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2009 Peruvian political crisis

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2009 Peruvian clashes

Bagua Province on map of Amazonas Region.
DateJune 2009
Location
Bagua Province (Peruvian Amazon)
Result Offending decrees repealed.
Belligerents

Peru Government of Peru

AIDESEP
Commanders and leaders
Peru Alan García
Peru Yehude Simon
Peru Mercedes Cabanillas		 Peru Alberto Pizango
Casualties and losses
23 policemen dead
1 policeman missing		 10 dead
155 wounded
72 captured
This article is part of a series about
Alan García

The 2009 Peruvian political crisis resulted from the ongoing opposition to oil development in the Peruvian Amazon by local Indigenous peoples; they protested Petroperú and confronted the National Police. At the forefront of the movement to resist the development was Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva (AIDESEP), a coalition of indigenous community organizations in the region.[1][2]

Following the government's decision to pass regulations allowing companies access to the Amazon, natives conducted more than a year of declared opposition and advocacy to change this policy and, from 9 April, began a period of protest and civil disobedience. In June 2009, the Garcia government suspended civil liberties, declared a state of emergency, and sent in the military to stop the protests.[1] The military intervention, referred to as the Baguazo,[3] resulted in two days of bloody confrontations,[2] resulting in a total of 23 police deaths, 10 native/civilians deaths and more than 150 native wounded.[4]

This conflict has been described as Peru's worst political violence in years and is the worst crisis of President Alan García's presidency.[5][6] Prime Minister Yehude Simon was forced to resign his post in the aftermath, and Congress repealed the laws that led to the protests.

Background

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A free trade agreement negotiated between Peru and the United States that came into effect in February 2009 required certain changes in law allowing private companies access to the Amazon for development of resources. The Congress of Peru granted the government authority to implement the required regulatory changes. Indigenous tribes insisted that some of the new government regulations introduced by President Alan García in 2008 threatened the safety of their natural resources and would enable foreign companies to exploit them. Protests ensued in August 2008, and Congress repealed two laws and promised to examine and vote on others. When that didn't happen, protests and blockades resumed on 9 April 2009.[7][8][9]

In the early 21st century, exploitation of mineral resources has been criticized by researchers based on the link they have shown between the abundance of natural resources (particularly minerals and oil) of a country and its poor growth performance, as well as poor governmental policies and institutions (subject to ills such as corruption, weak governance, rent-seeking, plunder). They found this relationship is especially related to development of 'point source' minerals such as mines and oil fields, which produce high value for few people, as opposed to agricultural diffuse development, which involves large quantities of workers, forcing benefits to be shared.[10] Some believe that Peruvian oil development functions in such a model of 'point source', providing grievances and low benefit to local populations.

In 2008 an oil scandal shook the government of Alan García when audio tapes revealing corruption and conflict of interest were released to the press.[citation needed][11] The tapes contained the conversations of Rómulo León, an important member of the ruling Apra party negotiating bribes from foreign companies in order to allow them to drill for petroleum in the Peruvian Amazon region. Romulo León was imprisoned, yet his daughter, Luciana León, a member of congress, continues to work in the parliament despite e-mail messages found by investigators that revealed that she was aware of and participating in her father's activities.[12]

Political map with the biomes of Peru, the jungle in green.

In June 2009, as the dispute worsened, the government ordered the military in to assist the police.[9] The deaths resulted in two clashes fought in the Amazon jungle on 5 and 6 June 2009.[6]

Battle at "Devil's Curve"

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On 5 June 2009, at least 31 people were killed in clashes between security forces and indigenous people on the "Devil's Curve" jungle highway close to Bagua, over 1,000 kilometres north of Lima, as the security forces attempted to break down a road blockade.[6][9] The deaths came when police decided to break down a blockade of 5,000 protesters.[5] 22 of the dead were native tribesmen and 9 were members of the police force.[9] The tribes accused the police of using helicopters to fire on those protesting peacefully below. Alberto Pizango, an indigenous leader, told journalists that the government was responsible for the massacre.[9][13] Police said the natives had first shot at them; the President said the tribes had "fall[en] to a criminal level".[9]

June 6th, 2009 massacre

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On June 6, 2009, an additional nine police officers were killed at a petroleum facility belonging to a national oil company, Petroperú, which had been seized by the protesting indigenous tribes.[5][14] Prime Minister Simon said the officers were killed as they tried to rescue 38 kidnapped police officers believed held.[14] García criticised the protesters, claiming they had behaved like terrorists and suggested that they may have been "incited by foreigners".[6] There was considerable confusion about the events, as it was reported that several police had been taken hostage, although 22 were freed and 7 were missing.[6][14] This number was later revised to one missing policeman.[15] The government announced a 3:00 p.m. – 6:00 a.m. curfew effective immediately.[5]

According to Amazon Watch, the police staged a violent raid on the unarmed indigenous people who were participating in a peaceful blockade to revoke the "free trade" decrees, issued by President Garcia in the context of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States. During that day, over 600 police attacked several thousand unarmed Awajun and Wamba indigenous peoples (including many women and children) and forcibly dispersed them using tear gas and live ammunition.

After the police started shooting at the protesters, some indigenous wrestled away their guns and fought back, shooting and killing nine policemen. The confrontation resulted in the 25 civilian deaths and more than 150 wounded.[16] The police were accused of burning bodies to hide the death toll.[17]

At least 155 were injured, one third by bullet wounds;[5] 72 people were arrested.[5] The casualty toll was expected to rise.[14] Not since the conflict with the Shining Path had so many people been killed or injured in political clashes of this nature in Peru.[5]

Consequences

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AIDESEP leaders prosecuted, asylum for Pizango

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On 9 June, the government of Peruvian President Alan García still refused to meet with the indigenous coalition AIDESEP.[2] The government sought to arrest Alberto Pizango on charges of sedition; he is a Shawi Indian leader of the protesters and head of their organization, AIDESEP.[8] Pizango entered Nicaragua's embassy in Lima on 8 June and was granted political asylum the next day.[18] Four other AIDESEP leaders were accused of disturbing the peace and advocating sedition and revolt, and faced up to six years in prison.[19]

Decrees suspended, then overturned

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In the week following the clashes, Congress suspended two of the offending government decrees. The indigenous protesters vowed to continue until the decrees were repealed and not just suspended.[20] On 18 June, Congress repealed two of the decrees, and the protesters lifted their blockade.[21]

Vildoso and Simon resign

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Carmen Vildoso, minister for Women's Issues and Social Development, resigned on 8 June to protest the government's actions.[8]

Prime Minister Yehude Simon negotiated the deal to repeal the two decrees mentioned above and announced on 16 June that he would resign "in the coming weeks" over the government's handling of the crisis. President Alan García had appointed Simon, who is politically to the left of García, in October 2008 in an effort to mollify the country's poor and hard-line leftist nationalists.[22]

Peruvian government accused of undermining press freedom

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In June 2009, Human Rights Watch condemned the Peruvian government's decision to revoke the broadcast license of a local radio station stating that "The timing and circumstances of the revocation suggest that it may have been an act of censorship, or punishment, in response to coverage of anti-government protests on June 5, 2009."

"If there is in fact credible evidence that a radio station has actively supported or incited violence, then the broadcasters should be subject to investigation and sanction, with all appropriate judicial guarantees", said José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director at Human Rights Watch. "But closing down a station this way certainly looks like retaliation for coverage the government didn't like."[23]

Documentary

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The film When Two Worlds Collide[24] is composed of footage shot from 2007 through 2013, and presents a view of events that is sympathetic toward the protestors. It premiered at Sundance Film Festival in 2016.[25][26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Powless, Ben (9 June 2009). "Peru: Battle lines drawn over the Amazon". rabble.ca. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Inside the Peruvian Amazon", The Real News, 12 June 2009
  3. ^ Written at Lima. "Peru police, army brass convicted for deadly clash with Indians: PERU-INDIANS". EFE News Service. Madrid. EFE. 15 March 2011. ProQuest 856981463.
  4. ^ "DEFENSORÍA DEL PUEBLO DIO A CONOCER RELACIÓN DE ACCIONES HUMANITARIAS REALIZADAS ANTE LOS LAMENTABLES SUCESOS OCURRIDOS EN BAGUA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Briceno, Franklin (7 June 2009). "9 more police killed in Amazon protests in Peru". Associated Press Newswires. Associated Press Writers Tamy Higa, Carla Salazar and Frank Bajak in Lima, Peru, contributed to this report. Bagua, Peru. AP. 7, D98LKGA00; Factiva APRS000020090607e567000bh. Reproduced in various publications, including: Salazar, Carla (7 June 2009). Written at Lima, Peru. "9 more police killed in Amazon protests in Peru". Deseret Morning News. Utah. Associated Press. p. A7. Factiva DN00000020090607e5670001b. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Tension roils Peru after deadly Amazon clashes". Reuters. 6 June 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  7. ^ ANALYSIS-"Peru Amazon conflict exposes rift over economic policy", Reuters, 9 June 2009
  8. ^ a b c "Peru's Deadly Battle Over Oil in the Amazon", Time, 10 June 2009
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Deadly clashes in Peru's Amazon". BBC News. 5 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  10. ^ MRE: Wright, Gavin; Czelusta, Jesse (February 2004). Mineral Resources and Economic Development (PDF). Originally Prepared for the Conference on Sector Reform in Latin America, Stanford University, Center for International Development, 13–15 November 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  11. ^ Instituto de Democracia y Derechos Humanos PUCP (March 2012). "CASO PETRO - AUDIOS" (PDF).
  12. ^ "E-mail between Romulo León and his daughter, Luciana León show she was participating in her father's illegal activities". Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  13. ^ Romero, Simon (5 June 2009). "Fatal Clashes Erupt in Peru at Roadblock". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
  14. ^ a b c d Romero, Simon (6 June 2009). "9 Hostage Officers Killed at Peruvian Oil Facility". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  15. ^ "Report on Massacre of Native Protesters in Peru Biased, Says Head of Inquiry". Archived from the original on 20 January 2010.
  16. ^ "Police Open Fire on Indigenous Blockade in the Peruvian Amazon – 25 Civilians and 9 Police Dead, 150 Injured". Amazon Watch. 6 June 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  17. ^ Bo, Teresa (9 June 2009). Written at Bagua Grande, Peru. "Police clash with Indians in Peru". Al Jazeera English. Qatar. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2024 – via YouTube.
  18. ^ "Peru: Indigenous Leader Granted Asylum in Nicaragua", The New York Times, 9 June 2009
  19. ^ "PERU: Families of Dead Native Protesters Tell Their Stories" Archived 30 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Inter Press Service, 16 June 2009
  20. ^ "Protesters Gird for Long Fight Over Opening Peru's Amazon", The New York Times, 11 June 2009
  21. ^ "Peru Overturns Decrees That Incited Protests", The New York Times, 18 June 2009
  22. ^ "Peru: Prime Minister to Step Down", The New York Times, 16 June 2009
  23. ^ "Peru: Radio Closure Could Undermine Press Freedom". 24 June 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  24. ^ "When Two Worlds Collide". 22 January 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018 – via www.imdb.com.
  25. ^ "Moving Peru Forward: An Interview with the Film-Makers Behind 'When Two Worlds Collide' - Sounds and Colours". 14 September 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  26. ^ "Award-winning film showcases 'Baguazo' conflict in Peru's Amazon". 18 August 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
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