Cranchia scabra: Difference between revisions
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'''''Cranchia scabra''''' is a species of [[glass squid]]. It is the only species in the [[genus]], and it is fairly small (about {{convert|150|mm|sp=us}}). The [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] is covered by large, multi-pointed [[cartilage]]nous tubercles. Cranchia |
'''''Cranchia scabra''''' is a species of [[glass squid]]. It is the only species in the [[genus]], and it is fairly small (about {{convert|150|mm|sp=us}}). The [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] is covered by large, multi-pointed [[cartilage]]nous tubercles. ''Cranchia scabra'' is often characterized by their complex tubercles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=Malcolm R. |date=October 1962 |title=Respiratory and Swimming Movements in the Cephalopod Cranchia Scabra |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/196351a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=196 |issue=4852 |pages=351–352 |doi=10.1038/196351a0 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Tubercles may vary from small and simple nodules, to large with a complex Maltese cross form.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dilly |first=P. N. |last2=Nixon |first2=Marion |date=July 1976 |title=The dermal tubercles of Cranchia scabra (Mollusca, Cephalopoda); surface structure and development |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02297.x |journal=Journal of Zoology |language=en |volume=179 |issue=3 |pages=291–295 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02297.x |issn=0952-8369}}</ref> The tubercles, presumably, provide some type of protection, but it is unclear what predators are affected and how. When disturbed, the squid often pulls its head and [[cephalopod arm|arm]]s into the mantle cavity and folds its fins tightly against the mantle to form a turgid ball. In addition, the squid may [[cephalopod ink|ink]] into the mantle cavity, making the ball opaque. This was thought to be an aberrant behavior due to the stress and confinement of shipboard aquaria, until the same inking behavior was seen in cranchiids from submersibles. The function of this behavior is unknown.<ref name = ToL>{{cite web | author1 = Richard E. Young | author2-link = Katharina Mangold-Wirz | author2 = Katharina M. Mangold | url = http://tolweb.org/Cranchia_scabra/19542 | title = ''Cranchia scabra'' Leach 1817 | publisher = The Tree of Life Web Project | accessdate = 26 February 2018 | author1-link = Richard E. Young }}.</ref> |
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The genus contains bioluminescent species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=Peter J. |title=Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms |journal=Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence |date=1987 |issue=3|volume=1 |pages=147–163|doi=10.1002/bio.1170010303 |pmid=3503524 }}</ref> It is named for [[John Cranch (naturalist)|John Cranch]].<ref name="Damkaer">{{cite book |author=David M. Damkaer |year=2002 |title=The Copepodologist's Cabinet: A Biographical and Bibliographical History, Volume 1 |series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 240 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-87169-240-5 |chapter=Adding pages |pages=131–155 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA147}}</ref><ref name=White>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Adam |title=A Popular History of British Crustacea; Comprising a Familiar Account of Their Classification and Habits |date=1857 |publisher=Lovell Reeve |pages=249–250 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50322#page/9/mode/1up}}</ref> |
The genus contains bioluminescent species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=Peter J. |title=Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms |journal=Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence |date=1987 |issue=3|volume=1 |pages=147–163|doi=10.1002/bio.1170010303 |pmid=3503524 }}</ref> It is named for [[John Cranch (naturalist)|John Cranch]].<ref name="Damkaer">{{cite book |author=David M. Damkaer |year=2002 |title=The Copepodologist's Cabinet: A Biographical and Bibliographical History, Volume 1 |series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 240 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-87169-240-5 |chapter=Adding pages |pages=131–155 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA147}}</ref><ref name=White>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Adam |title=A Popular History of British Crustacea; Comprising a Familiar Account of Their Classification and Habits |date=1857 |publisher=Lovell Reeve |pages=249–250 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50322#page/9/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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== Habitat and Distribution == |
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In terms of distribution, ''Cranchia scabra'' are distributed across the globe in tropical and subtropical open ocean waters. Paralarval and juvenile squids are found in the epipelagic to upper mesopelagic zones of the ocean while adult squids move into the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones up to 2000m deep.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cranchia scabra, Rough cranch squid |url=https://www.sealifebase.ca/summary/Cranchia-scabra.html#:~:text=Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical,north and south subtropical convergences. |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.sealifebase.ca}}</ref> |
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== Behavior == |
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=== Movement === |
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'''''C. scabra''''' are considered to be neutrally buoyant animals due to ammonia fluid in their cavities. They change orientation and position with rapid movement of their fins. In captivity, ''C. scabra'' has been shown to contract its mantle which caused rapid backward movements over a distance of 3-4 body-lengths. Immediately after these contractions, the mantle maintained its contracted shape, but slowly recovered its original, globular shape. Since the mantle shape was very slowly regained and these contractions are used infrequently, researchers have suggested that these short movements are used as escape reactions rather than continuous movement. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=Malcolm R. |date=1962-10 |title=Respiratory and Swimming Movements in the Cephalopod Cranchia Scabra |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/196351a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=196 |issue=4852 |pages=351–352 |doi=10.1038/196351a0 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> |
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When disturbed, the squid often pulls its head and [[Cephalopod arm|arms]] into the mantle cavity and folds its fins tightly against the mantle to form a turgid ball. In addition, the squid may [[Cephalopod ink|ink]] into the mantle cavity, making the ball opaque. This was thought to be an aberrant behavior due to the stress and confinement of shipboard aquaria, until the same inking behavior was seen in cranchiids from submersibles. The exact function of this behavior is unknown, however inking could help them change color or be used as a chemical weapon against any predators.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Creature Feature: Glass squid |url=https://twilightzone.whoi.edu/explore-the-otz/creature-features/glass-squid/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=https://twilightzone.whoi.edu/ |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Growth == |
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'''''Cranchia scabra''''' are some of the fastest growing squids. During the first 4-5 months of their development, '''''C. scabra''''' feed and grow very rapidly in epipelagic waters. They move into deeper waters to mature and spawn. Statoliths are calcareous structures found in cephalopods which detect body accelerations throughout movement. There are two growth zones in statolith microstructures: translucent postnuclear and pale white opaque. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arhipkin |first=Alexander. |date=1962-10 |title=Age and growth of planktonic squids in Cranchia scabra and Liocranchia reinhardti (Cephalopoda, Cranchiidae) in epipelagic waters of the central-east Atlantic |url=https://academic.oup.com/plankt/article/18/9/1675/1515104 |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |language=en |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1675-1683 |doi=10.1093/plankt/18.9.1675 |issn=1464-3774}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 01:12, 27 March 2024
| Cranchia scabra | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Oegopsida |
| Family: | Cranchiidae |
| Subfamily: | Cranchiinae |
| Genus: | Cranchia Leach, 1817 |
| Species: | C. scabra
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| Binomial name | |
| Cranchia scabra | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Cranchia scabra is a species of glass squid. It is the only species in the genus, and it is fairly small (about 150 millimeters (5.9 in)). The mantle is covered by large, multi-pointed cartilagenous tubercles. Cranchia scabra is often characterized by their complex tubercles.[3] Tubercles may vary from small and simple nodules, to large with a complex Maltese cross form.[4] The tubercles, presumably, provide some type of protection, but it is unclear what predators are affected and how. When disturbed, the squid often pulls its head and arms into the mantle cavity and folds its fins tightly against the mantle to form a turgid ball. In addition, the squid may ink into the mantle cavity, making the ball opaque. This was thought to be an aberrant behavior due to the stress and confinement of shipboard aquaria, until the same inking behavior was seen in cranchiids from submersibles. The function of this behavior is unknown.[5]
The genus contains bioluminescent species.[6] It is named for John Cranch.[7][8]
Habitat and Distribution
In terms of distribution, Cranchia scabra are distributed across the globe in tropical and subtropical open ocean waters. Paralarval and juvenile squids are found in the epipelagic to upper mesopelagic zones of the ocean while adult squids move into the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones up to 2000m deep.[9]
Behavior
Movement
C. scabra are considered to be neutrally buoyant animals due to ammonia fluid in their cavities. They change orientation and position with rapid movement of their fins. In captivity, C. scabra has been shown to contract its mantle which caused rapid backward movements over a distance of 3-4 body-lengths. Immediately after these contractions, the mantle maintained its contracted shape, but slowly recovered its original, globular shape. Since the mantle shape was very slowly regained and these contractions are used infrequently, researchers have suggested that these short movements are used as escape reactions rather than continuous movement. [10]
When disturbed, the squid often pulls its head and arms into the mantle cavity and folds its fins tightly against the mantle to form a turgid ball. In addition, the squid may ink into the mantle cavity, making the ball opaque. This was thought to be an aberrant behavior due to the stress and confinement of shipboard aquaria, until the same inking behavior was seen in cranchiids from submersibles. The exact function of this behavior is unknown, however inking could help them change color or be used as a chemical weapon against any predators.[11]
Growth
Cranchia scabra are some of the fastest growing squids. During the first 4-5 months of their development, C. scabra feed and grow very rapidly in epipelagic waters. They move into deeper waters to mature and spawn. Statoliths are calcareous structures found in cephalopods which detect body accelerations throughout movement. There are two growth zones in statolith microstructures: translucent postnuclear and pale white opaque. [12]
References
- ^ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Cranchia scabra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T162941A955561. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T162941A955561.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b Julian Finn (2016). "Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
- ^ Clarke, Malcolm R. (October 1962). "Respiratory and Swimming Movements in the Cephalopod Cranchia Scabra". Nature. 196 (4852): 351–352. doi:10.1038/196351a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ^ Dilly, P. N.; Nixon, Marion (July 1976). "The dermal tubercles of Cranchia scabra (Mollusca, Cephalopoda); surface structure and development". Journal of Zoology. 179 (3): 291–295. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02297.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
- ^ Richard E. Young; Katharina M. Mangold. "Cranchia scabra Leach 1817". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 26 February 2018..
- ^ Herring, Peter J. (1987). "Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms". Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. 1 (3): 147–163. doi:10.1002/bio.1170010303. PMID 3503524.
- ^ David M. Damkaer (2002). "Adding pages". The Copepodologist's Cabinet: A Biographical and Bibliographical History, Volume 1. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 240. American Philosophical Society. pp. 131–155. ISBN 978-0-87169-240-5.
- ^ White, Adam (1857). A Popular History of British Crustacea; Comprising a Familiar Account of Their Classification and Habits. Lovell Reeve. pp. 249–250.
- ^ "Cranchia scabra, Rough cranch squid". www.sealifebase.ca. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
- ^ Clarke, Malcolm R. (1962-10). "Respiratory and Swimming Movements in the Cephalopod Cranchia Scabra". Nature. 196 (4852): 351–352. doi:10.1038/196351a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Creature Feature: Glass squid". https://twilightzone.whoi.edu/. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
{{cite web}}: External link in|website= - ^ Arhipkin, Alexander. (1962-10). "Age and growth of planktonic squids in Cranchia scabra and Liocranchia reinhardti (Cephalopoda, Cranchiidae) in epipelagic waters of the central-east Atlantic". Journal of Plankton Research. 18 (9): 1675–1683. doi:10.1093/plankt/18.9.1675. ISSN 1464-3774.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)
External links
- "CephBase: Cranchia scabra". Archived from the original on 2005-08-17.
- Tree of Life web project: Cranchia scabra
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