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The '''Basel Committee on Banking Supervision''' ('''BCBS''')<ref>[http://www.bis.org/bcbs Basel Committee on Banking Supervision]</ref> is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the [[central bank]] governors of the [[Group of Ten (economic)|Group of Ten]] (G10) countries in 1974.<ref>See the "History of the Basel Committee and its Membership" in http://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.pdf</ref> The committee expanded its membership in 2009 and then again in 2014. As of 2019, the BCBS has 45 members from 28 jurisdictions, consisting of central banks and authorities with responsibility of banking regulation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bis.org/bcbs/membership.htm/ |title=Basel Committee membership |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919225419/https://www.bis.org/bcbs/membership.htm |archive-date=19 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The '''Basel Committee on Banking Supervision''' ('''BCBS''')<ref>[http://www.bis.org/bcbs Basel Committee on Banking Supervision]</ref> is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the [[central bank]] governors of the [[Group of Ten (economic)|Group of Ten]] (G10) countries in 1974.<ref>See the "History of the Basel Committee and its Membership" in http://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.pdf</ref> The committee expanded its membership in 2009 and then again in 2014. As of 2019, the BCBS has 45 members from 28 jurisdictions, consisting of central banks and authorities with responsibility of banking regulation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bis.org/bcbs/membership.htm/ |title=Basel Committee membership |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919225419/https://www.bis.org/bcbs/membership.htm |archive-date=19 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

⚫
The committee agrees on standards for bank capital, liquidity and funding. Those standards are non-binding high-level principles. Members are expected but not obliged to undertake effort to implement them e.g. through domestic regulation.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
⚫
The committee provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters. Its objective is to enhance understanding of key supervisory issues and improve the quality of banking supervision worldwide. The committee frames guidelines and standards in different areas – some of the better known among them are the international standards on capital adequacy, the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision and the Concordat on cross-border banking supervision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bis.org/bcbs/about.htm|title=About the Basel Committee|date=28 June 2011|website=bis.org|access-date=30 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034103/https://www.bis.org/bcbs/about.htm|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The committee's Secretariat is located at the [[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS) in [[Basel]], Switzerland. The BIS hosts and supports a number of international institutions engaged in standard setting and financial stability, one of which is BCBS. Yet like the other committees, BCBS has its own governance arrangements, reporting lines and agendas, guided by the [[central bank]] governors of the G10 countries.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.bis.org/stability.htm|title=About committees and associations|date=4 August 2005|website=bis.org}}</ref>


⚫
The committee provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters. Its objective is to enhance understanding of key supervisory issues and improve the quality of banking supervision worldwide. The committee frames guidelines and standards in different areas – some of the better known among them are the international standards on capital adequacy, the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision and the Concordat on cross-border banking supervision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bis.org/bcbs/about.htm|title=About the Basel Committee|date=28 June 2011|website=bis.org|access-date=30 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034103/https://www.bis.org/bcbs/about.htm|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The committee's Secretariat is located at the [[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS) in [[Basel]], Switzerland. The BIS hosts and supports a number of international institutions engaged in standard setting and financial stability, one of which is BCBS. Yet like the other committees, BCBS has its own governance arrangements, reporting lines and agendas, guided by the [[central bank]] governors of the G10 countries.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.bis.org/stability.htm|title=About committees and associations|date=4 August 2005|website=bis.org}}</ref>
==Goals==

Globalization in banking and financial markets was not accompanied by global regulation. National regulators remained the most important actors in banking practices. They had a capacity problem and an information problem.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/globalbusinessre00brai|title=Global business regulation|last=Braithwaite, John.|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Drahos, Peter, 1955-|isbn=0521780330|location=Cambridge [England]|oclc=43719184|url-access=registration}}</ref> Therefore, the purpose of the BCBS is to encourage convergence toward common approaches and standards. The committee is not a classical multilateral organization, in part because it has no founding treaty. BCBS does not issue binding regulation; rather, it functions as an informal forum in which policy solutions and standards are developed.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1468-0491.2005.00294.x|title = Rules that Many Use: Standards and Global Regulation| journal=Governance| volume=18| issue=4| pages=611–632|year = 2005|last1 = Kerwer|first1 = Dieter}}</ref>
Globalization in banking and financial markets was not accompanied by global regulation. National regulators remained the most important actors in banking practices. They had a capacity problem and an information problem.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/globalbusinessre00brai|title=Global business regulation|last=Braithwaite, John.|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Drahos, Peter, 1955-|isbn=0521780330|location=Cambridge [England]|oclc=43719184|url-access=registration}}</ref> Therefore, the purpose of the BCBS is to encourage convergence toward common approaches and standards. The committee is not a classical multilateral organization, in part because it has no founding treaty. BCBS does not issue binding regulation; rather, it functions as an informal forum in which policy solutions and standards are developed.<ref>{{citation | doi=10.1111/j.1468-0491.2005.00294.x|title = Rules that Many Use: Standards and Global Regulation| journal=Governance| volume=18| issue=4| pages=611–632|year = 2005|last1 = Kerwer|first1 = Dieter}}</ref>


The Basel Committee formulates broad supervisory standards and guidelines and recommends statements of best practice in banking supervision (see [[bank regulation]] or "[[Basel III]] Accord", for example) in the expectation that member authorities and other nations' authorities will take steps to implement them through their own national systems.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
The Basel Committee formulates broad supervisory standards and guidelines and recommends statements of best practice in banking supervision (see [[bank regulation]] or "[[Basel III]] Accord", for example) in the expectation that member authorities and other nations' authorities will take steps to implement them through their own national systems.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}


==Organization==
==Membership==
⚫
The Basel committee along with its sister organizations, the [[International Organization of Securities Commissions]] and [[International Association of Insurance Supervisors]] together make up the [[Joint Forum]] of international financial regulators.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} However, the committee is not autonomous. Although it has latitude, its work is reported to the central bank governors of the G10. It cannot communicate conclusions, nor make proposals, to bodies outside the Bank for International Settlements without the general agreement and support of these governors.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision : a history of the early years, 1974-1997|last=Goodhart, C. A. E. (Charles Albert Eric)|isbn=9781139117739|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=769341794}}</ref>

From 2019 to 2022 the chairman of the committee was [[Pablo Hernández de Cos]], [[Governor of the Bank of Spain]].<ref>Caroline Binham (7 March 2019), [https://www.ft.com/content/c18becce-40df-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece Bank of Spain governor appointed head of Basel Committee for banks] ''[[Financial Times]]''.</ref> Neil Esho is Secretary General of the Basel Committee.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-12-27|title=Basel Committee organisation and governance|url=https://www.bis.org/bcbs/organ_and_gov.htm|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, [[Tiff Macklem]], [[Governor of the Bank of Canada]], took over as chairman of the committee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rendell |first=Mark |date=2022-04-01 |title=Bank of Canada's Tiff Macklem takes on new role overseeing global bank rules |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail|location=Toronto |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-bank-of-canada-tiff-macklem-chair-basel-committee/ |access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref>

===Member countries===
Currently, committee members come from [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hong Kong]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea|Korea]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Mexico]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Russia]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Turkey]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. The committee's Secretariat is located at the [[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS) in [[Basel]], Switzerland. However, the BIS and the Basel Committee remain two distinct entities.
Currently, committee members come from [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hong Kong]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea|Korea]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Mexico]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Russia]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Turkey]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. The committee's Secretariat is located at the [[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS) in [[Basel]], Switzerland. However, the BIS and the Basel Committee remain two distinct entities.


Until 2009, members included only developed countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{Cite book
Until 2009, members included only developed countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Chris Marrison | title = The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2002 | location = New York, New York | pages = 340–342 | isbn = 978-0-07-138627-2}}</ref>
| last = Marrison
| first = Chris
| author-link = Chris Marrison
| title = The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement
| publisher = McGraw Hill
| year = 2002
| location = New York, New York
| pages = 340–342
| isbn = 978-0-07-138627-2}}</ref>


===Groups===
==Organization==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2015}}
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2015}}

⚫
The Basel committee along with its sister organizations, the [[International Organization of Securities Commissions]] and [[International Association of Insurance Supervisors]] together make up the [[Joint Forum]] of international financial regulators.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} However, the committee is not autonomous. Although it has latitude, its work is reported to the central bank governors of the G10. It cannot communicate conclusions, nor make proposals, to bodies outside the Bank for International Settlements without the general agreement and support of these governors.<ref name=Goodhart>{{Cite book|title=The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision : a history of the early years, 1974-1997|last=Goodhart, C. A. E. (Charles Albert Eric)|isbn=9781139117739|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=769341794}}</ref>

The committee is sub-divided into groups, each of which have specific task forces to work on specific issues:
The committee is sub-divided into groups, each of which have specific task forces to work on specific issues:
*The Standards Implementation Group (SIG)
*The Standards Implementation Group (SIG)
Line 55: Line 44:
*The Basel Consultative Group (BCG): facilitates engagement between banking supervisors including dialogue with non-member countries
*The Basel Consultative Group (BCG): facilitates engagement between banking supervisors including dialogue with non-member countries


==Standards==
==Leadership==
===Chair of the Governors and Heads of Supervision===
⚫
The committee agrees on standards for bank capital, liquidity and funding. Those standards are non-binding high-level principles. Members are expected but not obliged to undertake effort to implement them e.g. through domestic regulation.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
* [[Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury|Mervyn King]] (United Kingdom), 2011-2017
* [[Mario Draghi]] (European Central Bank), 2013-2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Agustín Carstens to chair the BIS Economic Consultative Committee and the BIS Global Economy Meeting; Mario Draghi to chair the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision |url=https://www.bis.org/press/p130605.htm |date={{date|2013/06/05}} |website=Bank for International Settlements}}</ref>
* [[François Villeroy de Galhau]] (France), 2019-2022
* [[Tiff Macklem]] (Canada), since 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiff Macklem appointed Chair of the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision, oversight body of the Basel Committee |url=https://www.bis.org/press/p220401.htm |date={{date|2022/04/01}} |website=Bank for International Settlements}}</ref>

===Committee Chair===
* George Blunden (United Kingdom), 1975-1977
* Peter Cooke (UK), 1977-1988
* Huib Muller (Netherlands), 1988-1991
* Stig Danielsson (Sweden, acting), 1991{{R|Goodhart|p=88}}
* [[E. Gerald Corrigan|Gerald Corrigan]] (United States), 1991-1993
* [[Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa]] (Italy), 1993-1997
* {{ill|Tom de Swaan|nl}} (Netherlands), 1997-1998
* [[William Joseph McDonough|William McDonough]] (US), 1998-2003
* [[Jaime Caruana]] (Spain), 2003-2006
* [[Nout Wellink]] (Netherlands), 2006-2011
* [[Stefan Ingves]] (Sweden), 2011-2019
* [[Pablo Hernández de Cos]] (Spain), since 2019<ref name=OrgGov>{{cite web |title=Basel Committee organisation and governance |url=https://www.bis.org/bcbs/organ_and_gov.htm |website=Bank for International Settlements}}</ref>

===Secretary General===
* Michael Dealtry (United Kingdom), 1975-1984{{R|Goodhart|p=43}}
* Chris Thompson (UK), 1984-1988{{R|Goodhart|p=63}}
* Peter Hayward (UK), 1988-1992{{R|Goodhart|p=64}}
* Erik Musch (Netherlands), 1992-1997{{R|Goodhart|p=64}}
* [[Danièle Nouy]] (France), 1997-2003<ref>{{cite web|website=Politico |title=Danièle Nouy – Ideal candidate |author=Tim Jones |date={{date|2014/01/08}} |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ideal-candidate/}}</ref>
* Ryozo Himino (Japan), 2003-2006<ref>{{cite web |title=Ryozo Himino |url=https://www.fsb.org/profile/ryozo-himino/#:~:text=At the Basel Committee on,in 1983 (LL. B) |website=Financial Stability Board}}</ref>
* {{ill|Stefan Walter (finance){{!}}Stefan Walter|de|Stefan Walter (Finanzfachmann)}} (Germany / United States), 2006-2011<ref>{{cite web |date={{date|2024/01/24}} |url=https://www.finma.ch/en/news/2024/01/20240124-mm-direktor-finma/ |website=Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA |title=Stefan Walter to become new CEO of FINMA}}</ref>
* Wayne Byres (Australia), 2012-2014<ref>{{cite web |website=Australian Treasury |date={{date|2022/07/26}} |url=https://ministers.treasury.gov.au/ministers/jim-chalmers-2022/media-releases/chair-australian-prudential-regulation-authority |title=Chair of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority}}</ref>
* William Coen (US), 2014-2019<ref>{{cite web |title=William (Bill) Coen |url=https://www.torontocentre.org/Files/NewsResources/3-13-2020/Bill Coen Bio.pdf |year=2020 |website=Toronto Centre}}</ref>
* Carolyn Rogers (Canada), 2019-2022<ref>{{cite web |website=Bank of Canada |title=Carolyn Rogers, Senior Deputy Governor |url=https://www.bankofcanada.ca/profile/carolyn-rogers/ }}</ref>
* Neil Esho (Australia), since 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Neil Esho appointed Secretary General of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision |date={{date|2022/01/27}} |url=https://www.bis.org/press/p220127.htm |website=Bank for International Settlements}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Bank regulation]]
* [[Bank regulation]]
*[[Basel Accords]]
* [[Basel Accords]]
*[[BCBS 239]]
* [[BCBS 239]]
*[[Joint Forum]]
* [[Joint Forum]]
*[[Financial Stability Institute]]
* [[Financial Stability Institute]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:29, 25 January 2024

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The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS)[1] is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the central bank governors of the Group of Ten (G10) countries in 1974.[2] The committee expanded its membership in 2009 and then again in 2014. As of 2019, the BCBS has 45 members from 28 jurisdictions, consisting of central banks and authorities with responsibility of banking regulation.[3]

The committee agrees on standards for bank capital, liquidity and funding. Those standards are non-binding high-level principles. Members are expected but not obliged to undertake effort to implement them e.g. through domestic regulation.[citation needed]

Overview

The committee provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters. Its objective is to enhance understanding of key supervisory issues and improve the quality of banking supervision worldwide. The committee frames guidelines and standards in different areas – some of the better known among them are the international standards on capital adequacy, the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision and the Concordat on cross-border banking supervision.[4] The committee's Secretariat is located at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland. The BIS hosts and supports a number of international institutions engaged in standard setting and financial stability, one of which is BCBS. Yet like the other committees, BCBS has its own governance arrangements, reporting lines and agendas, guided by the central bank governors of the G10 countries.[5]

Globalization in banking and financial markets was not accompanied by global regulation. National regulators remained the most important actors in banking practices. They had a capacity problem and an information problem.[6] Therefore, the purpose of the BCBS is to encourage convergence toward common approaches and standards. The committee is not a classical multilateral organization, in part because it has no founding treaty. BCBS does not issue binding regulation; rather, it functions as an informal forum in which policy solutions and standards are developed.[7]

The Basel Committee formulates broad supervisory standards and guidelines and recommends statements of best practice in banking supervision (see bank regulation or "Basel III Accord", for example) in the expectation that member authorities and other nations' authorities will take steps to implement them through their own national systems.[citation needed]

Membership

Currently, committee members come from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The committee's Secretariat is located at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland. However, the BIS and the Basel Committee remain two distinct entities.

Until 2009, members included only developed countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States.[8]

Organization

The Basel committee along with its sister organizations, the International Organization of Securities Commissions and International Association of Insurance Supervisors together make up the Joint Forum of international financial regulators.[citation needed] However, the committee is not autonomous. Although it has latitude, its work is reported to the central bank governors of the G10. It cannot communicate conclusions, nor make proposals, to bodies outside the Bank for International Settlements without the general agreement and support of these governors.[9]

The committee is sub-divided into groups, each of which have specific task forces to work on specific issues:

  • The Standards Implementation Group (SIG)
    • Operational Risk Subgroup: addresses issues related to Advanced Measurement Approach for Operational Risk
    • Task Force on Colleges: develops guidance on the Basel Committee's work on supervisory colleges
    • Task Force on Remuneration: promotes the adoption of sound remuneration practices
    • Standards Monitoring Procedures Task Force: develops procedures to achieve greater effectiveness and consistency in standards monitoring and implementation
  • The Policy Development Group (PDG)
    • Risk Management and Modelling Group: point of contact with the industry on the latest advances in risk measurement and management
    • Research Task Force: facilitates economists from member institutions to discuss research on financial stability in consultation with the academic sector
    • Trading Book Group: reviews how risks in the trading book should be captured by regulatory capital
    • Working Group on Liquidity: works on global standards for liquidity risk management and regulation
    • Definition of Capital Subgroup: reviews eligible capital instruments
    • Capital Monitoring Group: co-ordinates the expertise of national supervisor in monitoring capital requirements
    • Cross-border Bank Resolution Group: compares the national policies, legal frameworks and the allocation of responsibilities for the resolution of banks with significant cross-border operations
  • The Accounting Experts Group (AEG): ensures that accounting and auditing standards help promote sound risk management thereby maintaining the safety and soundness of the banking system
    • Audit subgroup: explores key audit issues and co-ordinates with other bodies to promote standards
  • The Basel Consultative Group (BCG): facilitates engagement between banking supervisors including dialogue with non-member countries

Leadership

Chair of the Governors and Heads of Supervision

Committee Chair

Secretary General

  • Michael Dealtry (United Kingdom), 1975-1984[9]: 43 
  • Chris Thompson (UK), 1984-1988[9]: 63 
  • Peter Hayward (UK), 1988-1992[9]: 64 
  • Erik Musch (Netherlands), 1992-1997[9]: 64 
  • Danièle Nouy (France), 1997-2003[13]
  • Ryozo Himino (Japan), 2003-2006[14]
  • Stefan Walter [de] (Germany / United States), 2006-2011[15]
  • Wayne Byres (Australia), 2012-2014[16]
  • William Coen (US), 2014-2019[17]
  • Carolyn Rogers (Canada), 2019-2022[18]
  • Neil Esho (Australia), since 2022[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
  2. ^ See the "History of the Basel Committee and its Membership" in http://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.pdf
  3. ^ "Basel Committee membership". Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  4. ^ "About the Basel Committee". bis.org. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  5. ^ "About committees and associations", bis.org, 4 August 2005
  6. ^ Braithwaite, John. (2000). Global business regulation. Drahos, Peter, 1955-. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521780330. OCLC 43719184.
  7. ^ Kerwer, Dieter (2005), "Rules that Many Use: Standards and Global Regulation", Governance, 18 (4): 611–632, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.2005.00294.x
  8. ^ Chris Marrison (2002). The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement. New York, New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 340–342. ISBN 978-0-07-138627-2.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Goodhart, C. A. E. (Charles Albert Eric). The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision : a history of the early years, 1974-1997. Cambridge, UK. ISBN 9781139117739. OCLC 769341794.
  10. ^ "Agustín Carstens to chair the BIS Economic Consultative Committee and the BIS Global Economy Meeting; Mario Draghi to chair the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision". Bank for International Settlements. 5 June 2013.
  11. ^ "Tiff Macklem appointed Chair of the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision, oversight body of the Basel Committee". Bank for International Settlements. 1 April 2022.
  12. ^ "Basel Committee organisation and governance". Bank for International Settlements.
  13. ^ Tim Jones (8 January 2014). "Danièle Nouy – Ideal candidate". Politico.
  14. ^ "Ryozo Himino". Financial Stability Board.
  15. ^ "Stefan Walter to become new CEO of FINMA". Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA. 24 January 2024.
  16. ^ "Chair of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority". Australian Treasury. 26 July 2022.
  17. ^ "William (Bill) Coen" (PDF). Toronto Centre. 2020.
  18. ^ "Carolyn Rogers, Senior Deputy Governor". Bank of Canada.
  19. ^ "Neil Esho appointed Secretary General of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision". Bank for International Settlements. 27 January 2022.
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