Jump to content

2018 Kerala floods

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 2018 Kerala floods. For 2019 Kerala floods, see 2019 Kerala floods. For 2020 Kerala floods, see 2020 Kerala floods.

IN-KL.svg
Disaster of Kerala

On 16 August 2018, severe floods affected the south Indian state Kerala, due to unusually heavy rainfall during the monsoon season.[1][2][3] It was the worst flood in Kerala in nearly a century.[4] Over 483 people died,[5] and about one million[6][7] people were evacuated, mainly from Chengannur,[8] Pandanad,[9] Edanad, Aranmula, Kozhencherry, Ayiroor, Ranni, Pandalam, Kuttanad, Malappuram, Aluva, Chalakudy, Thrissur, Thiruvalla, Eraviperoor, Vallamkulam, North Paravur, Chendamangalam, Chellanam, Vypin Island, and Palakkad. All 14 districts of the state were placed on red alert.[2][10] According to the Kerala government, one-sixth of the total population of Kerala was directly affected by the floods and related incidents.[11] The Indian government declared it a Level 3 Calamity, or "calamity of a severe nature".[12][13] It is the worst flood in Kerala after the great flood of '99 that took place in 1924.

Thirty-five[14] out of the fifty-four[15] dams within the state were opened for the first time in history. All five overflow gates of the Idukki Dam were opened at the same time, and for the first time in 26 years, five gates of the Malampuzha dam of Palakkad were opened.[16] Heavy rains in Wayanad and Idukki caused severe landslides and had left the hilly districts isolated.[17][11] The situation was regularly monitored by the National Crisis Management Committee, which also coordinated the rescue and relief operations. The dam openings disrupted many of those living nearby.[18]

With the recurrence of flood events in the state in the subsequent years, several studies have attempted to explain the behavior.

Causes

[edit]

Rainfall from the southwest monsoon was 23% higher than normal in Kerala in 2018, with August seeing rainfall 96% above normal.[19] On the evening of 8 August, Kerala received heavy rainfall which was 116% more than usual[clarification needed], resulting in dams filling to their maximum capacities. In the proceeding 48 hours, the state received 310 mm (12 in) of rain. Almost all dams had been opened since the water had risen close to overflow levels due to heavy rainfall, which flooded local low-lying areas.[20][21] For the first time in the state's history, 35[14] of its 54[15] dams had been opened. The deluge is considered an impact of global warming.[22][23]

Independent scientific studies conducted by hydrology experts from IIT Madras, Purdue University, and IIT Gandhinagar concluded that heavy downpour and dam management resulted in the floods.[24][25][26] Based on a computer simulation of flood storage and flow patterns by a team of researchers from IIT Madras and Purdue University, it was found that the devastation wrought by the floods cannot be attributed to the release of water from dams. Further, the scientists added that the odds of such floods were 0.06% and no reservoir management could have considered such scenarios.[25] A hydrology expert from IIT Gandhinagar, Vimal Mishra, identified four major factors for the floods: unexpected above-normal downpour, extreme rainfall events occurring almost across Kerala during the season, over 90% reservoir storage even before the onset of extreme rainfall events, and the unprecedented extreme rainfall in the catchment areas of major reservoirs in the state.[26]

The prime reason for the anomalous rainfall in 2018 is the high-frequency mixed Rossby-gravity waves in the mid-troposphere triggered by the synoptic disturbances of the tropical Pacific.[27][23] These high-frequency waves manifested as cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations and dilated the wind field to establish zones of convection in the tropics, as they propagated across the Indian Ocean basin. Although the Madden-Julian Oscillation phase with 20-to-40-day period has favored convection in the tropics, the high-frequency mode correlates better with the anomalous precipitation during the intervals of extreme events.[27][23]

IMD daily rainfall anomalies (in millimetres) of 2018 over North, Central, and South Kerala, measured with respect to the seven-year mean precipitation.[23][clarification needed]
5-8 day, 12-20 day and 20-60 day bandpass-filtered IMD rainfall anomalies of 2018 averaged over the state of Kerala.[23][clarification needed]
5-8 days bandpass-filtered ERA5 Meridional velocities of August 2018 meridionally averaged over the state of Kerala at the pressure level 700hPa.[23][clarification needed]
5-8 days bandpass-filtered specific humidity vertically integrated from surface (1000 hPa) to 600 hPa overlaid with 5-8days bandpass-filtered ERA5 winds at 700 hPa from 14 to 17 August 2018.[23][clarification needed]

Expert bodies like the Central Water Commission have corroborated the findings by scientists from IIT Madras, Purdue University and IIT Gandhinagar.[28][29][30]

A report by Adv. Jacob P. Alex, an advisor appointed by the Kerala high court, alleged that the devastating floods of 2018 were the result of bad dam management by the state government.[31][32][33][34] All 79 dams in the state were maintained with the objective to generate hydroelectricity or irrigation and controlling flooding wasn't their purpose. "The major concern of the dam operators was to maximise reservoir levels, which conflicted with the flood control purpose for which the dams could be utilised. The 'flood cushion' of reservoirs – the storage space earmarked in dams to absorb unanticipated high flows – needed review as per the latest guidelines," Alex wrote in his report. "Sudden release of water simultaneously from different reservoirs, during extreme rainfall aggravated the damage," it said, adding that various alerts—blue, orange and red—had been issued not in accordance with the EAP guideline. "No proper follow-up action and effective precautionary steps (especially for evacuating people and accommodating them in safe location) were taken after issuance of Red Alert," it said. As of August 2024, the high court of Kerala had not accepted the report.[35]

The government of Kerala argued in the Supreme Court that the sudden release of water from the Mullaperiyar Dam by the Tamil Nadu government was one of the reasons for the devastating flood in Kerala.[11] The Tamil Nadu government rejected the argument, saying that Kerala suffered the deluge due to the discharge of excess water from 80 reservoirs across Kerala, spurred by heavy rains from within the state; It also argued that the flood surplus from the Idukki dam was due mainly to the flows generated from its own independent catchment due to unprecedented heavy rainfall, while the discharge from the Mullaperiyar dam was significantly less.[36][37]

Impact

[edit]
The flooded Mullassery Canal, Angamaly

Over 489 people died, 15 are missing and 140 were hospitalized,[5] while The Economic Times reported that 33,000 people were rescued.[38] The Kerala State Disaster Management Authority had placed the state on red alert as a result of the intense flooding.[39] A number of water treatment plants were forced to cease pumping water, resulting in poor access to clean water, especially in northern districts of the state.[40] Over 3,274 relief camps[6] were opened at various locations to accommodate the flood victims. It is estimated by the National Disaster Management Authority that 1,247,496 people[6] found shelter in such camps.[41][42] The flooding affected hundreds of villages, destroyed an estimated 10,000 km (6,200 mi) of roads, and thousands of homes have were damaged or destroyed.[39] The government cancelled Onam celebrations and reallocated the funds to relief efforts.[43]

On 12 August, Cochin International Airport, India's fourth busiest in terms of international traffic and the busiest in the state, suspended all operations until 29 August, following runway flooding.[2] All schools throughout the state were closed, and tourists were dissuaded or prohibited from some districts due to safety concerns.[44] The Kochi Metro closed briefly on 16 August, and later offered free services to aid those affected by the flooding.[45] Due to heavy rain and rising water levels the southern railway suspended train services on the Thiruvananthapuram-Kottayam-Ernakulam and Ernakulam-Shoranur-Palakkad sections.[46]

  • A flooded home at Companypady
    A flooded home at Companypady
  • View of NH544 near Companypady metro station
    View of NH544 near Companypady metro station
  • A flooded home on 16 August 2018
    A flooded home on 16 August 2018
  • A street flooded in Kerala
    A street flooded in Kerala
  • An aerial view as seen on 16 August 2018
    An aerial view as seen on 16 August 2018

Rescue Operations

[edit]
Southern Naval Command initiates Operation Madad in Kerala on 16 August 2018
Padivattom disaster relief camp on 17 August 2018
Odisha fire personnel leaving from Bhubaneswar for rescue operations in Kerala

Government

[edit]

The central government launched a large search and rescue operation that included aircraft, boats, rescue and medical teams, and police. The government provided supplies to those who needed help and conducted many rescue operations.[18][47][48][49][50]

Public

[edit]

WhatsApp groups sprung up as control centers that coordinated help and support across various areas.[51] Many people volunteered to deliver supplies and materials, or donated money.[52]

Rescue operation by fishermen

[edit]

According to the government, a total of 4,537 fishermen communities from Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts participated in the rescue operation with 669 fishing boats. They managed to rescue more than 65,000 people from various districts. Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan honoured the fishermen. Fisheries Minister J. Mercykutty Amma said that the government would provide financial aid to repair the fishing boats which were partially damaged in the rescue operations while new ones will be provided for those boats which were completely destroyed. According to estimates, seven boats were completely destroyed, while 452 were partially destroyed.[53][54][55][56][57]

Relief and monetary aid

[edit]

Government, NGOs and NPOs

[edit]
  • The Government of Kerala started a donation website for flood victims.[58] As of 7 January 2020, approximately ₹4,740 crore (US$639.68 million) was collected from the public including organisations, corporate firms and famous personalities.[59]
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a sum of ₹500 crore (US$73.11 million) as interim relief for Kerala on 18 August 2018. This is in addition to ₹562.45 crore (US$82.24 million) already made available in SDRF of the State and ₹100 crore (US$14.62 million) announced on 12 August 2018 by the Home Minister.[60][61] The central government also said in its press release that this ₹600 crore (US$87.73 million) is only the advance assistance and that additional funds will be released by the NDRF when an inter-ministerial team visits again and assesses the damage.[18][62] The central government, in one of the largest rescue operations, deployed 40 helicopters, 31 aircraft, 500 boats, 182 rescue teams and 18 medical teams of defence forces, 58 teams of NDRF and 7 companies of Central Armed Police Forces. Together they saved over 60,000 human lives.[63]
  • The European Union announced an assistance of ₹1.53 crore (€190,000) in aid[64][65] funding to the Indian Red Cross Society for providing relief to flood-affected people in Kerala.[66]
  • The Governments of Maldives, Pakistan, Thailand and Qatar extended condolences and offered humanitarian assistance and monetary aid.[67][68][69]
  • In a gesture of solidarity with the State government's flood relief efforts, the Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council (KCBC) donated ₹1 crore (US$146,221.28) to the Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund. KCBC President and Archbishop of Thiruvananthapuram Latin Archdiocese, Bishop Dr. Soosa Pakiam, presented the contribution to the Chief Minister's office. The Archbishop also mentioned that Caritas India, the social service wing of CBCI, along with the Catholic Churches of Kerala is undertaking special relief projects like housing to aid the victims.[70]
  • The KCBC in its Winter Session reviewed that as of December 2018 the Catholic Churches of Kerala has spent ₹164 crore (US$23.98 million) for flood reliefs and that 36.5 acres of land was mobilized for the landless with the cooperation of various dioceses and its religious congregations. The Winter session reviewed rehabilitation progress the Church is carrying out for the flood victims.[71]
  • Mata Amritanandamayi Math donated ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) to the Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund, in addition to providing relief materials and helping in rescue operations.[72]
  • The Guruvayur Devaswom Board donated ₹5 crore (US$731,106.38) to the Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund (CMDRF). However on a case filed by its devotee, the Kerala High Court, in December 2020, ruled that the ₹10 crore (US$1.42 million) the state government received from the board (including donations from 2018 and 2019 floods) should be returned. The court argued that temple funds should prioritize the development of the shrine and its allied services. The Guruvayur Devaswom Board challenged this decision in the Supreme Court, which has ordered a status quo on the matter until further review.[73][74]
  • 37,000 volunteers from the People's Foundation, an NGO based in Calicut, with the support of Ideal Relief Wing Kerala cleaned 11,139 houses and conducted 494 relief camps for flood victims.[75]
  • A fundraising campaign started via the Federation of Malayalee Associations of Americas (FOMAA) 2018–2020 leadership, later migrating to Facebook procured over 260 donors from across the world and was able to raise enough money to build more than forty homes and dedicate various villages across districts of Kerala.[76][77]
  • A fundraising campaign started on Facebook by charitable organisations Knanaya Catholic Yuvajanavedhi of Chicago and Care and Share along with a person named Arun Simon Nellamattom and others raised and donated US$1.6 million to Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund.[78][79]
  • IsraAid, an Israeli NGO sent relief workers to distribute supplies and assess needs for clean water, sanitation, and psychological care.[80][81]
  • Many Members of Parliament, Members of State Legislative Assemblies and Councils, civil servants and Government employees across the country have also donated their one month's salary and/or allowances towards Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund.[82][83][84]
  • Chief Ministers of all the states (and Delhi) pledged monetary aid from their respective state funds in addition to dispatch of various relief materials such as potable water, blankets, packed food, rice, water-purifying machines, daily-use and healthcare products. Monetary contributions are listed below:
State/union territory Amount Refs
Andhra Pradesh ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [85]
Arunachal Pradesh ₹3 crore (US$438,663.83) [86]
Assam ₹3 crore (US$438,663.83) [87]
Bihar ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [88]
Chhattisgarh ₹3 crore (US$438,663.83) [89]
Delhi ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [90]
Goa ₹5 crore (US$731,106.38) [91]
Gujarat ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [92]
Haryana ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [93]
Himachal Pradesh ₹5 crore (US$731,106.38) [94]
Jharkhand ₹5 crore (US$731,106.38) [95]
Karnataka ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [96]
Madhya Pradesh ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [97]
Maharashtra ₹20 crore (US$2.92 million) [98]
Manipur ₹2 crore (US$292,442.55) [99]
Meghalaya ₹1 crore (US$146,221.28) [100]
Mizoram ₹2 crore (US$292,442.55) [101]
Nagaland ₹1 crore (US$146,221.28) [102]
Odisha ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [103]
Puducherry ₹1 crore (US$146,221.28) [104]
Punjab ₹5 crore (US$731,106.38) [105]
Rajasthan ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [106]
Tamil Nadu ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [107]
Telangana ₹25 crore (US$3.66 million) [108]
Tripura ₹1 crore (US$146,221.28) [109]
Uttar Pradesh ₹15 crore (US$2.19 million) [110]
Uttarakhand ₹5 crore (US$731,106.38) [111]
West Bengal ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [112]
Total ₹212 crore (US$31 million)

Housing projects for flood survivors

[edit]
Organization Details of no. of houses and allied services Amount Refs
Act On 300 houses ₹6 crore (US$877,327.66) [113]
Changanassery Social Service Society (CHASS)social service wing of the Archeparchy of Changanassery Renovation of 1000 houses, constructing 1000 rainwater storage facilities, 100 water purification plants, 1000 flood-resilient toilets and waste treatment plants for households of flood hit Kuttanad region ₹100 crore (US$14.62 million) [114]
Federation of Malayalee Associations of Americas – FOMAA 250 houses [115]
Joy Alukkas 250 newly built houses each with 600sq.feet ₹15 crore (US$2.19 million) [116]
KCARE (Kerala Cooperative Alliance to Rebuild Kerala) Renovation /building of 1500 houses ₹75 crore (US$10.97 million) [117][118]
Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council(KCBC) in association with Caritas India Construction of 2620 new houses and its land allocation renovation of 6630 partially destroyed houses, 4226 latrines and 4744 wells ₹250 crore (US$36.56 million) [71][119]
Muslim Jamaath Rebuilding 1000 damaged houses via Chief Minister's distress relief fund ₹50 lakh (US$73,110.64) [120]
Muthoot Group 200 newly built houses each with 550sq.feet ₹10 crore (US$1.46 million) [121]
Peoples Foundation Construction of 305 houses, renovation of 888 houses, and 34 drinking water projects ₹25 crore (US$3.66 million) [122]
Total __

Corporate and individual

[edit]
  • Dr. Azad Moopen, chairman and managing director of Aster DM Healthcare donated ₹2.5 crore (US$355,011.27) to the Kerala Chief Minister's relief fund and another ₹12.5 crore (US$1.78 million) for rebuilding houses in flood affected areas.[123][124][125][126][127]
  • Major oil companies of India such as BPCL, HPCL, IOCL, and others collectively donated ₹25 crore (US$3.66 million) to the Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund, in addition to providing relief materials and helping in rescue operations.Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) donated US$1million to Prime Ministers Relief Fund and sent relief teams with medical professionals and three helicopters for rescue and logistics support.[128][129][130]
  • Reliance Foundation chairperson Nita Ambani has announced a donation of ₹21 crore (US$3.07 million) to the Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund, and relief materials worth around ₹50 crore (US$7.31 million).[131]
  • Adani Foundation, the CSR, sustainability and community outreach arm of the Adani Group, has committed to provide ₹1 crore (US$146,221.28) for immediate relief and another ₹1 crore (US$146,221.28) is earmarked for rehabilitation and resettlement.[132][133]
  • Star India, its parent company 21st Century Fox and their employees have collectively donated ₹5 crore (US$731,106.38).[134][135][136]
  • Canara Bank, a leading nationalised public sector bank, donated ₹5.01 crore (US$732,568.6) towards Kerala Chief Minister's Disaster Relief Fund. Besides this, 10 tonnes of rice packets were also donated under CSR.[137]
  • Bollywood actor Sushant Singh Rajput had donated ₹1 crore (US$146,221.28) to the Kerala Chief Minister's relief fund on behalf of an Instagram fan.[138][139][140][141][142] He also sent his team for relief activity in Kerala.[143] Vidya Balan, Siddharth Roy Kapoor, Shah Rukh Khan, Amitabh Bachchan, Abhishek Bachchan, Alia Bhatt, Siddharth Suryanarayan, Rishi Kapoor, Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Akshay Kumar, Suriya and Resul Pookutty are others from film industry to have contributed to Kerala Chief Minister's relief fund.[144][145]
  • KP Hussain, chairman of Fathima Healthcare Group, has donated ₹1 crore (US$146,221.28) to the Kerala Chief Minister's relief fund, and another ₹4 crore (US$584,885.11) for medical relief aid.[146]
  • Doctor, entrepreneur, and philanthropist Shamsheer Vayalil donated ₹50 crore (US$7.31 million) for the relief of flood victims by setting up a project to fight housing, education and healthcare issues.[147]
  • UAE-based Indian businesses have donated ₹18.85 crore (US$2.76 million) so far to Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Foundation's relief fund. Among those to donate were Indian businessmen Yusuff Ali M.A., chairman and managing director of LuLu Group International, and Dr. B. R. Shetty, founder and chairman of NMC Health.[148]
  • Bombay High Court directed Galpha Laboratories to deposit a sum of ₹1.5 crore (US$219,331.91) towards the Kerala Chief Minister's Fund after losing trademark infringement case filed by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals. The court initially said that Galpha Laboratories would have to pay the sum to Glenmark Pharmaceuticals. However, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals requested the court to direct Galpha Laboratories to deposit the sum in an NGO. Following this, the court directed that the money is to be deposited in the Kerala Chief Minister's Fund.[149]
  • Indian cricket team captain, Virat Kohli, dedicated his team's test win over England at Trent Bridge to the flood victims of Kerala.[150] The Indian team has donated match fees for Kerala flood victims.[151]

Response

[edit]
India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi being received by the Governor of Kerala P. Sathasivam and the Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, on his arrival, in Kochi, to survey the flood-affected areas, on 18 August 2018.

At a press conference on 11 August, Chief Secretary Tom Jose said, "Things are well under control. The government is on top of the situation."[152] Prime Minister Narendra Modi conducted an aerial survey and offered federal support to Keralites. Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan described the floods as "something that has never happened before in the history of Kerala."[44]

International

[edit]

The United States embassy urged its citizens to avoid traveling to the affected areas.[153] The UAE embassy in India issues warning for its citizens regarding the flood. The embassy also said that the weather agencies in India had given warnings regarding heavy rainfall in the southern state of Kerala.[154] UAE's President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ordered the formation of a national emergency committee to provide relief assistance to people affected by flash floods in the Indian state of Kerala.[155]

A controversy arose from an offer of US$100 million in aid from the UAE.[156] The Kerala Chief Minister's office wrote "CM Pinarayi Vijayan informed that the United Arab Emirates will provide Kerala an assistance of ₹700 Crore. Kerala has a special relationship with UAE, which is a home away from home for Malayalees. We express our gratitude to UAE for their support. #KeralaFloodRelief". The Ministry of External Affairs of India clarified that they received no such offer for financial help from any country, and the UAE Ambassador to India declared that no official announcement had been made.[157][158]

Rainfall data

[edit]

Rainfall departures

[edit]

Week by week departures from normal:

Cumulative rainfall by district

[edit]
1 June 2018 – 22 August 2018[159]

Percentage increase in rainfall compared to normal.

(1 June 2018 – 17 August 2018)[159][160]
District Rainfall
(mm)		 Normal
(mm)		 % increase
Alappuzha 1648.1 1309.5 20.54%
Ernakulam 2305.9 1606.0 43.58%
Idukki 3211.1 1749.1 83.58%
Kannur 2450.9 2234.9 9.66%
Kasaragod 2549.94 2489.1 -2.44%
Kollam 1427.3 985.4 44.84%
Kottayam 2137.6 1452.6 32.04%
Kozhikode 2796.4 2156.5 22.80%
Malappuram 2529.8 1687.3 49.93%
Palakkad 2135.0 1254.2 70.22%
Pathanamthitta 1762.7 1287.5 36.90%
Thiruvananthapuram 920.8 643.0 43.07%
Thrissur 1894.5 1738.2 8.99%
Wayanad 2676.8 2167.2 23.51%
Kerala 2226.4 1620.0 37.43%

Analysis by Central Water Commission

[edit]

Kerala as a whole

[edit]

According to a study by the Central Water Commission, the average cumulative rainfall of 3 days from 15 to 17 August 2018 was about 414 mm. This was almost of the same order as that of rainfall of Devikulam which occurred during 16–18 July 1924. Assuming a runoff coefficient of 0.75, the runoff generated by 3 days of intense rainfall was estimated to be 12057 MCM for the entire state of Kerala. This huge runoff was beyond the carrying capacity of most of the rivers in Kerala, resulting in bank overflows from most of the rivers.[161] The total catchment area tapped by dams in Kerala, excluding barrages is about 6,610 km2 (2,552 sq mi). The runoff generated from the catchment tapped by these dams during the period 15–17 August 2018 was estimated at 2.19 BCM, out of a total runoff of 12 BCM for the whole of Kerala. As per the study, with a total live storage in the state of 5.8 BCM and assuming a live storage availability of 20% on 14 August 2018, the extent of available flood moderation would have only been 1.16 BCM against an estimated inflow of 2.19 BCM. It was therefore essential to make releases from the reservoirs.[162]

The study stated that the dams in Kerala neither added to the flood nor helped in reduction of flood, as most of the dams were already at or very close to FRL on 14 August 2018. Even if the reservoirs had been a few feet below FL, the flooding conditions would not have changed much as the heavy rainfall continued for 3–4 days. It would have been necessary to release water from the reservoirs after the first day of heavy rainfall.[161]

The study concluded it would be necessary to review the rule curves of all reservoirs in Kerala, especially those with a live storage capacity of more than 200 MCM. This would help to create a dynamic flood cushion for moderating floods.[161]

Periyar Basin

[edit]

From 15 to 17 August 2018, the rainfall depth realized in the Periyar basin was 588 mm. The maximum discharge passing through the Periyar at Neeleeswaram was 8800 m3/sec, recorded at 16 August 15:00 hrs, according to the CWC's Neeleeswaram G&D site. The major storage reservoirs in the Periyar basin are the Idukki reservoir (1.4 BCM) and the Idamalayar reservoir (1.1 BCM). The peak release on 16 August 2018 from the Idukki reservoir was 1500 m3/sec against an inflow of 2532 m3/sec, thus achieving a flood moderation of 1032 m3/sec. The release from Idamalayar on 16 August 2018 was 963 m3/sec against an inflow of 1164 m3/sec.[161]

The discharge at Neeleshwaram on 17 August 2018 was 8600 m3/sec. The release from Idukki and Idamalayar reservoirs were 1500 m3/sec (with an inflow of 1610 m3/sec) and 1272 m3/sec (inflow of 1007 m3/sec). CWC's analysis found that the releases of water were controlled releases as the discharge capacity of Idukki and Idamalayar dams are 5013 m3/sec and 3012 m3/sec, respectively.[161]

Immediate drought after the flood

[edit]

A few days after receiving one of the highest rainfalls in century, Kerala was caught under the threat of severe drought. Water level in wells, ponds and rivers recorded lowest levels and some wells even collapsed.[163][164] Chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan directed the state council for Science, Technology & Environment to carry out studies on the phenomenon after floods across the state, and suggest possible solutions to the problem.[165][166]

A.B. Anita, executive director of the Centre for Water Resource Development Management (CWRDM), an autonomous research institution under the State government, said heavy run-off of the top soil in the upland areas and the siltation in the rivers were the reasons for the falling water level.[167] The top soil in the hills and upland areas were removed in the flash floods to a depth of up to two metres in many places. As the top soil was shaved off, it ruined the hills' capacity to sponge in rainwater, she said. Ms. Anita cited ecological destruction caused by deforestation, harmful land use in the upland areas and sand mining in the streams and rivers as having contributed to the top soil run-off and siltation. This was exacerbated by the impact of climate change at the macro level.

Echoing her views, experts at the National Institute of Technology, Calicut, (NIT-C) said it was usual for the water level in the rivers and domestic wells to fall after fluvial floods. "Normally, a river flows through the sand of its own bearing till the mouth. However, this time the discharge has been full, taking the sand and the rocks in the youth-stage along with the floods. So the water level in the rivers comes down. And when the river water level is reduced, the groundwater table also does not get replenished since the rivers and groundwater table are connected," said K. Saseendran a geologist and professor at the NIT-C.[168]

[edit]

In April 2023, the Malayalam-language survival thriller film 2018: Everyone is a hero, which is based on the 2018 Kerala floods was released.[169]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Kerala Floods 2018 Video". 28 August 2018. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018.
  2. ^ a b c "Kerala floods live updates: Death toll rises to 79; Kochi airport to remain closed till August 26". Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  3. ^ Hunt, Kieran M. R.; Menon, Arathy (1 February 2020). "The 2018 Kerala floods: a climate change perspective". Climate Dynamics. 54 (3): 2433–2446. Bibcode:2020ClDy...54.2433H. doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05123-7. ISSN 1432-0894. S2CID 210715907.
  4. ^ Baynes, Chris (15 August 2018). "Worst floods in nearly a century kill 44 in India's Kerala state amid torrential monsoon rains.New report suggests thet this will continue every year the rest 100 years". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  5. ^ a b "483 dead in Kerala floods and landslides, losses more than annual plan outlay: Pinarayi Vijayan". 30 August 2018. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  6. ^ a b c "National Disaster Management Authority on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  7. ^ Babu, Gireesh (17 August 2018). "Monsoon havoc in Kerala: 324 lives lost since May 29, says CM Vijayan". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  8. ^ "Flood hit over Chengannur". 19 August 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018.
  9. ^ "Attempts to rescue people in Pandanad, continue". Archived from the original on 21 August 2018.
  10. ^ "Death toll soars in India monsoon floods". BBC News. 16 August 2018. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  11. ^ a b c "Sudden water release by Tamil Nadu from Mullaperiyar a reason for deluge: Kerala to SC". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  12. ^ Raghavan, T. c a Sharad (20 August 2018). "Calamity of a severe nature". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  13. ^ "Centre declares Kerala floods 'Level-3' calamity; demand to call it 'national disaster' either ignorance or mischief – Firstpost". www.firstpost.com. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  14. ^ a b "Kerala floods live updates: 35 dams opened, death toll rises to 67". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  15. ^ a b "Water Resources". ECONOMIC REVIEW 2017. State Planning Board, Kerala. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  16. ^ "All 5 Idukki Dam gates opened for the 1st time in history as Kerala battles unending rains". India Today. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  17. ^ "Landslides hit several places in Malabar; Munnar, Wayanad isolated". Mathrubhumi. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  18. ^ a b c "Kerala floods: Centre to give more funds to state, says Rs 600 crore was only advance assistance". The Indian Express. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  19. ^ "REGIONAL REPORT ON SOUTHWEST MONSOON – 2018 OVER THE SOUTHERN PENINSULAR INDIA" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  20. ^ Gupta, Swati (16 August 2018). "Kerala floods: Red alert issued as death toll rises in Indian state". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  21. ^ Lal, Preet; Prakash, Aniket; Kumar, Amit; Srivastava, Prashant K.; Saikia, Purabi; Pandey, A.C.; Srivastava, Parul; Khan, M.L. (21 February 2020). "Evaluating the 2018 extreme flood hazard events in Kerala, India". Remote Sensing Letters. 11 (5): 436–445. Bibcode:2020RSL....11..436L. doi:10.1080/2150704X.2020.1730468. S2CID 214347890.
  22. ^ "Kerala floods: global warming in action | Deccan Herald". Archived from the original on 22 August 2018.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Kiran, S. R. (3 July 2021). Yukthi (ed.). Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering. SSRN 3975112.
  24. ^ "Flood caused by excessive rainfall: IIT-Madras". Times of India. 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  25. ^ a b Koshy, Jacob (22 November 2018). "Water release from dams didn't lead to Kerala floods: IIT-M-Purdue University study". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  26. ^ a b Prasad, R (22 November 2018). "Kerala floods: IIT professor identifies four major factors". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  27. ^ a b Kiran, S. R. (3 July 2021). "High-Frequency Mixed Rossby-Gravity Waves in the Mid-Troposphere Triggered Kerala Floods of 2018". Journal of Extreme Events. 08. doi:10.1142/S2345737621500147. S2CID 237753304.
  28. ^ "Kerala: Floods not caused by release of extra water from dams, says central commission report". Scroll.in. 10 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  29. ^ "Unprecedented rains, not dams caused Kerala floods: Central Water Commission". The New Indian Express. 6 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  30. ^ "Severe storm occurrences caused Kerala floods: CWC". The Hindu. 10 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  31. ^ "Kerala govt failed in using dams for flood control, amicus curiae tells HC | Kochi News – Times of India". The Times of India. 3 April 2019. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  32. ^ "Poor dam management blamed for Kerala flood". Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  33. ^ "Poor dam management blamed for Kerala floods – The Hindu". The Hindu. 3 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  34. ^ "Lapses In Dam Management Worsened Kerala Floods: Amicus Curiae Report | HuffPost India". 3 April 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  35. ^ "Kerala floods 2018: Amicus report not accepted yet, says HC". The Times of India. 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  36. ^ "India's devastating rains match climate change forecasts". AFP.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  37. ^ Rajeevan, M.; Terray, Pascal; Murtugudde, Raghu; Milind Mujumdar; Athulya, R.; Pathak, Amey; Ghosh, Subimal; Roxy, M. K. (3 October 2017). "A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 708. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..708R. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5626780. PMID 28974680.
  38. ^ "Kerala Floods LIVE: Death toll rises to 114, rescue operations underway". The Economic Times. 16 August 2018. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  39. ^ a b "India: Death toll in devastating Kerala floods rises to 77". Al Jazeera. 15 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  40. ^ Surya, Jisha (16 August 2018). "Kerala floods: Drinking water supply hit in major places". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  41. ^ Pradha, Bibhudatta. "Over 8 Lakh People in Nearly 4,000 Relief Camps Across Flood-Hit Kerala". NDTV. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  42. ^ "Kerala floods kill dozens with 36,000 evacuated". The Guardian. 12 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  43. ^ "Kerala floods: Govt puts off Onam celebrations". Times of India. 14 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  44. ^ a b Padanna, Ashraf (16 August 2018). "India monsoon floods kill 73 in Kerala". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  45. ^ "Kerala floods LIVE updates: Death toll touches 75, Cochin airport to remain closed till August 26 afternoon". The Indian Express. 16 August 2018. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  46. ^ "Kerala floods live updates: Death toll rises to 79; Kochi airport to remain closed till August 26 – The Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  47. ^ "NDRF saved 535 lives and evacuated more than 24,600 marooned people in flood-hit Kerala". National Disaster Response Force. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  48. ^ "SNC Terminates 'OP Madad'". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  49. ^ "HADR Operations by IAF in Kerala". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  50. ^ "Flood Relief Operation by Indian Army in Kerala". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  51. ^ "United we stand". Deccan Chronicle. 15 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  52. ^ "How the Kerala floods showed humanity still rocks". India Today. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  53. ^ "Kerala Floods 2018: Fishermen of Kerala – Supermen without capes". www.timesnownews.com. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  54. ^ "Kerala floods: Fishermen set a new model in rescue mission". Times of India. 17 August 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  55. ^ "Fishermen who saved flood-hit people in Kerala have a name – Coastal Warriors". Times of India. 19 August 2018. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  56. ^ "Kerala's 'big salute' to fishermen who rescued flood-hit people". Times of India. 29 August 2018. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  57. ^ "Fishermen's rescue efforts commended". The Hindu. 29 August 2018. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  58. ^ "The Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund". Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  59. ^ "Total Amount Received as of 07-01-2020 2018-08-23". Government of Kerala – Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  60. ^ "PMO India's Official Tweet". 18 August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  61. ^ "Central assistance to flood affected Kerala". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  62. ^ "MoHA, India – Central assistance to flood affected Kerala". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  63. ^ "Will release more funds to Kerala after fresh assessment of damages: Center". Times of India. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  64. ^ "EU Gives 190,000 Euros To Indian Red Cross For Kerala Flood Relief". Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  65. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (25 August 2018). "European Union to help in Kerala flood relief through Red Cross". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  66. ^ "EU announces Euro 1.9 lakh to Indian Red Cross Society for Kerala flood relief". Indian Express. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  67. ^ "PM of Qatar tweets for support". Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  68. ^ "PM of Pakistan tweets for support". Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  69. ^ "Maldives to contribute towards Kerala flood relief". The Hindu. 20 August 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  70. ^ Sathyadeepam (24 August 2018). ""Kerala floods: KCBC donated Rs 1 crore"". Sathyadeepam Weekly (in Malayalam). Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  71. ^ a b "Flood Rehabilitation: KCBC will construct 2620 houses". ManoramaOnline. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  72. ^ "Mata Amritanandamayi Math donates Rs 10 crore to CM's Relief Fund". The New Indian Express. 30 August 2018. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  73. ^ "Kerala HC asks Govt to return its 10 crore it got from Guruvayur temple for flood relief". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  74. ^ Rajagopal, Krishnadas (19 September 2022). "Kerala 2018 floods | ₹5 crore donated by Guruvayur Devaswom to CMDRF may be an "essentially philanthropic" act, observes Supreme Court". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 22 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  75. ^ "People's foundation serviced with 37000 volunteer & builds 500 houses, having the cost of 30Cr". Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  76. ^ "Biggest Malayalee Non Profit Organization −501C (3) from North America". Facebook.
  77. ^ "ഈ വീടുകൾ ഇനിയൊരു പ്രളയത്തിൽ തകരില്ല... | FOMAA Village Project". YouTube. 30 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  78. ^ "Kerala Flood Relief Fund from USA through Facebook Campaign". Facebook.
  79. ^ "Handing over check to CM". Facebook.
  80. ^ "IsraAID sends team to help flood victims in southern India". 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  81. ^ "IsraAid comes to the rescue after horrific floods strike Kerala, India". 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  82. ^ "DMK MLAs and MPs will donated their salary to Kerala flood relief". The Times of India. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018.
  83. ^ "Vice President Donates one month salary to Kerala flood relief". The Times of India. 20 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  84. ^ "AAP MLAs and MPs donate their one month salary to Kerala flood relief fund". 18 August 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018.
  85. ^ "Chandrababu Naidu, CM-AP on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  86. ^ "Pema Khandu, CM-AR on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  87. ^ "CMO Assam on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  88. ^ "Nitish Kumar, CM-BR on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  89. ^ "Raman Singh, CM-CG on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  90. ^ "Arvind Kejriwal, CM-DL on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  91. ^ "CMO Goa on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  92. ^ "CMO Gujarat on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  93. ^ "M. L. Khattar, CM-HR on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  94. ^ "CMO Himachal Pradesh on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  95. ^ "Raghubar Das, CM-JH on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  96. ^ "Karnataka gives Rs 10 crore aid, to send doctors to rain-ravaged Kerala". The New Indian Express. 11 August 2018. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  97. ^ "CMO Madhya Pradhesh on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  98. ^ "CMO Maharashtra on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  99. ^ "N. Biren Singh, CM-MN on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  100. ^ "Meghalaya set to donate Rs 1 crore for Kerala Flood Relief". shillongnews.in. 22 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  101. ^ "CMO Mizoram on Twitter, Retweeted by INCMizoram's Verified Twitter account". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  102. ^ "Ram Madhav, Spokesperson BJP on Twitter, Retweeted by CM Neiphiu Rio's Verified Twitter account". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  103. ^ "CMO Odisha on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  104. ^ "CMO Puducherry on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  105. ^ "Capt. Amarinder Singh, CM-PB on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  106. ^ "CMO Rajasthan on Twitter".
  107. ^ "E. Palaniswami, CM-TN on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  108. ^ "CMO Telangana on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  109. ^ "Biplab Kr. Deb, CM-TR on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  110. ^ "CMO Uttar Pradesh on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  111. ^ "T. S. Rawat, CM-UK on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  112. ^ "Mamata Banerjee, CM-WB on Twitter". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  113. ^ "പ്രളയബാധിത പ്രദേശങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് റിപ്പോര്‍ട്ട് തയ്യാറാക്കും; ജില്ലാ കളക്ടര്‍". Information and Public Relations Department, Govt. of Kerala (in Malayalam). Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  114. ^ "Kerala floods: Changanassery diocese moots Rs 100-crore project for Kuttanad". The Times of India. 5 September 2018. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  115. ^ "FOMAA Village Project". Manorama Online. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  116. ^ "Joyalukkas group to construct 250 houses for Kerala flood victims". The Times of India. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  117. ^ "പ്രളയത്തിൽ വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 1500 കുടുംബങ്ങൾക്ക് സഹകരണ വകുപ്പ് വീടുവച്ച് നൽകുമെന്ന് മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി". Malayalam Web Dunia (in Malayalam). Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  118. ^ "1,500 houses are being constructed at a cost of Rs 75 crore". ManoramaOnline. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  119. ^ archive, From our online (7 December 2018). "KCBC to spend 250 crore on rehabilitating flood victims". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  120. ^ "Jamaath plans 1,000 houses for flood victims". The Hindu. 8 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  121. ^ "പ്രളയത്തില്‍ വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 200 കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് മുത്തൂറ്റ് ഗ്രൂപ്പിന്റെ വീട്". News Time Network (in Malayalam). Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  122. ^ "Kerala NGO People's Foundation Constructed 305 Houses, Repaired 888 Houses For 2018 Flood Victims". The Companion. 13 June 2020. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  123. ^ "Aster Disaster Support Team mobilized to help Kerala flood victims | Medgate Today". Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  124. ^ "Aster DM Healthcare promises INR 15 crores Aster Homes Fund to Rebuild Kerala". Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  125. ^ "Aster DM promises Dh7.7M fund to rebuild Kerala". gulfnews.com. October 2018. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  126. ^ "Dr. Azad Moopen". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  127. ^ "Aster DM Healthcare : to rebuild houses in flood-hit areas | MarketScreener". www.marketscreener.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  128. ^ "HPCL's status on Twitter". Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  129. ^ "IOCL's status on Twitter". Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  130. ^ "BPCL's status on Twitter". Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  131. ^ "Reliance Foundation, Bajaj donate for Kerala floods". freepressjournal.in. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  132. ^ "Adani Group's announcement on Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  133. ^ "Adani Foundation commits INR 50 crore to Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund". Adani's Website. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  134. ^ "Star India increases donation to Rs 5 cr". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  135. ^ "Star India ups its contribution to Rs 5 crores donation for the Kerala Flood Relief efforts". Star India's Website. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  136. ^ "Star India's announcement on Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  137. ^ "Canara Bank, donates ₹5.01 Cr towards Kerala Chief Minister's Disaster Relief Fund". 24x7newsworld.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  138. ^ "Kerala Floods: Sushant Singh Rajput Donates Rs 1 Crore on Behalf of a Fan. Details Here". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  139. ^ "Sushant Singh Rajput donates Rs 1 crore as aid for Kerala on behalf of a fan. Read details". Hindustan Times. 22 August 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  140. ^ "Sushant Singh Rajput does his bit for Kerala, contributes Rs 1 cr after fan's Instagram request". The Economic Times. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  141. ^ "Kerala floods: On behalf of a fan, MS Dhoni actor Sushant Singh Rajput donates Rs 1 crore to flood victims". Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  142. ^ "केरल बाढ़ पीड़ितों के लिए इस एक्टर ने दिए 1 करोड़, इस वजह से लिया फैसला". livehindustan.com (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  143. ^ Hungama, Bollywood (23 August 2018). "After donating ₹1 crore for Kerala Flood Relief, Sushant Singh Rajput sends a team of volunteers to ground zero! – Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  144. ^ "CMO Kerala thanks Bollywood on Twitter". Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  145. ^ "Actor Siddharth donates to Kerala CMDRF". Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  146. ^ "UAE-based Indian-origin tycoons pledge ₹125 million (US$1.5 million) for Kerala flood victims". timesofindia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.₹125 million (US$1.5 million) for Kerala flood victims&rft_id=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uae-based-indian-origin-tycoons-pledge-rs-12-5-crore-for-kerala-flood-victims/articleshow/65461500.cms&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:2018 Kerala floods" class="Z3988">
  147. ^ "UAE Offers RS 700 Crore in Aid, NRI Billionaire To Donate Rs 50 Crore". Headlines Today. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  148. ^ "UAE-based Indian businessmen donate $2.7m for Kerala flood victims". arabianbusiness.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  149. ^ "Bombay HC orders errant firm to give ₹1.5 cr. to Kerala flood relief". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  150. ^ "Virat Kohli dedicates test win over England to Kerala flood victims". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018.
  151. ^ "Indian cricket team planning to give match fee to Kerala flood relief fund". The Times of India. 22 August 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  152. ^ "Heavy flooding puts Kerala in crisis". The Hindu. 11 August 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  153. ^ "Flood toll in India's tourist hotspot Kerala jumps to 67". Channel NewsAsia. 16 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  154. ^ Report, Web. "Kerala floods: UAE embassy in India issues warning". www.khaleejtimes.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  155. ^ "UAE leaders order formation of emergency committee to provide aid to Kerala". 18 August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  156. ^ "Kerala floods: Centre to give more funds to state, says Rs 600 crore was only advance assistance". The Indian Express. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  157. ^ "Why Centre May Not Accept UAE's Rs 700-Crore Offer For Kerala". NDTV.com. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  158. ^ "Kerala floods: UAE says nothing official yet, no amount of financial aid announced". The Indian Express. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  159. ^ a b "Customized Rainfall Information System (CRIS)". hydro.imd.gov.in. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  160. ^ "Customized Rainfall Information System (CRIS)" (PDF). Hydromet Division, India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  161. ^ a b c d e "Study Report Kerala Floods of 2018" (PDF). reliefweb.int. Central Water Commission Hydrological Studies Organisation. pp. 33–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  162. ^ "Study Report Kerala Floods of 2018" (PDF). reliefweb.int. Central Water Commission Hydrological Studies Organisation. p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  163. ^ Devasia, TK (12 September 2018). "Kerala, After The Flood: Rivers dry up, mercury rises and earthworms die as state gears up for drought after deluge". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  164. ^ Kurian, Vinson; Kumar, V Sajeev (8 October 2018). "Where has all the water gone?". Business Line. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  165. ^ "Rivers, wells dry up in flood-hit Kerala, govt orders study". 15 September 2018. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  166. ^ "After massive floods, Kerala now faces the possibility of a partial drought". 15 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  167. ^ Govind, Biju; Basheer, K. p m (8 September 2018). "After devastating floods, water level in Kerala rivers fall". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  168. ^ "After devastating floods, water level in Kerala rivers fall". 15 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  169. ^ "2018 – Everyone Is A Hero movie review: The Kerala story fanatics and their bot squads don't want you to know". The Indian Express. 5 May 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Kerala floods.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Kerala_floods&oldid=1251334198"