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He was then cast as Francis Chesney in ''[[Charley's Aunt (1941 film)|Charley's Aunt]]'' (1941). After his portrayal of the obsessed detective in ''[[I Wake Up Screaming]]'' (1941), he was borrowed for [[RKO Pictures|RKO]] to make ''[[Joan of Paris]]'' (1942). Cregar briefly returned to the stage to appear in the title role of ''[[The Man Who Came to Dinner]]''; it was at the [[El Capitan Theatre|El Capitan]], the site of his triumph in ''Oscar Wilde'', and was well received.<ref>{{cite news|title=Laird Cregar Has Fling as 'Rudest Man'|first=Philip K.|last=Scheuer|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 20, 1941|page=A8}}</ref> Paramount borrowed him for ''[[This Gun for Hire]]'' (1942), a [[film noir]]. Cregar played the film's antagonist, Willard Gates, opposite [[Veronica Lake]] and [[Alan Ladd]].<ref>{{cite news | access-date = November 15, 2023 | work = New York Times | date = May 14, 1942 | first = Bosley | last = Crowther | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/05/14/85538599.html | title = 'This Gun for Hire,' Seen at The Paramount, Introduces a New 'Tough Guy' }}</ref>
He was then cast as Francis Chesney in ''[[Charley's Aunt (1941 film)|Charley's Aunt]]'' (1941). After his portrayal of the obsessed detective in ''[[I Wake Up Screaming]]'' (1941), he was borrowed for [[RKO Pictures|RKO]] to make ''[[Joan of Paris]]'' (1942). Cregar briefly returned to the stage to appear in the title role of ''[[The Man Who Came to Dinner]]''; it was at the [[El Capitan Theatre|El Capitan]], the site of his triumph in ''Oscar Wilde'', and was well received.<ref>{{cite news|title=Laird Cregar Has Fling as 'Rudest Man'|first=Philip K.|last=Scheuer|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 20, 1941|page=A8}}</ref> Paramount borrowed him for ''[[This Gun for Hire]]'' (1942), a [[film noir]]. Cregar played the film's antagonist, Willard Gates, opposite [[Veronica Lake]] and [[Alan Ladd]].<ref>{{cite news | access-date = November 15, 2023 | work = New York Times | date = May 14, 1942 | first = Bosley | last = Crowther | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/05/14/85538599.html | title = 'This Gun for Hire,' Seen at The Paramount, Introduces a New 'Tough Guy' }}</ref>


He followed that with the successful screwball comedy ''[[Rings on Her Fingers]]'' (1942) playing a con artist opposite [[Gene Tierney]]. Then in ''[[Ten Gentlemen from West Point]]'' (1942) he played a villainous army commander "whose sole aim is to break the spirits of the first batch of [West Point] cadets".<ref>{{cite news | access-date = November 20, 2023 | work = New York Times | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/06/05/99267181.html | title = 'Ten Gentlemen from West Point,' Story of Start of Military Academy | date = June 5, 1942 }}</ref>
He followed that with the successful screwball comedy ''[[Rings on Her Fingers]]'' (1942) playing a con artist opposite [[Gene Tierney]]. Then in ''[[Ten Gentlemen from West Point]]'' (1942) he played a villainous army commander "whose sole aim is to break the spirits of the first batch of [West Point] cadets".<ref>{{cite news | access-date = November 20, 2023 | work = New York Times | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/06/05/99267181.html | title = 'Ten Gentlemen from West Point,' Story of Start of Military Academy | date = June 5, 1942 }}</ref> Finally, he worked-filled 1942 ended with ''[[The Black Swan]]'', a child's fantasy of swashbuckling pirates in which Cregar "bellows oaths like an irate opera singer" opposite [[Tyrone Power]] and [[Maureen Power]].<ref>{{cite news | access-date = November 20, 2023 | work = New York Times | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/12/24/issue.html | title = Swashbucklers of the Spanish Main Make Things Lively Throughout 'Black Swan'| date = December 24, 1942 }}</ref>


Seldom weighing less than 300 lbs. (136&nbsp;kg) throughout his adult life, Cregar became obsessed with his weight. Nonetheless, John Chapman of the ''[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]]'' predicted he would become one of the "stars of 1942".<ref>{{cite news|title=The Stars of 1942!: John Chapman Picks Movies' Best Bets Chapman Picks Stars for 1942! The Movie Stars of 1942!|first=John|last=Chapman|work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]] |date=December 28, 1941|page=c1}}</ref>
Seldom weighing less than 300 lbs. (136&nbsp;kg) throughout his adult life, Cregar became obsessed with his weight. Nonetheless, John Chapman of the ''[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]]'' predicted he would become one of the "stars of 1942".<ref>{{cite news|title=The Stars of 1942!: John Chapman Picks Movies' Best Bets Chapman Picks Stars for 1942! The Movie Stars of 1942!|first=John|last=Chapman|work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]] |date=December 28, 1941|page=c1}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:32, 19 November 2023

Laird Cregar
Cregar in the 1940s
Born
Samuel Laird Cregar

(1913-07-28)July 28, 1913[1][2]
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.[3]
DiedDecember 9, 1944(1944-12-09) (aged 31)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
EducationWinchester College
Episcopal Academy
OccupationActor
Years active1938–1944

Samuel Laird Cregar (known professionally as Laird Cregar, July 28, 1913 – December 9, 1944) was an American stage and film actor. Cregar was best known for his villainous performances in films such as I Wake Up Screaming (1941) and The Lodger (1944).

Cregar's screen career began in 1940 with small uncredited roles in films. By 1941, he had signed a film contract with 20th Century Fox. Cregar quickly rose to stardom, appearing in a variety of genres from screwball comedy to horror movies. He was a popular actor at the time of his death in 1944 at age 31, a result of complications from binge dieting undertaken to suit him for leading man roles.

Early life

Laird Cregar was born in Philadelphia, the youngest of six sons of Elizabeth (née Smith) and Edward Matthews Cregar. His father earned his living as a tailor.[4] He was also a cricketer, a member and later the coach of a team called the Gentlemen of Philadelphia, which toured internationally in the late 1890s and early 1900s.[5] Much of what the entertainment press reported about Laid Cregar's early life during his lifetime appears to be invented. His biographer writes that in interviews "he let a few facts mix with fancy".[6] He lied about his age, reducing it by three years. He claimed descent from John Wilkes Booth, though Booth never married and is not known to have fathered a child.[7] He described being sent to England at the age of eight to be educated at Winchester College, where he developed his abilities with British accents. He cited as his first appearances on the stage the role of a page boy with the Stratford-upon-Avon theatrical troupe, as well as other productions at Stratford.[8][9] Yet Winchester has no record of him and no ship registry records his trans-Atlantic passage.[10] He said he returned home from school England upon his father's death from cancer, though he was three years old at the time.[11] Cregar's claim to have attended the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia and graduated when he was 14 is also false.[12] He followed his older brothers into the public school system until, not yet 16, he ran away to Miami and then Hollywood. He was back home with his brothers and widowed mother to be recorded by the census of March 1930.[13]

He spent a year in 1934/35 as a cadet in the Merchant Marine[14] and then acted in productions of the Hedgerow Theater, an amateur company in Rose Valley, Pennsylvania.[15][8] He later reported that he acted with other stock companies in Philadelphia and wrote some plays that were performed by amateur groups.[5][16]

In 1936, Cregar persuaded the Philadelphia Rotary Club to support him with a $400 loan to study acting and gain on-stage experience at California's Pasadena Playhouse, where he remained for about two years without being noticed.[17] He later said Thomas Browne Henry of the Playhouse gave him the worst advice he possibly could, telling him "not to lose a pound of weight, but instead to develop a thin man's personality".[18]

Returning to Pennsylvania, he appeared in small roles for little money in several productions mounted by the Federal Theatre at Bryn Mawr's Goodhart Hall.[19] He returned to the Pasadena Playhouse and took more small roles, finally getting noticed by Variety for his work in The Great American Family. As Lee Shippey, a Los Angeles Times columnist and the author of the novel from which the play was adapted, remembered: "There was only a small part in the first scene... but Laird was glad to get it–and it was almost entirely due to his superb acting that the play started with a bang which made all the bored Hollywood scouts sit up and get interested."[20] He kept his role as the leads were replaced as the production appeared headed for Broadway, but he appeared only in Pasadena and San Francisco before the show closed.[21]

Career

Cregar made his film debut with a pair of uncredited appearances as a court clerk in Granny Get Your Gun (1940) and as a mechanic in Oh Johnny, How You Can Love (1940).[22] Unable to find work for months, some friends let him sleep in their car.[8][23]

In Blood and Sand (1941)
In the role of Sir Henry Morgan in The Black Swan (1942)

Impressed that the English actor Robert Morley–a man his own height and girth–had scored a triumph onstage in the play Oscar Wilde in both London in 1936 and in New York in 1938, Cregar determined to duplicate that success. A few years later he told an interviewer:[24]

Every actor not of normal size and shape, I perceived, must make his own break.... I had been going on the assumption that, because I knew I had what it takes, others would be aware of it, too. Now I realized that I would have to force the knowledge on them, with a bludgeon, if necessary. Oscar Wilde, it came to me, must be the bludgeon used.

He persuaded a pair of inexperienced producers to back the project and Cregar opened as Wilde at the El Capitan Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard on April 22, 1940.[8] The production was a triumph for Cregar, the Los Angeles Times saying he "scored a sensational success".[25][26] John Barrymore saw him and said he was one of the most gifted young stage actors in the past 10 years.[18]

Cregar's performance immediately attracted the interest of Hollywood studios: Cregar was tested for the second lead in The Letter (1940) and made screen tests for MGM and Paramount. The producer and director of Oscar Wilde were reported as preparing an independent company to star Cregar in William Muir's The Life of Mohammed.[27] He was tested by 20th Century Fox, which considered him as a replacement for Tyrone Power in a film titled The Great Commandment (1939).[28]

Cregar performed Oscar Wilde in San Francisco, then eventually signed with 20th Century Fox. They announced him for The Californian,[29] which was not made, but Cregar was then cast in the big-budget historical movie Hudson's Bay (1941), opposite Paul Muni.[30] He followed this up supporting Tyrone Power in Blood and Sand (also 1941), although he came down with measles during production, forcing filming to shut down for a week.[31] Cregar made a major impression in both films—the latter in particular was a big success.

He was then cast as Francis Chesney in Charley's Aunt (1941). After his portrayal of the obsessed detective in I Wake Up Screaming (1941), he was borrowed for RKO to make Joan of Paris (1942). Cregar briefly returned to the stage to appear in the title role of The Man Who Came to Dinner; it was at the El Capitan, the site of his triumph in Oscar Wilde, and was well received.[32] Paramount borrowed him for This Gun for Hire (1942), a film noir. Cregar played the film's antagonist, Willard Gates, opposite Veronica Lake and Alan Ladd.[33]

He followed that with the successful screwball comedy Rings on Her Fingers (1942) playing a con artist opposite Gene Tierney. Then in Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942) he played a villainous army commander "whose sole aim is to break the spirits of the first batch of [West Point] cadets".[34] Finally, he worked-filled 1942 ended with The Black Swan, a child's fantasy of swashbuckling pirates in which Cregar "bellows oaths like an irate opera singer" opposite Tyrone Power and Maureen Power.[35]

Seldom weighing less than 300 lbs. (136 kg) throughout his adult life, Cregar became obsessed with his weight. Nonetheless, John Chapman of the Chicago Daily Tribune predicted he would become one of the "stars of 1942".[36]

Stardom

Cregar in the starring role in The Lodger (1944)

In March 1943, Fox announced plans to cast Cregar in the starring role in The Lodger (1944), as a character who may or may not be Jack the Ripper.[37] Cregar began crash diets to lose weight, hoping to give the character a "romantic veneer".[38] The film was a big hit. Other opportunities included radio roles on Lux Radio Theater in 1943 and a guest spot on The Eddie Cantor Show in April 1944.[citation needed] He was announced to play Inspector Javert in a proposed Les Misérables, but this was postponed and never produced.

Fox wanted him to play pianist-murderer George Bone in Hangover Square (1945). Cregar refused the role, unhappy with how he was being stereotyped. He was put on suspension, then agreed.[39]

Personal life and death

Cregar's size never went unremarked. He was "several inches taller and a pound or so heavier than Man Mountain Dean"[9] or "an immense Jovian figure ... a massive giant 6 feet 3 inches tall and weighing [in 1942] 310 pounds".[16]

In 1943, David Bacon, a young actor with whom Cregar had been having an affair, was knifed to death, and press accounts of his death carried pictures of Cregar, describing him as "such a good friend" of Bacon. This prompted studio executive Darryl F. Zanuck to arrange for an article in Silver Screen to link Cregar romantically with Dorothy McGuire and to report that, despite his weight, the actor had female fans.[40]

Later assessments of Cregar's performances at times identify his sexuality as key to his acting success, as Joel Greenburg wrote of Cregar in The Lodger: "Laird Cregar–plump, soft-spoken, suggesting reserves of violence and rage held barely in check–found in the role of the Ripper an almost therapeutic alleviation of his private angst, the misogyny of a tormented homosexual."[40] Cregar's homosexuality is discussed on features included on a DVD boxed set of The Lodger and Hangover Square.[41]

The crash diet that Cregar followed for his roles in The Lodger and Hangover Square (which included prescribed amphetamines) placed a strain on his system, resulting in severe abdominal problems. He underwent surgery at the beginning of December 1944.[42][a]

A few days after surgery, Cregar had a heart attack and was rushed to the hospital.[45] He rallied briefly when put in an oxygen tent, but died on December 9, aged 31 years.[46] His mother was at his bedside.[18] Hangover Square was released two months after his death. At the time of his death, his next scheduled film was an adaptation of Les Misérables directed by John Brahm,[47] and Billy Rose wanted him to star in a Broadway production of Henry VIII.[48]

The funeral was held on December 13, 1944.[49] Vincent Price, Cregar's co-star in Hudson's Bay (1941), delivered the eulogy. Cregar is interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[50] His estate was valued at $10,000 ($173,081 today).[51]

On February 8, 1960, Cregar received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1716 Vine Street for his contributions to the film industry.[52][53]

Filmography

Year Title Role Notes
1940 Oh Johnny, How You Can Love Sam, Mechanic uncredited
Granny Get Your Gun Court Clerk uncredited
1941 Hudson's Bay Gooseberry
Blood and Sand Natalio Curro
Charley's Aunt Sir Francis Chesney alternative title: Charley's American Aunt
I Wake Up Screaming Police Insp. Ed Cornell alternative title: Hot Spot
1942 Joan of Paris Herr Funk
Rings on Her Fingers Warren Worthington
This Gun for Hire Willard Gates
Ten Gentlemen from West Point Maj. Sam Carter
The Black Swan Capt. Sir Henry Morgan alternative title: Rafael Sabatini's The Black Swan
1943 Hello, Frisco, Hello Sam Weaver
Heaven Can Wait His Excellency
Holy Matrimony Clive Oxford
1944 The Lodger Mr. Slade
1945 Hangover Square George Harvey Bone

Select theatre credits

  • Brother Rat – Pasadena Community Playhouse – March 1939[54]
  • To Quito and Back by Ben Hecht – Pasadena Community Playhouse – April 1939 – co-starring with Victor Mature[55]
  • The Wingless Victory by Maxwell Anderson – Pasadena Community Playhouse – July 1939[56]
  • The Great American Family – Pasadena Playhouse – August 1939[57]
  • Oscar Wilde by Leslie and Sewell Stokes – El Capitan Theatre, Los Angeles – April 22 – May 19, 1940[58][59] – toured San Francisco in June[60]
  • The Man Who Came to Dinner – El Capitan Theatre, Los Angeles – September 1941[61] – revived in Stamford in 1944[62]

Notes

  1. ^ According to TCM host Eddie Muller's January 2023 post-film comments on Hangover Square, the procedure was bariatric surgery.[43] In fact, the first weight-loss surgery was performed in 1954, ten years after Cregar's death.[44]

References

  1. ^ 1920 U.S. Census, State of Pennsylvania, County of Philadelphia, enumeration district 621, p. 5-B, family 115.
  2. ^ 1930 U.S. Census, State of Pennsylvania, County of Philadelphia, enumeration district 636, p. 1-A, family 9.
  3. ^ Brettell, Andrew; King, Noel; Kennedy, Damien; Imwold, Denise (2005). Cut!: Hollywood Murders, Accidents, and Other Tragedies. Leonard, Warren Hsu; von Rohr, Heather. Barrons Educational Series. p. 64. ISBN 0-7641-5858-9.
  4. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 10–11
  5. ^ a b "Late Great Laird: Late Great Laird". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 2, 1945. p. F2.
  6. ^ Mank (2018), p. 19
  7. ^ Mank (2018), p. 9
  8. ^ a b c d Kahn, Alexander (August 23, 1940). "Single Stage Role Opens Film Career to a Jobless Thespian". The Washington Post. p. 19.
  9. ^ a b "Larger Than Life". New York Times. January 5, 1941. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  10. ^ Mank (2018), p. 18
  11. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 15, 18
  12. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 18–19
  13. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 19–21
  14. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 22–4
  15. ^ Mank (2018), p. 24
  16. ^ a b Strauss, Theodore (April 5, 1942). "From The Ground Up". New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  17. ^ Mank (2018), 25, 28–31
  18. ^ a b c "Laird Cregar, 28, Film Actor, Dead: 300-Lb..Star for Fox Played Character Roles -- Scored on the Stage in 'Oscar Wilde'". New York Times. December 10, 1944. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  19. ^ Mank (2028), p. 31
  20. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 33–35
  21. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 37–39
  22. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 40–43
  23. ^ Mank (2018), p. 43
  24. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 44–45; quoting a manuscript by Gladys Hall intended for a magazine feature, "Outsize Hero", dated September 7, 1942, but never published.
  25. ^ Schallert, Edwin (April 23, 1940). "Laird Cregar's Portrayal of 'Oscar Wilde' Hailed". The Los Angeles Times. p. 14.
  26. ^ Mank (2018), pp. 46–48, 51
  27. ^ Schallert, Edwin (May 7, 1940). "'Hail and Farewell' Will Be Stevens Film". Los Angeles Times. p. 13.
  28. ^ Churchill, Douglas W. (June 25, 1940). "Screen News Here and in Hollywood". New York Times. p. 28.
  29. ^ "Screen News Here and in Hollywood". The New York Times. July 3, 1940.
  30. ^ Schallert, Edwin (July 25, 1940). "Eddie Bracken Gets Big Build-up at Paramount". The Los Angeles Times. p. 12.
  31. ^ Churchill, Douglas W. (March 24, 1941). "Screen News Here and in Hollywood". The New York Times. p. 13.
  32. ^ Scheuer, Philip K. (September 20, 1941). "Laird Cregar Has Fling as 'Rudest Man'". The Los Angeles Times. p. A8.
  33. ^ Crowther, Bosley (May 14, 1942). "'This Gun for Hire,' Seen at The Paramount, Introduces a New 'Tough Guy'". New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  34. ^ "'Ten Gentlemen from West Point,' Story of Start of Military Academy". New York Times. June 5, 1942. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  35. ^ "Swashbucklers of the Spanish Main Make Things Lively Throughout 'Black Swan'". New York Times. December 24, 1942. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  36. ^ Chapman, John (December 28, 1941). "The Stars of 1942!: John Chapman Picks Movies' Best Bets Chapman Picks Stars for 1942! The Movie Stars of 1942!". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. c1.
  37. ^ "Screen News Here and in Hollywood". The New York Times. March 1, 1943. p. 15.
  38. ^ "Not Ill, But Wasting!". The Washington Post. March 3, 1943. p. B6.
  39. ^ "Alexis Smith Gets Role of Nora in 'Human Bondage' -- Two New Films to Arrive Today". The New York Times. August 12, 1944. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  40. ^ a b Mann, William J. (2001). Behind the Screen: How Gays and Lesbians Shaped Hollywood, 1910-1969. New York City: Viking. p. 265. ISBN 0670030171.
  41. ^ Nahmod, David Alexander (October 23, 2007). "Gay Halloween horrors!". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
  42. ^ "Looking at Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. October 19, 1944. p. A7.
  43. ^ Eddie Muller (February 5, 2023). Noir Alley - Hangover Square (1945) outro 20230205 (YouTube video) (Outro). Turner Classic Movies. Event occurs at 2m 15s. Retrieved February 27, 2023. But after shooting wrapped, Cregar felt he still needed to lose more weight, leading him to have bariatric surgery, getting his stomach stapled. Nine days later, he died from complications at only 31 years of age.
  44. ^ McCue, Mandy (September 17, 2012). "The History of Bariatric Surgery".
  45. ^ "Telephone Firm's Request to Renew Notes Approved". The Washington Post. December 10, 1944. p. M3.
  46. ^ Obituary Variety, December 13, 1944.
  47. ^ Hopper, Hedda (October 20, 1944). "Looking at Hollywood". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 22.
  48. ^ Zolotow, Sam (September 8, 1944). "Rose's 'Henry VIII' Off Till January". New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  49. ^ "Obituary 2 -- No Title". Los Angeles Times. December 13, 1944. p. 10.
  50. ^ Ellenberger, Allan R., ed. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries. McFarland.
  51. ^ "Cregar's 'Over 10G' Will". Variety. December 1944. Retrieved November 17, 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  52. ^ "Laird Cregar | Hollywood Walk of Fame". www.walkoffame.com. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  53. ^ "Laird Cregar". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  54. ^ von Blon, Katherine T (March 11, 1939). "'Brother Rat' Presented on Stage in Pasadena". Los Angeles Times. p. A7.
  55. ^ von Blon, Katherine T (April 22, 1939). "Hecht Opus Well Played". Los Angeles Times. p. A7.
  56. ^ Katherine Von Blon (July 11, 1939). "'Wingless Victory' Given". Los Angeles Times. p. 12.
  57. ^ Millier, Arthur (August 10, 1939). "Restaged Comedy by Shippey Hit". Los Angeles Times. p. 8.
  58. ^ "'Abe Lincoln' Due Tonight at Biltmore". Los Angeles Times. April 15, 1940. p. A10.
  59. ^ "Paul Muni Will Make Local Stage Debut". Los Angeles Times. May 19, 1940. p. C2.
  60. ^ "Louella O. Parsons: Close-Ups and Long-Shots Of the Motion Picture Scene". The Washington Post. June 20, 1940. p. 8.
  61. ^ Scheuer, Philip K (September 8, 1941). "Greasepaint's Lure Too Strong for Jane Bryan?: Hope Gets 'Dream Girl' Nancy Coleman Debuts Laird Cregar Borrowed Trio Take to 'Highway' Lucille Ball Saves Day". Los Angeles Times. p. 22.
  62. ^ Zolotow, Sam (July 3, 1944). "Kaufman Doubling on 'George Apley': He Will Direct and Help Adapt Marquand's Pulitzer Prize Novel as Stage Vehicle". New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
Sources
  • Mank, Gregory William (2017). Laird Cregar: A Hollywood Tragedy. McFarland & Co Inc. ISBN 978-0786449569.

Further reading

  • Alistair, Rupert (2018). "Laird Cregar". The Name Below the Title : 65 Classic Movie Character Actors from Hollywood's Golden Age (softcover) (First ed.). Great Britain: Independently published. pp. 79–83. ISBN 978-1-7200-3837-5.
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