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The '''Focke-Wulf Fw 61''' was the first successful, practical, and fully controllable [[helicopter]], first flown in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Berend G. van der |last2=Harris |first2=Franklin D. |date=September 1, 2022 |title=Henrich Focke —Inventor of the First Successful Helicopter |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220014586 |website=ntrs.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aerospace industry - Interwar, Aircraft, Innovation {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/aerospace-industry/Between-the-wars |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Henrich Focke |url=https://sandiegoairandspace.org/hall-of-fame/honoree/henrich-focke |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=sandiegoairandspace.org}}</ref> It was also known as the '''Fa 61''', as Focke began a new company—[[Focke-Achgelis]]—in 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Focke-Achgelis-EN |url=https://www.hubschraubermuseum.de/index.php/en/?view=article&id=253:focke-achgelis |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.hubschraubermuseum.de}}</ref>
The '''Focke-Wulf Fw 61''' is often considered the first practical, functional [[helicopter]], first flown in 1936.<ref name="air-1" /> It was also known as the '''Fa 61''', as Focke began a new company—[[Focke-Achgelis]]—in 1937.{{cn|date=June 2021}}


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
[[File:DBP 1979 1008 Jugendmarke Focke-Wulf FW 61 1936.jpg|thumb|Fw 61 on a [[Deutsche Bundespost]] postage stamp, 1979]]
[[File:DBP 1979 1008 Jugendmarke Focke-Wulf FW 61 1936.jpg|thumb|Fw 61 on a [[Deutsche Bundespost]] postage stamp, 1979]]
Professor [[Henrich Focke]], through his development of the [[Fw 186]], and through the efforts of producing the [[Cierva C.19|C.19]] and [[Cierva C.30A Autogiro|C.30 autogyro]]s under licence,<ref name="Ford">{{cite book|last1=Ford|first1=Roger|title=Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II|date=2013|publisher=Amber Books|location=London|isbn=9781909160569|pages=224}}</ref> came to the conclusion that the limitations of [[autogyro]]s could be eliminated only by an aircraft with a powered rotor, the helicopter. He and engineer [[Gerd Achgelis]] started the design for this helicopter in 1932. A free-flying model, built in 1934 and propelled by a small two-stroke engine, brought the promise of success. Today, the model can be seen in the [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]].{{cn|date=June 2020}}
Professor [[Henrich Focke]], through his development of the [[Fw 186]], and through the efforts of producing the [[Cierva C.19|C.19]] and [[Cierva C.30A Autogiro|C.30 autogyro]]s under licence,<ref name="Ford">{{cite book|last1=Ford|first1=Roger|title=Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II|date=2013|publisher=Amber Books|location=London|isbn=9781909160569|pages=224}}</ref> came to the conclusion that the limitations of [[autogyro]]s could be eliminated only by an aircraft with a powered rotor, the helicopter. He and engineer [[Gerd Achgelis]] started the design for this helicopter in 1932. A free-flying model, built in 1934 and propelled by a small two-stroke engine, brought the promise of success. Today, the model can be seen in the [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Focke |first=Henrich |date=April 1939 |title=Development of the Focke Helicopter |url=https://cybra.lodz.pl/Content/6245/v61no3_1939.pdf |journal=Journal of Fluids Engineering |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=187 |via=Łódzka Regionalna Biblioteka Cyfrowa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Study model of the Fw 61 helicopter |url=https://digital.deutsches-museum.de/de/digital-catalogue/collection-object/68305/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=digital.deutsches-museum.de |language=de}}</ref>


On 9 February 1935, Focke received an order for the building of a [[prototype]], which was designated the Fw 61; Focke referred to it as the F 61. Roluf Lucht of the technical office of the [[Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)|RLM]] extended the order for a second aircraft on 19 December 1935. The [[airframe]] was based on that of a well-tried training aircraft, the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 44]] ''Stieglitz''.{{cn|date=June 2020}}
On 9 February 1935, Focke received an order for the building of a [[prototype]], which was designated the Fw 61; Focke referred to it as the F 61. Roluf Lucht of the technical office of the [[Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)|RLM]] extended the order for a second aircraft on 19 December 1935. The [[airframe]] was based on that of a well-tried training aircraft, the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 44]] ''Stieglitz''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Focke-Wulf Fw 44J Stieglitz |url=https://www.militaryaviationmuseum.org/aircraft/focke-wulf-fw-44j-stiegltiz/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Military Aviation Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>


Using rotor technology licensed from the [[Cierva Autogiro Company]], a single [[radial engine]] drove twin rotors, set on tubular steel outriggers to the left and right of the [[fuselage]].<ref name="Ford" /> Each main rotor consisted of three articulated and tapered blades, driven by the engine through gears and shafts. Longitudinal and directional control was achieved using cyclic pitch and asymmetric rotor lift.<ref name=aviastar>{{Cite journal|journal=German Aircraft of the Second World War|url=http://www.aviastar.org/helicopters_eng/fw-61.php|author=J.R.Smith|author2=Antony L. Kay |date=1972 |title=Focke-Wulf Fw 61|access-date= 6 June 2015}}</ref>
Using rotor technology licensed from the [[Cierva Autogiro Company]], a single [[radial engine]] drove twin rotors, set on tubular steel outriggers to the left and right of the [[fuselage]].<ref name="Ford" /> Each main rotor consisted of three articulated and tapered blades, driven by the engine through gears and shafts. Longitudinal and directional control was achieved using cyclic pitch and asymmetric rotor lift.<ref name=aviastar>{{Cite journal|journal=German Aircraft of the Second World War|url=http://www.aviastar.org/helicopters_eng/fw-61.php|author=J.R.Smith|author2=Antony L. Kay |date=1972 |title=Focke-Wulf Fw 61|access-date= 6 June 2015}}</ref>
The [[Contra-rotating rotors|counter-rotation]] of the two rotors solved the problem of [[torque]]-reaction as also shown by [[Louis Bréguet]]. The small horizontal-axis propeller directly driven by the engine was purely to provide the necessary airflow to cool the engine during low speed or hovering flight and provided negligible forward thrust.<ref name=F_328>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938 - 1076.html|author=J.R. Smith|author2=Antony L. Kay |date=21 April 1938 |pages=380–383 |title=Helicopter Progress }}</ref><ref name="Ford" />
The [[Contra-rotating rotors|counter-rotation]] of the two rotors solved the problem of [[torque]]-reaction as also shown by [[Louis Bréguet]]. The small horizontal-axis propeller directly driven by the engine was purely to provide the necessary airflow to cool the engine during low speed or hovering flight and provided negligible forward thrust.<ref name=F_328>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938 - 1076.html|author=J.R. Smith|author2=Antony L. Kay |date=21 April 1938 |pages=380–383 |title=Helicopter Progress }}</ref><ref name="Ford" />


Only two aircraft were produced.<ref name="air-1" /> The first prototype, the V 1 D-EBVU, had its first free flight on 26 June 1936 with [[Ewald Rohlfs]] at the controls.<ref name=F_328/> By early 1937, the second prototype, V 2 D-EKRA, was completed and flown for its first flight. On 10 May 1937, it accomplished its first [[Autorotation (helicopter)|autorotation]] landing with the engine turned off.{{cn|date=June 2021}}
Only two aircraft were produced.<ref name="air-1" /> The first prototype, the V 1 D-EBVU, had its first free flight on 26 June 1936 with [[Ewald Rohlfs]] at the controls.<ref name=F_328/> By early 1937, the second prototype, V 2 D-EKRA, was completed and flown for its first flight.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Michael John Haddrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdCa_zplDycC&newbks=0 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters |date=1984 |publisher=Exeter Books |isbn=978-0-671-07149-3 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> On 10 May 1937, it accomplished its first [[Autorotation (helicopter)|autorotation]] landing with the engine turned off.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hirschberg |first=Michael J. |date=1999 |title=A Perspective on the First Century of Vertical Flight |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44729509 |journal=SAE Transactions |volume=108 |pages=1120 |issn=0096-736X |via=JSTOR}}</ref>


Focke-Achgelis began work on a two-seat sports version of the Fw 61, the ''Fa 224'', which would have used an Argus As 10C engine and had greater performance. However, the Fa 224 never left the drawing board at the outbreak of World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_focke-achgelis_Fa_224.html|title = Focke-Achgelis Fa 224}}</ref>
Focke-Achgelis began work on a two-seat sports version of the Fw 61, the ''Fa 224'', which would have used an Argus As 10C engine and had greater performance. However, the Fa 224 never left the drawing board at the outbreak of World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_focke-achgelis_Fa_224.html|title = Focke-Achgelis Fa 224}}</ref>
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[[File:Focke-Wulf Fw 61 vr.jpg|thumb|right|A [[replica]] of Fw 61, [[ILA Berlin Air Show|ILA]] 2006 at the [[Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg|Hubschraubermuseum]] in [[Bückeburg]]]]
[[File:Focke-Wulf Fw 61 vr.jpg|thumb|right|A [[replica]] of Fw 61, [[ILA Berlin Air Show|ILA]] 2006 at the [[Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg|Hubschraubermuseum]] in [[Bückeburg]]]]
In February 1938, the Fw 61 was demonstrated by [[Hanna Reitsch]] indoors at the ''[[Deutschlandhalle]]'' sports stadium in Berlin, Germany.<ref name="Ruffin">Ruffin 2005, p. 19.</ref><ref name="fs">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Frank |title=Legacy of Wings; The Harold F. Pitcairn Story |date=1981 |publisher=Jason Aronson, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=0876684851 |pages=261–262}}</ref>
In February 1938, the Fw 61 was demonstrated by [[Hanna Reitsch]] indoors at the ''[[Deutschlandhalle]]'' sports stadium in Berlin, Germany.<ref name="Ruffin">Ruffin 2005, p. 19.</ref><ref name="fs">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Frank |title=Legacy of Wings; The Harold F. Pitcairn Story |date=1981 |publisher=Jason Aronson, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=0876684851 |pages=261–262}}</ref>
It subsequently set several records for [[altitude]], [[speed]] and flight [[Time|duration]] culminating, in June 1938, with an [[Flight altitude record|altitude record]] of 3,427&nbsp;m (11,243&nbsp;ft),<ref name="Ford" /> breaking the unofficial {{cvt|605|m}} altitude record of the [[TsAGI 1-EA]] single lift-rotor helicopter from the Soviet Union set in August 1932, and a straight line flight record of 230&nbsp;km (143&nbsp;mi).{{cn|date=June 2021}}
It subsequently set several records for [[altitude]], [[speed]] and flight [[Time|duration]] culminating, in June 1938, with an [[Flight altitude record|altitude record]] of 3,427&nbsp;m (11,243&nbsp;ft),<ref name="Ford" /> breaking the unofficial {{cvt|605|m}} altitude record of the [[Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute|TsAGI]] 1-EA single lift-rotor helicopter from the Soviet Union set on 14 August 1932,<ref>{{Cite web |title=TsAGI centenary in the history of aviation:TsAGI 1-EA helicopter - News - Press-center - TsAGI |url=https://www.tsagi.ru/en/pressroom/news/3929/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.tsagi.ru}}</ref> and a straight line flight record of 230&nbsp;km (143&nbsp;mi).<ref name=":0" />


Neither of these machines appear to have survived [[World War II]], although a replica is on display at the [[Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg|Hubschraubermuseum]] in [[Bückeburg]], Germany.{{cn|date=June 2021}}
Neither of these machines appear to have survived [[World War II]], although a replica is on display at the [[Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg|Hubschraubermuseum]] in [[Bückeburg]], Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Focke Wulf Fw-61 (replica), c/n V-2, c/r D-EKRA |url=https://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=23128 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.aerialvisuals.ca}}</ref>


==Specifications (Fw 61)==
==Specifications (Fw 61)==
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[[Category:1930s German experimental aircraft]]
[[Category:1930s German experimental aircraft]]
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[[Category:Military helicopters]]
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[[Category:World War II helicopters of Germany]]
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[[Category:Focke-Wulf aircraft|Fw 061]]
[[Category:1930s German helicopters]]
[[Category:1930s German helicopters]]
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[[Category:Transverse rotor helicopters]]
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[[Category:Single-engined piston helicopters]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1936]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1936]]
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[[Category:Focke-Wulf aircraft|Fw 061]]
[[Category:German inventions of the Nazi period]]
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[[Category:Military helicopters]]
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[[Category:Single-engined piston helicopters]]
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[[Category:Transverse rotor helicopters]]
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[[Category:World War II helicopters of Germany]]

Revision as of 16:44, 31 May 2024

Fw 61
Fw 61, which Hanna Reitsch flew
Role Helicopter
Manufacturer Focke-Wulf
Focke-Achgelis
First flight 26 June 1936
Introduction 1936
Primary user Nazi Germany
Number built 2[1]

The Focke-Wulf Fw 61 was the first successful, practical, and fully controllable helicopter, first flown in 1936.[2][3][4] It was also known as the Fa 61, as Focke began a new company—Focke-Achgelis—in 1937.[5]

Design and development

Fw 61 on a Deutsche Bundespost postage stamp, 1979

Professor Henrich Focke, through his development of the Fw 186, and through the efforts of producing the C.19 and C.30 autogyros under licence,[6] came to the conclusion that the limitations of autogyros could be eliminated only by an aircraft with a powered rotor, the helicopter. He and engineer Gerd Achgelis started the design for this helicopter in 1932. A free-flying model, built in 1934 and propelled by a small two-stroke engine, brought the promise of success. Today, the model can be seen in the Deutsches Museum in Munich.[7][8]

On 9 February 1935, Focke received an order for the building of a prototype, which was designated the Fw 61; Focke referred to it as the F 61. Roluf Lucht of the technical office of the RLM extended the order for a second aircraft on 19 December 1935. The airframe was based on that of a well-tried training aircraft, the Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz.[9]

Using rotor technology licensed from the Cierva Autogiro Company, a single radial engine drove twin rotors, set on tubular steel outriggers to the left and right of the fuselage.[6] Each main rotor consisted of three articulated and tapered blades, driven by the engine through gears and shafts. Longitudinal and directional control was achieved using cyclic pitch and asymmetric rotor lift.[10] The counter-rotation of the two rotors solved the problem of torque-reaction as also shown by Louis Bréguet. The small horizontal-axis propeller directly driven by the engine was purely to provide the necessary airflow to cool the engine during low speed or hovering flight and provided negligible forward thrust.[11][6]

Only two aircraft were produced.[1] The first prototype, the V 1 D-EBVU, had its first free flight on 26 June 1936 with Ewald Rohlfs at the controls.[11] By early 1937, the second prototype, V 2 D-EKRA, was completed and flown for its first flight.[12] On 10 May 1937, it accomplished its first autorotation landing with the engine turned off.[13]

Focke-Achgelis began work on a two-seat sports version of the Fw 61, the Fa 224, which would have used an Argus As 10C engine and had greater performance. However, the Fa 224 never left the drawing board at the outbreak of World War II.[14]

Operational history

A replica of Fw 61, ILA 2006 at the Hubschraubermuseum in Bückeburg

In February 1938, the Fw 61 was demonstrated by Hanna Reitsch indoors at the Deutschlandhalle sports stadium in Berlin, Germany.[15][16] It subsequently set several records for altitude, speed and flight duration culminating, in June 1938, with an altitude record of 3,427 m (11,243 ft),[6] breaking the unofficial 605 m (1,985 ft) altitude record of the TsAGI 1-EA single lift-rotor helicopter from the Soviet Union set on 14 August 1932,[17] and a straight line flight record of 230 km (143 mi).[13]

Neither of these machines appear to have survived World War II, although a replica is on display at the Hubschraubermuseum in Bückeburg, Germany.[18]

Specifications (Fw 61)

Orthographic projection of the Fw 61 V2
Orthographic projection of the Fw 61 V2

Data from Aircraft of the Third Reich[19]

General characteristics

  • Crew: one
  • Length: 7.3 m (23 ft 11 in) fuselage only
  • Height: 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in)
  • Empty weight: 800 kg (1,764 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 950 kg (2,094 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Bramo Sh.14A 7-cyl. air-cooled radial piston engine, 119 kW (160 hp)
  • Main rotor diameter: 2 × 7 m (23 ft 0 in)
  • Main rotor area: 76.97 m2 (828.5 sq ft)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 112 km/h (70 mph, 60 kn) at sea level
  • Cruise speed: 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kn)
  • Range: 230 km (140 mi, 120 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 3,427 m (11,243 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 3.50 m/s (689 ft/min)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Goebel, Greg. "European Helicopter Pioneers." vectorsite.net. Retrieved: 10 October 2015.[unreliable source?]
  2. ^ Wall, Berend G. van der; Harris, Franklin D. (1 September 2022). "Henrich Focke —Inventor of the First Successful Helicopter". ntrs.nasa.gov.
  3. ^ "Aerospace industry - Interwar, Aircraft, Innovation | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  4. ^ "Henrich Focke". sandiegoairandspace.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  5. ^ "Focke-Achgelis-EN". www.hubschraubermuseum.de. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d Ford, Roger (2013). Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II. London: Amber Books. p. 224. ISBN 9781909160569.
  7. ^ Focke, Henrich (April 1939). "Development of the Focke Helicopter" (PDF). Journal of Fluids Engineering. 61 (3): 187 – via Łódzka Regionalna Biblioteka Cyfrowa.
  8. ^ "Study model of the Fw 61 helicopter". digital.deutsches-museum.de (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  9. ^ "Focke-Wulf Fw 44J Stieglitz". Military Aviation Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  10. ^ J.R.Smith; Antony L. Kay (1972). "Focke-Wulf Fw 61". German Aircraft of the Second World War. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  11. ^ a b J.R. Smith; Antony L. Kay (21 April 1938). "Helicopter Progress". Flight: 380–383.
  12. ^ Taylor, Michael John Haddrick (1984). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. Exeter Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-671-07149-3.
  13. ^ a b Hirschberg, Michael J. (1999). "A Perspective on the First Century of Vertical Flight". SAE Transactions. 108: 1120. ISSN 0096-736X – via JSTOR.
  14. ^ "Focke-Achgelis Fa 224".
  15. ^ Ruffin 2005, p. 19.
  16. ^ Smith, Frank (1981). Legacy of Wings; The Harold F. Pitcairn Story. New York: Jason Aronson, Inc. pp. 261–262. ISBN 0876684851.
  17. ^ "TsAGI centenary in the history of aviation:TsAGI 1-EA helicopter - News - Press-center - TsAGI". www.tsagi.ru. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  18. ^ "Focke Wulf Fw-61 (replica), c/n V-2, c/r D-EKRA". www.aerialvisuals.ca. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  19. ^ Green 2010, pp. 356–357.

Bibliography

  • Coates, Steve and Jean-Christophe Carbonel. Helicopters of the Third Reich. Crowborough, UK: Classic Publications Ltd., 2002. ISBN 1-903223-24-5.
  • Green, William. Aircraft of the Third Reich, Vol.1. London: Aerospace Publishing Limited, (First ed.) 2010. ISBN 978-1-900732-06-2.
  • Nowarra, Heinz J. German Helicopters, 1928–1945. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1990. ISBN 0-88740-289-5.
  • Ruffin, Steven A. Aviation's Most Wanted: The Top 10 book of Winged Wonders, Lucky Landings and Other Aerial Oddities. Washington D.C.: Potomac Books, 2005. ISBN 1-57488-674-6.
  • Smith, J. Richard. Focke-Wulf, an Aircraft Album. London: Ian Allan Ltd., 1973. ISBN 0-7110-0425-0.
  • Smith, J. Richard and Anthony Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1972 (3rd edition 1978). ISBN 0-370-00024-2.
  • Witkowski, Ryszard. Rotorcraft of the Third Reich. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2007. ISBN 978-83-89450-43-2.
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