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Pha (Indic)

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Pha
Pha
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssamesePha
TibetanPha
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiPha
DevanagariPha
Cognates
Hebrewפ ,ף
GreekΠ
LatinP
CyrillicП
Properties
Phonemic representation/pʰ/
IAST transliterationph Ph
ISCII code pointC9 (201)

Pha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of फ are:[1]

  • [pʰə] = 22 (२२)
  • फि [pʰɪ] = 2,200 (२ २००)
  • फु [pʰʊ] = 220,000 (२ २० ०००)
  • फृ [pʰri] = 22,000,000 (२ २० ०० ०००)
  • फॢ [pʰlə] = 22×108 (२२×१०)
  • फे [pʰe] = 22×1010 (२२×१०१०)
  • फै [pʰɛː] = 22×1012 (२२×१०१२)
  • फो [pʰoː] = 22×1014 (२२×१०१४)
  • फौ [pʰɔː] = 22×1016 (२२×१०१६)

Historic Pha

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Pha as found in standard Brahmi, Pha was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Pha. The Tocharian Pha Pha did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of pha, in Kharoshthi (Pha) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Pha

[edit]

The Brahmi letter Pha, Pha, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to the modern Latin P and Greek Pi.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Pha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Pha historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
No sample No sample

Tocharian Pha

[edit]

The Tocharian letter Pha is derived from the Brahmi Pha, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Pha with vowel marks
Pha Phā Phi Phī Phu Phū Phr Phr̄ Phe Phai Pho Phau Phä

Kharoṣṭhī Pha

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Pha is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to P and Pi, in addition to the Brahmi Pha.[2]

Devanagari Pha

[edit]

Pha () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘣.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, फ is pronounced as [pʰə] or [] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari फ with vowel marks
Pha Phā Phi Phī Phu Phū Phr Phr̄ Phl Phl̄ Phe Phai Pho Phau Ph
फा फि फी फु फू फृ फॄ फॢ फॣ फे फै फो फौ फ्

Conjuncts with फ

[edit]
Half form of Pha.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Most Devanagari letters drop a character's vertical stem to create a half form, but due to its large tail to the right of the stem, the common half form of फ has its tail reduced to attach to the following letter. Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of फ

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) फ (pʰa) gives the ligature rpʰa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) फ (pʰa) gives the ligature rpʰa:

  • फ্ (pʰ) न (na) gives the ligature pʰna:

  • फ্ (pʰ) rakar र (ra) gives the ligature pʰra:

Stacked conjuncts of फ

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) फ (pʰa) gives the ligature cʰpʰa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱpʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ḍpʰa:

  • द্ (d) फ (pʰa) gives the ligature dpʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ŋpʰa:

  • फ্ (pʰ) ब (ba) gives the ligature pʰba:

  • फ্ (pʰ) च (ca) gives the ligature pʰca:

  • फ্ (pʰ) ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pʰḍa:

  • फ্ (pʰ) ज (ja) gives the ligature pʰja:

  • फ্ (pʰ) ज্ (j) ञ (ña) gives the ligature pʰjña:

  • फ্ (pʰ) क (ka) gives the ligature pʰka:

  • फ্ (pʰ) ल (la) gives the ligature pʰla:

  • फ্ (pʰ) ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pʰŋa:

  • फ্ (pʰ) ञ (ña) gives the ligature pʰña:

  • फ্ (pʰ) व (va) gives the ligature pʰva:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰpʰa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṭpʰa:

Bengali Pha

[edit]

The Bengali script ফ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, फ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ফ will sometimes be transliterated as "pho" instead of "pha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /pʰo/. Like all Indic consonants, ফ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ফ with vowel marks
pha phā phi phī phu phū phr phr̄ phe phai pho phau ph
ফা ফি ফী ফু ফূ ফৃ ফৄ ফে ফৈ ফো ফৌ ফ্

ফ in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

ফ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ফ

[edit]

Bengali ফ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

  • ল্ (l) ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature lpʰa:

  • ম্ (m) ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature mpʰa:

  • ফ্ (pʰ) ল (la) gives the ligature pʰla:

  • ফ্ (pʰ) র (ra) gives the ligature pʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature rpʰa, with the repha prefix:

  • স্ (s) ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature spʰa:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṣpʰa:

Gujarati Pha

[edit]
Gujarati Pha.

Pha () is the twenty-second consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Pha Pha with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Pha. ફ (Pha) is similar in appearance to ક (Ka), and care should be taken to avoid confusing the two when reading Gujarati script texts.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ફ is pronounced as [pʰə] or [] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Pha Phā Phi Phī Phu Phū Phr Phl Phr̄ Phl̄ Phĕ Phe Phai Phŏ Pho Phau Ph
Gujarati Pha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ફ

[edit]

Gujarati ફ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Pha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Pha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) ફ (pʰa) gives the ligature RPha:

  • ફ્ (pʰ) ર (ra) gives the ligature PhRa:

Javanese Pha

[edit]

Telugu Pha

[edit]
Telugu Pha
Telugu subjoined Pha
Telugu independent and subjoined Pha.

Pha () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ph. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Pha

[edit]
Malayalam letter Pha

Pha () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ph, via the Grantha letter Pha Pha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Pha matras: Pha, Phā, Phi, Phī, Phu, Phū, Phr̥, Phr̥̄, Phl̥, Phl̥̄, Phe, Phē, Phai, Pho, Phō, Phau, and Ph.

Conjuncts of ഫ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • പ് (p) ഫ (pʰa) gives the ligature ppʰa:

Odia Pha

[edit]
Odia independent letter Pha
Odia subjoined letter Pha
Odia independent and subjoined letter Pha.

Pha () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ph, via the Siddhaṃ letter Pha Pha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Pha with vowel matras
Pha Phā Phi Phī Phu Phū Phr̥ Phr̥̄ Phl̥ Phl̥̄ Phe Phai Pho Phau Ph
ଫା ଫି ଫୀ ଫୁ ଫୂ ଫୃ ଫୄ ଫୢ ଫୣ ଫେ ଫୈ ଫୋ ଫୌ ଫ୍

Conjuncts of ଫ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ମ୍ (m) ଫ (pʰa) gives the ligature mpʰa:

Kaithi Pha

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Pha
Kaithi half-form letter Pha
Kaithi consonant and half-form Pha.

Pha (𑂤) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ph, via the Siddhaṃ letter Pha Pha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Pha with vowel matras
Pha Phā Phi Phī Phu Phū Phe Phai Pho Phau Ph
𑂤 𑂤𑂰 𑂤𑂱 𑂤𑂲 𑂤𑂳 𑂤𑂴 𑂤𑂵 𑂤𑂶 𑂤𑂷 𑂤𑂸 𑂤𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂤

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) 𑂤 (pʰa) gives the ligature rpʰa:

Comparison of Pha

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Pha, are related as well.

Comparison of Pha in different scripts
Aramaic
Pha
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨥
Ashoka Brahmi
Pha
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Pha
Tocharian[b]
Pha
Gupta Brahmi
Pha
Pallava
Pha
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰣
Siddhaṃ
Pha
Grantha
𑌫
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Pha
Newa
𑐦
Ahom
𑜇
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Pha
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤡
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩱
Khmer
Tamil
-
Chakma
𑄜
Tai Tham
ᨹ / ᨺ
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
ผ / ฝ
Lao
ຜ / ຝ
Tai Le
Marchen
𑱿
Tirhuta
𑒤
New Tai Lue
ᦕ / ᦚ
Tai Viet
ꪞ / ꪟ
Aksara Kawi
Pha
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆦
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨟
Bengali-Assamese
Pha
Takri
𑚟
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠟
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘣
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈠
Khudabadi
𑋓
Mahajani
𑅩
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Pha
Nandinagari
𑧃
Kaithi
Pha
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊜
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩱
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑶆
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴡
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Pha

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Pha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Pha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER PHA BENGALI LETTER PHA TELUGU LETTER PHA ORIYA LETTER PHA KANNADA LETTER PHA MALAYALAM LETTER PHA GUJARATI LETTER PHA GURMUKHI LETTER PHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2347 U 092B 2475 U 09AB 3115 U 0C2B 2859 U 0B2B 3243 U 0CAB 3371 U 0D2B 2731 U 0AAB 2603 U 0A2B
UTF-8 224 164 171 E0 A4 AB 224 166 171 E0 A6 AB 224 176 171 E0 B0 AB 224 172 171 E0 AC AB 224 178 171 E0 B2 AB 224 180 171 E0 B4 AB 224 170 171 E0 AA AB 224 168 171 E0 A8 AB
Numeric character reference फ फ ফ ফ ఫ ఫ ଫ ଫ ಫ ಫ ഫ ഫ ફ ફ ਫ ਫ
ISCII 201 C9 201 C9 201 C9 201 C9 201 C9 201 C9 201 C9 201 C9


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨥 𑌫
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER PHA KHAROSHTHI LETTER PHA SIDDHAM LETTER PHA GRANTHA LETTER PHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69672 U 11028 68133 U 10A25 71075 U 115A3 70443 U 1132B
UTF-8 240 145 128 168 F0 91 80 A8 240 144 168 165 F0 90 A8 A5 240 145 150 163 F0 91 96 A3 240 145 140 171 F0 91 8C AB
UTF-16 55300 56360 D804 DC28 55298 56869 D802 DE25 55301 56739 D805 DDA3 55300 57131 D804 DF2B
Numeric character reference 𑀨 𑀨 𐨥 𐨥 𑖣 𑖣 𑌫 𑌫


Character information
Preview 𑨟 𑐦 𑰣 𑆦
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER PHA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER PHA PHAGS-PA LETTER PHA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PHA NEWA LETTER PHA BHAIKSUKI LETTER PHA SHARADA LETTER PHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3925 U 0F55 4005 U 0FA5 43085 U A84D 72223 U 11A1F 70694 U 11426 72739 U 11C23 70054 U 111A6
UTF-8 224 189 149 E0 BD 95 224 190 165 E0 BE A5 234 161 141 EA A1 8D 240 145 168 159 F0 91 A8 9F 240 145 144 166 F0 91 90 A6 240 145 176 163 F0 91 B0 A3 240 145 134 166 F0 91 86 A6
UTF-16 3925 0F55 4005 0FA5 43085 A84D 55302 56863 D806 DE1F 55301 56358 D805 DC26 55303 56355 D807 DC23 55300 56742 D804 DDA6
Numeric character reference ཕ ཕ ྥ ྥ ꡍ ꡍ 𑨟 𑨟 𑐦 𑐦 𑰣 𑰣 𑆦 𑆦


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER PHA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PHA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH FA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH PHA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH FA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4118 U 1016 6713 U 1A39 6714 U 1A3A 6549 U 1995 6554 U 199A
UTF-8 225 128 150 E1 80 96 225 168 185 E1 A8 B9 225 168 186 E1 A8 BA 225 166 149 E1 A6 95 225 166 154 E1 A6 9A
Numeric character reference ဖ ဖ ᨹ ᨹ ᨺ ᨺ ᦕ ᦕ ᦚ ᦚ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER PHA LAO LETTER PHO SUNG LAO LETTER FO TAM THAI CHARACTER PHO PHUNG THAI CHARACTER FO FA TAI VIET LETTER LOW PHO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH PHO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6037 U 1795 3740 U 0E9C 3741 U 0E9D 3612 U 0E1C 3613 U 0E1D 43678 U AA9E 43679 U AA9F
UTF-8 225 158 149 E1 9E 95 224 186 156 E0 BA 9C 224 186 157 E0 BA 9D 224 184 156 E0 B8 9C 224 184 157 E0 B8 9D 234 170 158 EA AA 9E 234 170 159 EA AA 9F
Numeric character reference ផ ផ ຜ ຜ ຝ ຝ ผ ผ ฝ ฝ ꪞ ꪞ ꪟ ꪟ


Character information
Preview 𑄜 𑜇 𑤡
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER MAHAAPRAANA PAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER PHA CHAKMA LETTER PHAA TAI LE LETTER PHA AHOM LETTER PHA DIVES AKURU LETTER PHA SAURASHTRA LETTER PHA CHAM LETTER PHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3509 U 0DB5 43286 U A916 69916 U 1111C 6490 U 195A 71431 U 11707 71969 U 11921 43175 U A8A7 43548 U AA1C
UTF-8 224 182 181 E0 B6 B5 234 164 150 EA A4 96 240 145 132 156 F0 91 84 9C 225 165 154 E1 A5 9A 240 145 156 135 F0 91 9C 87 240 145 164 161 F0 91 A4 A1 234 162 167 EA A2 A7 234 168 156 EA A8 9C
UTF-16 3509 0DB5 43286 A916 55300 56604 D804 DD1C 6490 195A 55301 57095 D805 DF07 55302 56609 D806 DD21 43175 A8A7 43548 AA1C
Numeric character reference ඵ ඵ ꤖ ꤖ 𑄜 𑄜 ᥚ ᥚ 𑜇 𑜇 𑤡 𑤡 ꢧ ꢧ ꨜ ꨜ


Character information
Preview 𑘣 𑧃 𑩱 𑶆
Unicode name MODI LETTER PHA NANDINAGARI LETTER PHA SOYOMBO LETTER PHA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER PHO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER PHA KAITHI LETTER PHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71203 U 11623 72131 U 119C3 72305 U 11A71 43034 U A81A 73094 U 11D86 69796 U 110A4
UTF-8 240 145 152 163 F0 91 98 A3 240 145 167 131 F0 91 A7 83 240 145 169 177 F0 91 A9 B1 234 160 154 EA A0 9A 240 145 182 134 F0 91 B6 86 240 145 130 164 F0 91 82 A4
UTF-16 55301 56867 D805 DE23 55302 56771 D806 DDC3 55302 56945 D806 DE71 43034 A81A 55303 56710 D807 DD86 55300 56484 D804 DCA4
Numeric character reference 𑘣 𑘣 𑧃 𑧃 𑩱 𑩱 ꠚ ꠚ 𑶆 𑶆 𑂤 𑂤


Character information
Preview 𑒤 𑱿
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER PHA LEPCHA LETTER PHA LIMBU LETTER PHA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER PHAM MARCHEN LETTER PHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70820 U 114A4 7184 U 1C10 6417 U 1911 43984 U ABD0 72831 U 11C7F
UTF-8 240 145 146 164 F0 91 92 A4 225 176 144 E1 B0 90 225 164 145 E1 A4 91 234 175 144 EA AF 90 240 145 177 191 F0 91 B1 BF
UTF-16 55301 56484 D805 DCA4 7184 1C10 6417 1911 43984 ABD0 55303 56447 D807 DC7F
Numeric character reference 𑒤 𑒤 ᰐ ᰐ ᤑ ᤑ ꯐ ꯐ 𑱿 𑱿


Character information
Preview 𑚟 𑠟 𑈠 𑋓 𑅩 𑊜
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER PHA DOGRA LETTER PHA KHOJKI LETTER PHA KHUDAWADI LETTER PHA MAHAJANI LETTER PHA MULTANI LETTER PHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71327 U 1169F 71711 U 1181F 70176 U 11220 70355 U 112D3 69993 U 11169 70300 U 1129C
UTF-8 240 145 154 159 F0 91 9A 9F 240 145 160 159 F0 91 A0 9F 240 145 136 160 F0 91 88 A0 240 145 139 147 F0 91 8B 93 240 145 133 169 F0 91 85 A9 240 145 138 156 F0 91 8A 9C
UTF-16 55301 56991 D805 DE9F 55302 56351 D806 DC1F 55300 56864 D804 DE20 55300 57043 D804 DED3 55300 56681 D804 DD69 55300 56988 D804 DE9C
Numeric character reference 𑚟 𑚟 𑠟 𑠟 𑈠 𑈠 𑋓 𑋓 𑅩 𑅩 𑊜 𑊜


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER PA KAPAL JAVANESE LETTER PA MURDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6952 U 1B28 43430 U A9A6
UTF-8 225 172 168 E1 AC A8 234 166 166 EA A6 A6
Numeric character reference ᬨ ᬨ ꦦ ꦦ


Character information
Preview 𑴡
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER PHA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 72993 U 11D21
UTF-8 240 145 180 161 F0 91 B4 A1
UTF-16 55303 56609 D807 DD21
Numeric character reference 𑴡 𑴡



References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".