User:Mrb048/Omphalotus olearius: Difference between revisions
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'''''Omphalotus olearius''''',<ref>Singer R (1948) In: ''Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci.'' 32: 133 ('1946').</ref> commonly known as the '''jack-o'-lantern mushroom''', is a poisonous [[Orange (color)|orange]] gilled [[mushroom]] that to an untrained eye appears similar to some [[Cantharellus|chanterelles]]. It is notable for its [[Bioluminescence|bioluminescent]] properties. It is found in woodland areas in Europe, where it grows on decaying stumps, on buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees. A similar, but [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] distinct species found in eastern North America is ''[[Omphalotus illudens]]''. |
'''''Omphalotus olearius''''',<ref>Singer R (1948) In: ''Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci.'' 32: 133 ('1946').</ref> commonly known as the '''jack-o'-lantern mushroom''', is a poisonous [[Orange (color)|orange]] gilled [[mushroom]] that to an untrained eye appears similar to some [[Cantharellus|chanterelles]]. It is notable for its [[Bioluminescence|bioluminescent]] properties. It is found in woodland areas in Europe, where it grows on decaying stumps, on buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees. A similar, but [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] distinct species found in eastern North America is ''[[Omphalotus illudens]]''. |
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Unlike chanterelles, ''Omphalotus olearius'' and other ''Omphalotus'' species contain the toxin [[illudin]] S, and are [[Poison|poisonous]] to humans. |
Unlike chanterelles, ''Omphalotus olearius'' and other ''Omphalotus'' species contain the toxin [[illudin]] S, and are [[Poison|poisonous]] to humans. While not <u>typically</u> lethal, consuming this mushroom leads to very severe [[Cramp|cramps]], [[vomiting]], and [[diarrhea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanden Hoek |first=T. L. |last2=Erickson |first2=T. |last3=Hryhorczuk |first3=D. |last4=Narasimhan |first4=K. |date=May 1991 |title=Jack o'lantern mushroom poisoning |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2024797/ |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=559–561 |doi=10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81617-8 |issn=0196-0644 |pmid=2024797}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=A. L. |last2=Garrettson |first2=L. K. |date=1988 |title=Poisoning with the North American Jack O'Lantern mushroom, Omphalotus illudens |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3290510/ |journal=Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology |volume=26 |issue=1-2 |pages=81–88 |doi=10.3109/15563658808995399 |issn=0731-3810 |pmid=3290510}}</ref> ''(Addition of "typically" and added 2 citations for reference.)'' |
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=== Article body === |
=== Article body === |
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'''''Description''''' |
'''''Description''''' |
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<u>''Omphalotus olearius'' is |
<u>''Omphalotus olearius'' is the same shade of orange internally and externally. It does not change when bruised or sliced.</u><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kuo |first=Michael |date=8 September 2023 |title=Omphalotus olearius (MushroomExpert.Com) |url=https://www.mushroomexpert.com/omphalotus_olearius.html |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.mushroomexpert.com}}</ref> <u>This helps to distinguish it from visibly similar species</u>. Its bioluminescence, a blue-green color, can be observed in fresh specimens in low light conditions once the [[Human eye|eye]] becomes [[Adaptation (eye)|dark-adapted]]. The whole mushroom does not glow—only the [[Lamella (mycology)|gills]] do so. This is due to an [[enzyme]] called [[luciferase]], acting upon a compound called [[luciferin]], leading to the emission of light much as [[Firefly|fireflies]] do when glowing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oliveira |first=Anderson G. |last2=Desjardin |first2=Dennis E. |last3=Perry |first3=Brian A. |last4=Stevani |first4=Cassius V. |date=2012-05-01 |title=Evidence that a single bioluminescent system is shared by all known bioluminescent fungal lineages |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1039/c2pp25032b |journal=Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=848–852 |doi=10.1039/c2pp25032b |issn=1474-9092}}</ref> <u>Bioluminescence has been shown to serve the purpose of reproduction of fungi by attracting insects to them to spread spores.</u><ref>{{Cite web |last=Michelson |first=Molly |last2= |date=26 March 2015 |title=Why Mushrooms Glow - California Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/why-mushrooms-glow#:~:text=“Regulation implies an adaptive function,can all be proud of! |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.calacademy.org |language=en}}</ref> <u>However, the jack-o'-lantern fungus does not use bioluminescence for the purpose of attracting insects, and studies on it have not yet determined the exact purpose it serves.</u><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jack-O'-Lantern Mushroom |url=https://yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/article/2005/11-9/jack.html |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Yard and Garden |language=en}}</ref> |
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<u>Identifiable characteristics include true, sharp, [[decurrent]], non-forking gills.</u><ref name=":1" />''(taken from the original first sentence of the similar species section, which I got rid of and rearranged.)^'' <u>The smell of these mushrooms is non-distinctive.</u> <u>Cap size can range from 4-12 cm in diameter. The jack-o'-lantern stem can vary between 1-2 cm in thickness and 3.5-9 cm in total length from attachment to cap to base of stem.</u><ref name=":0" /> |
<u>Identifiable characteristics include true, sharp, [[decurrent]], non-forking gills.</u><ref name=":1" />''(taken from the original first sentence of the similar species section, which I got rid of and rearranged.)^'' <u>The smell of these mushrooms is non-distinctive.</u> <u>[[Pileus (mycology)|Cap]] size can range from 4-12 cm in diameter. The jack-o'-lantern [[Stipe (mycology)|stem]] can vary between 1-2 cm in thickness and 3.5-9 cm in total length from attachment to cap to base of stem.</u><ref name=":0" /> |
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'''''Distribution and Habitat''''' |
'''''Distribution and Habitat''''' |
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<u>''Omphalotus olearius'' are |
<u>''Omphalotus olearius'' are an uncommon find, and can be seen in the summer and fall seasons (July-October), in regions of southern Europe. This includes southern France, the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and other Mediterranean countries.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Omphalotus olearius, Mushroom identification |url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/omphalotus-olearius.php |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.first-nature.com}}</ref></u> <u>It has also been reported from the [[Western Cape|Western Cape Province]], [[South Africa]].</u> ''(Taken from the lead section, and moved here.)'' <u>Clusters of jack-o'-lantern mushrooms can be found in forests that are abundant in majority deciduous trees. The roots, decaying stumps, and bases of hardwoods are where they grow, particularly on the decaying roots of olive trees.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /></u> |
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<u>Clusters of jack-o'-lantern mushrooms can be found in forests that are abundant in hardwoods. The buried roots, decaying stumps, and bases of hardwoods are where they grow, especially on the decaying roots of olive trees.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /></u> |
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'''''Similar Species''''' |
'''''Similar Species''''' |
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<u>Several |
<u>Several species of chanterelles that may be confused with the jack-o'-lantern fungi. A characteristic that distinguishes the chanterelles and the jack-o'-lantern is the appearance of the gills. Jack-o'-lanterns have sharp, bendable, paper-like gills; chanterelles, however, have false gills that take the appearance of blunt ridges.</u><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jack-o'-Lantern |url=https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/jack-o-lantern |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Missouri Department of Conservation |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, if the jack-o'-lantern's stem is peeled, the inside is <u>the same shade of orange as the outer flesh</u>, while the chanterelle is paler inside the stem. |
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''[[Omphalotus illudens]]'' of eastern North America, and the Western jack-o'-lantern mushroom ''[[Omphalotus olivascens]]'' |
Two common species found in southern to central [[California]] are ''[[Omphalotus illudens]]'' of eastern North America, and the Western jack-o'-lantern mushroom, ''[[Omphalotus olivascens]].'' Both of these species are poisonous. <u>The similarly poisonous mushroom Tsukiyotake (''[[Omphalotus japonicus]]'', formerly known as ''Lampteromyces japonicus),'' can be found in [[Japan]] and eastern [[Asia]] and is also bioluminescent and contains the same poison, [[illudin]].</u> |
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=== References === |
=== References === |
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Article Draft
[edit]Lead
[edit]Omphalotus olearius,[1] commonly known as the jack-o'-lantern mushroom, is a poisonous orange gilled mushroom that to an untrained eye appears similar to some chanterelles. It is notable for its bioluminescent properties. It is found in woodland areas in Europe, where it grows on decaying stumps, on buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees. A similar, but phylogenetically distinct species found in eastern North America is Omphalotus illudens.
Unlike chanterelles, Omphalotus olearius and other Omphalotus species contain the toxin illudin S, and are poisonous to humans. While not typically lethal, consuming this mushroom leads to very severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.[2][3] (Addition of "typically" and added 2 citations for reference.)
Article body
[edit]Description
Omphalotus olearius is the same shade of orange internally and externally. It does not change when bruised or sliced.[4] This helps to distinguish it from visibly similar species. Its bioluminescence, a blue-green color, can be observed in fresh specimens in low light conditions once the eye becomes dark-adapted. The whole mushroom does not glow—only the gills do so. This is due to an enzyme called luciferase, acting upon a compound called luciferin, leading to the emission of light much as fireflies do when glowing.[5] Bioluminescence has been shown to serve the purpose of reproduction of fungi by attracting insects to them to spread spores.[6] However, the jack-o'-lantern fungus does not use bioluminescence for the purpose of attracting insects, and studies on it have not yet determined the exact purpose it serves.[7]
Identifiable characteristics include true, sharp, decurrent, non-forking gills.[8](taken from the original first sentence of the similar species section, which I got rid of and rearranged.)^ The smell of these mushrooms is non-distinctive. Cap size can range from 4-12 cm in diameter. The jack-o'-lantern stem can vary between 1-2 cm in thickness and 3.5-9 cm in total length from attachment to cap to base of stem.[4]
Distribution and Habitat
Omphalotus olearius are an uncommon find, and can be seen in the summer and fall seasons (July-October), in regions of southern Europe. This includes southern France, the Iberian Peninsula, and other Mediterranean countries.[9] It has also been reported from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. (Taken from the lead section, and moved here.) Clusters of jack-o'-lantern mushrooms can be found in forests that are abundant in majority deciduous trees. The roots, decaying stumps, and bases of hardwoods are where they grow, particularly on the decaying roots of olive trees.[9][4]
Similar Species
Several species of chanterelles that may be confused with the jack-o'-lantern fungi. A characteristic that distinguishes the chanterelles and the jack-o'-lantern is the appearance of the gills. Jack-o'-lanterns have sharp, bendable, paper-like gills; chanterelles, however, have false gills that take the appearance of blunt ridges.[8] Furthermore, if the jack-o'-lantern's stem is peeled, the inside is the same shade of orange as the outer flesh, while the chanterelle is paler inside the stem.
Two common species found in southern to central California are Omphalotus illudens of eastern North America, and the Western jack-o'-lantern mushroom, Omphalotus olivascens. Both of these species are poisonous. The similarly poisonous mushroom Tsukiyotake (Omphalotus japonicus, formerly known as Lampteromyces japonicus), can be found in Japan and eastern Asia and is also bioluminescent and contains the same poison, illudin.
References
[edit]- ^ Singer R (1948) In: Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 32: 133 ('1946').
- ^ Vanden Hoek, T. L.; Erickson, T.; Hryhorczuk, D.; Narasimhan, K. (May 1991). "Jack o'lantern mushroom poisoning". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 559–561. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81617-8. ISSN 0196-0644. PMID 2024797.
- ^ French, A. L.; Garrettson, L. K. (1988). "Poisoning with the North American Jack O'Lantern mushroom, Omphalotus illudens". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 26 (1–2): 81–88. doi:10.3109/15563658808995399. ISSN 0731-3810. PMID 3290510.
- ^ a b c Kuo, Michael (8 September 2023). "Omphalotus olearius (MushroomExpert.Com)". www.mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
- ^ Oliveira, Anderson G.; Desjardin, Dennis E.; Perry, Brian A.; Stevani, Cassius V. (2012-05-01). "Evidence that a single bioluminescent system is shared by all known bioluminescent fungal lineages". Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 11 (5): 848–852. doi:10.1039/c2pp25032b. ISSN 1474-9092.
- ^ Michelson, Molly (26 March 2015). "Why Mushrooms Glow - California Academy of Sciences". www.calacademy.org. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
- ^ "The Jack-O'-Lantern Mushroom". Yard and Garden. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
- ^ a b "Jack-o'-Lantern". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
- ^ a b "Omphalotus olearius, Mushroom identification". www.first-nature.com. Retrieved 2024-11-12.