1 December 1941 it was stopped by marshals N. N. Voronov and G. L. Govorov, their explanation being that ZiS-2 shells penetrated straight through weakly-armoured German tanks from one side to the other without doing much damage internally. Other possible reasons for the decision were the high cost of the gun and problems with shell production. By that time 371 pieces had been built.

The production lines were switched to manufacturing of the ZiS-3 76.2 mm divisional gun while Soviet anti-tank artillery received cheaper 45 mm guns. Some anti-tank regiments also received the ZiS-3 which was able to defeat any German vehicle until late 1942.

The appearance of the heavy Tiger I and then the Panther changed the balance in favour of the Germans. Forty-five millimetre model 1942 guns could only pierce the side armour of the Panther while the ZiS-3 managed to penetrate the sides from greater distances. Against the Tiger the ZiS-3 was effective from the side only at close ranges (up to 300 m) and the 45 mm pieces were nearly useless. A more powerful gun was needed, and on 15 June 1943, the ZiS-2 once again entered service as the 57 mm anti-tank gun model 1943. Until 1945, 9,645 units were produced.

Description

The ZiS-2 is an automated-action gun with a vertical block breech. When firing the block opens and closes automatically, the loader only has to put a round into the receiver. Due to this feature the rate of fire can reach 25 rounds per minute. The split-trail carriage with gunshield was shared with the ZiS-3 divisional gun. The carriage has coil spring suspension, which allows towing with a speed of up to 50 km/h (31 mph) on highways, 30 km/h (19 mph) on unpaved roads and 10 km/h (6.2 mph) off-road. The gun can also be attached to a limber and towed by a team of six horses. ZiS-2s are equipped with PP1–2 panoramic sights.

Service

ZiS-2s were employed by anti-tank artillery platoons of infantry units and by anti-tank artillery units of the reserve of high command, the most numerous of these being anti-tank artillery regiments (Russian Истребительный Противотанковый Артиллерийский Полк, abbreviated ИПТАП). Guns captured by the Germans were given the designation 5.7 cm Pak 208(r).^[5]

Self-propelled mounts

The ZiS-2 was also mounted on a few vehicles. In 1941 about one-hundred ZiS-2 guns were mounted on Komsomolets armoured tractor chassis to create the ZiS-30 tank destroyer.

The ZiS-2 gun was also mounted in at least three different prototypes based on the SU-76 assault gun (SU-74, SU-76D, and SU-57B). None were accepted for production.

There was also a tank gun version of ZiS-2 called ZiS-4.^[6] In 1941, in an attempt to improve the anti-tank performance of the T-34 tank members of the Morozov Design Bureau experimentally equipped it with the ZiS-4. Only a small number of these T-34-57 tanks were built and used as tank hunters. The idea resurfaced in 1943 after the Battle of Kursk because Germany fielded heavily armoured Tiger and Panther tanks. Only a limited number of the T-34 equipped with a slightly modified version of the ZiS-4M gun with a new breech to simplify production were produced. Although the high-velocity gun had superior armour penetration to the F-34 the small weight of its shell meant that it could not fire an adequate high-explosive round for general use. The ultimate solution for the tank was to design a new turret allowing the use of an 85 mm gun; the new model was called the T-34-85.

A modernised version of the ZiS-2 was used in a post-war self-propelled airborne antitank gun known as the ASU-57.

Post-war history

Captured ZiS-2, Israel Defense Forces History Museum.

Due to improvements in tank armour protection the ZiS-2 quickly lost its anti-tank value. In Soviet anti-tank artillery forces by the mid-1950s, the ZiS-2 was replaced by a more powerful 100 mm gun. However, its small size and weight kept it in active service with Soviet airborne troops for much longer.

On 15 July 2013 a North Korean cargo ship, the Chong Chon Gang, was intercepted smuggling weapons from Cuba while transiting the Panama Canal. Following a board-and-search operation by Panamanian security forces, it was discovered to be carrying ZiS-2 ammunition among other older Soviet-made weaponry, indicating that some examples remain in continuing use by North Korean forces.^[7] Until this incident, Namibia was believed to be the last operator of the ZiS-2; the Namibian Defence Force having continued to operate six examples well into the 1990s.^[8] Although no longer in active service, ZiS-2s remained in storage as part of the reserve stocks of various national armies as late as 2008.^[9]

Versions

ZiS-2 – Basic version.
ZiS-4 – Tank gun version.

Ammunition

**Available ammunition**^{[citation needed]}
Type	Model	Weight	HE filling, g
Armour-piercing projectiles (muzzle velocity up to 990 m/s)
APHE	BR-271K	3.14 kg (6.9 lb)	18
APCBC	BR-271	3.14 kg (6.9 lb)	14
APCBC (improved penetration)	BR-271M	2.80 kg (6.2 lb)	13
AP (solid)	BR-271SP	3.14 kg (6.9 lb)	none
Composite Armour-piercing projectiles (muzzle velocity up to 1,250 m/s)
APCR "reel" type	BR-271P	1.79 kg (3.9 lb)	none
APCR "smooth" type	BR-271N	2.4 kg (5.3 lb)	N/A
Other projectiles (muzzle velocity up to 700 m/s)
Fragmentation	O-271U (O-271G)	3.75 kg (8.3 lb)	204 or 220
Canister	Shch-271	3.66 kg (8.1 lb)	none

Armour penetration^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

APHE projectile BR-271K
Distance, m	Meet angle 60°, mm	Meet angle 90°, mm
100	91	112
300	84	103
500	76	94
1,000	60	74
1,500	46	57
2,000	35	44
APCBC projectile BR-271
Distance, m	Meet angle 60°, mm	Meet angle 90°, mm
100	93	114
300	89	109
500	84	103
1,000	74	91
1,500	64	79
2,000	56	69
APCR projectile BR-271P
Distance, m	Meet angle 60°, mm	Meet angle 90°, mm
100	155	190
300	137	168
500	120	147
1,000	83	101
These data was obtained by Soviet methods of armour penetration measurement (penetration probability equals 75%). They are not directly comparable with Western data of similar type

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

Ordnance QF 6-pounder: British anti-tank gun

References

Notes

^ Grandolini, Albert (1998). Armor of the Vietnam War (2) Asian Forces. Armor at War 7017. Concord Publications. p. 18. ISBN 9789623616225.
^ "WWII weapons in Yemen's civil war". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 9 September 2018.^{[self-published source]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Foss, Christopher (1977). Jane's pocket book of towed artillery. New York: Collier. p. 21. ISBN 0020806000. OCLC 911907988.
^ "World of Tanks: Today in History: Vasiliy Gavrilovich Grabin". Retrieved 7 March 2023.
^ Chamberlain, Peter (1974). Anti-tank weapons. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p. 56. ISBN 0668036079. OCLC 1299755.
^ Kolomiets, Maksim (2009). T-34: The First Full Encyclopedia. Moscow: Yauza-Eksmo. ISBN 978-5-699-30569-8.
^ Hugh Griffiths and Roope Siirtola. "Full Disclosure: Contents of North Korean Smuggling Ship Revealed" 38 North, 27 August 2013.
^ Copley, Gregory. Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook 1994. p. 1207.
^ Nerguizian, Aram; Cordesman, Anthony (2009). The North African Military Balance: Force Developments in the Maghreb. Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-089206-552-3.
^ Main Artillery Directorate of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 57 mm anti-tank gun mod. 1943 Brief Service Manual. - M . : Military Publishing House of the MVS USSR, 1946.
^ Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Firing tables for the 57 mm anti-tank gun mod. 1943 - M . : Military Publishing House of the Moscow Region, 1969.
^ Main Artillery Directorate of the Red Army. Brief firing tables of the 57-mm anti-tank gun mod. 1943 - M . : Military Publishing House of NKO, 1943.
^ Main Artillery Directorate of the Red Army. Brief firing tables of the 57-mm anti-tank gun mod. 1943 - M . : Military Publishing House of NKO, 1944.

Bibliography

Shunkov V. N. - The Weapons of the Red Army, Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н. - Оружие Красной Армии. — Мн.: Харвест, 1999.) ISBN 985-433-469-4
Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, pp. 164–5, 180. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-606-8.
Koll, Christian (2009). Soviet Cannon - A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12.7mm to 57mm. Austria: Koll. p. 487. ISBN 978-3-200-01445-9.

External links

FlamesOfWar
Mac.distribution.cz
Aviapress Archived 19 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
Easyget.narod.ru (in Russian)
Ammunition data on BattleField.Ru Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
T-34-57 on BattleField.Ru
"Russian Hetzers" on Henk.fox3000.com Archived 20 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine

[1] Grandolini, Albert (1998). Armor of the Vietnam War (2) Asian Forces. Armor at War 7017. Concord Publications. p. 18. ISBN 9789623616225.

[2] "WWII weapons in Yemen's civil war". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 9 September 2018.^{[self-published source]}

[:0-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Foss, Christopher (1977). Jane's pocket book of towed artillery. New York: Collier. p. 21. ISBN 0020806000. OCLC 911907988.

[4] "World of Tanks: Today in History: Vasiliy Gavrilovich Grabin". Retrieved 7 March 2023.

[5] Chamberlain, Peter (1974). Anti-tank weapons. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p. 56. ISBN 0668036079. OCLC 1299755.

[6] Kolomiets, Maksim (2009). T-34: The First Full Encyclopedia. Moscow: Yauza-Eksmo. ISBN 978-5-699-30569-8.

[7] Hugh Griffiths and Roope Siirtola. "Full Disclosure: Contents of North Korean Smuggling Ship Revealed" 38 North, 27 August 2013.

[handbook-8] Copley, Gregory. Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook 1994. p. 1207.

[Maghreb1-9] Nerguizian, Aram; Cordesman, Anthony (2009). The North African Military Balance: Force Developments in the Maghreb. Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-089206-552-3.

[10] Main Artillery Directorate of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 57 mm anti-tank gun mod. 1943 Brief Service Manual. - M . : Military Publishing House of the MVS USSR, 1946.

[11] Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Firing tables for the 57 mm anti-tank gun mod. 1943 - M . : Military Publishing House of the Moscow Region, 1969.

[12] Main Artillery Directorate of the Red Army. Brief firing tables of the 57-mm anti-tank gun mod. 1943 - M . : Military Publishing House of NKO, 1943.

[13] Main Artillery Directorate of the Red Army. Brief firing tables of the 57-mm anti-tank gun mod. 1943 - M . : Military Publishing House of NKO, 1944.

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v t e Soviet artillery of World War II (naming convention)
Anti-tank guns	37 mm anti-tank gun M1930 (1-K) 45 mm anti-tank gun M1932 (19-K) 45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K) 45 mm anti-tank gun M1942 (M-42) 57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2) 100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3) 100 mm D-10 tank gun
Mountain guns	76 mm mountain gun M1909 (76-09) 76 mm mountain gun M1938
Regimental guns	76 mm regimental gun M1927 76 mm regimental gun M1943 (OB-25)
Divisional guns	76 mm divisional gun M1902/30 76 mm divisional gun M1933 76 mm divisional gun M1936 (F-22) 76 mm divisional gun M1939 (USV) 76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3) 85 mm divisional gun D-44 107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60) 122 mm howitzer M1909/37 122 mm howitzer M1910/30 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) 152 mm mortar M1931 (NM)
Corps and army level guns	107 mm gun M1910/30 122 mm gun M1931 (A-19) 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19) 152 mm howitzer M1909/30 152 mm gun M1910/30 152 mm gun M1910/34 152 mm howitzer M1910/37 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10) 152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1) 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)
Very heavy guns	152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2) 203 mm howitzer M1931 (B-4) 210 mm gun M1939 (Br-17) 280 mm howitzer M1914/15 280 mm mortar M1939 (Br-5) 305 mm howitzer M1939 (Br-18)
Air defense guns	25 mm automatic air defense gun M1940 (72-K) 37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K) 45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K) 76 mm air defense gun M1931 76 mm air defense gun M1938 85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)