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{{for|the fictional character|Sea Captain (The Simpsons)}}
{{distinguish|Captain at sea|Captain (naval)}}
{{Infobox shipping job
| name = Sea Captain
| othernames = ship's captain, ship's master, shipmaster, captain, master and other admittable variants
| photo = Kristina Regina wheelhouse.jpg
| photo legend = The master works with the [[harbour pilot]], the [[chief mate]] and an [[able seaman]] during inner navigation aboard the vessel ''[[Kristina Regina]]''
| department = Senior [[deck officer]]
| licensed = Yes
| reports-to = Ship's Flag State Authorities, sea's, coasts' and ports' State Authorities, owner and charterer
| epoch =
| location = At sea
| duties = In charge of a [[merchant ship]].
| requirements = [[licensed mariner|master's license]] or [[licensed mariner|extra master's license]] or [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned officer]]
| watchstander = If needs
| xwatch-at-sea = Rarely
| xwatch-in-port = Rarely
| xwatch-at-sea-time = Rarely
| xwatch-in-port-time = Rarely
}}
A '''sea captain''' (also called a '''captain''' or a '''master''' or a '''shipmaster''') is a [[licensed mariner]] in ultimate command of the vessel.<ref name="am3">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.3.</ref> The captain is responsible for its safe and efficient operation, including cargo operations, navigation, crew management and ensuring that the vessel complies with local and international laws, as well as company and flag state policies. All persons on board, including officers and crew, other shipboard staff members, passengers, guests and pilots, are under the captain's authority and are his ultimate responsibility.

==Duties and functions==
A ship's captain commands and manages all ship's personnel, and is typically in charge of the ship's accounting, payrolls, and inventories. The captain is responsible for compliance with [[immigration]] and [[customs]] regulations, maintaining the ship's certificates and documentation, compliance with the vessel's security plan, as mandated by the [[International Maritime Organization]]. The captain is responsible for responding to and reporting in case of accidents and incidents, and in case of injuries and illness among the ship's crew and passengers.{{cn|date=November 2014}}

==Responsibilities==
The captain ensures that the ship complies with local and international laws and complies also with company policies.<ref name="am3"/> The captain is ultimately responsible, under the law, for aspects of operation such as the safe navigation of the ship,<ref name="am4">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.4.</ref> its cleanliness and seaworthiness,<ref name="am5">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.5.</ref> safe handling of all cargo,<ref name="am7">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.7.</ref> management of all personnel,<ref name="am7-11">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.7-11.</ref> inventory of ship's cash and stores,<ref name="am11-12">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.11-12.</ref> and maintaining the ship's certificates and documentation.<ref name="am13-15">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.13-15.</ref>

One of a shipmaster's particularly important duties is to ensure compliance with the vessel's security plan, as required by the [[International Maritime Organization]]'s [[International Ship and Port Facility Security Code|ISPS Code]].<ref name="am97">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.97.</ref> The plan, customized to meet the needs of each individual ship, spells out duties including conducting searches and inspections,<ref name="am100-101">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.100-101.</ref> maintaining restricted spaces,<ref name="am100-101"/> and responding to threats from terrorists, hijackers, pirates, and stowaways.<ref name="am103-111">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.103-111.</ref> The security plan also covers topics such as refugees and asylum seekers, smuggling, and saboteurs.<ref name="am110-114">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.110-114.</ref>

On ships without a [[purser]], the captain is in charge of the ship's [[accounting]].<ref name="am209">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.209.</ref> This includes ensuring an adequate amount of cash on board,<ref name="am210-211">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.210-211.</ref> coordinating the ship's payroll (including draws and advances),<ref name="am211-223">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.211-223.</ref> and managing the ship's slop chest.<ref name="am223-225">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.223-225.</ref>

On international voyages, the captain is responsible for satisfying requirements of the local [[immigration]] and [[customs]] officials.<ref name="am175-208">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.175-208.</ref> Immigration issues can include situations such as embarking and disembarking passengers,<ref name="am208">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.208.</ref> handling crewmembers who desert the ship,<ref name="am206-207">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.206-207.</ref> making crew-changes in port,<ref name="am207">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.207.</ref> and making accommodations for foreign crewmembers.<ref name="am204206208">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.204, 206, 208.</ref> Customs requirements can include the master providing a cargo declaration, a ship's stores declaration, a declaration of crewmembers' personal effects, crew lists and passenger lists.<ref name="am183-187">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.183-187.</ref>

The captain has special responsibilities when the ship or its cargo are damaged, when the ship causes damage to other vessels or facilities, and in the case of injury or death of a crewmember or passenger. The master acts as a liaison to local investigators<ref name="am46-47">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.46-47.</ref> and is responsible for providing complete and accurate logbooks, reports, statements and evidence to document an incident.<ref name="am47-49">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.47-49.</ref> Specific examples of the ship causing external damage include collisions with other ships or with fixed objects, grounding the vessel, and dragging anchor.<ref name="am52-61">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.52-61.</ref> Some common causes of cargo damage include heavy weather, water damage, pilferage, and damage caused during loading/unloading by the [[stevedore]]s.<ref name="am65-69">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.65-69.</ref> Finally, the master is responsible to address any medical issues affecting the passengers and crew by providing medical care as possible, cooperating with shore-side medical personnel, and, if necessary, evacuating those who need more assistance than can be provided on board the ship.<ref name="am77-98">Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.77-89.</ref>

=== Officiating marriages ===

There is a common belief that ship captains have historically and currently been able to perform marriages. In most countries of ship's registry, this is a myth.<ref name=nytrewrite>http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/fashion/weddings/a-marriage-at-sea-get-me-rewrite.html</ref>

The [[United States Navy]] defined a captain’s powers in its 1913 Code of Regulations, stating: "The commanding officer shall not perform a marriage ceremony on board his ship or aircraft. He shall not permit a marriage ceremony to be performed on board when the ship or aircraft is outside the territory of the United States" with the exceptions being "in accordance with local laws and the laws of the state, territory, or district in which the parties are domiciled" and "In the presence of a diplomatic or consular official of the United States, who has consented to issue the certificates and make the returns required by the consular regulations." There are a few contradictory legal precedents: courts didn’t recognize a shipboard marriage in [[California]]'s 1898 ''Norman v. Norman'' but did in [[New York]]'s 1929 ''Fisher v. Fisher'' (notwithstanding the absence of municipal laws so carried) and in 1933's ''Johnson v. Baker'', an [[Oregon]] court ordered the payment of death benefits to a widow because she had established that her marriage at sea was lawful.

[[New Jersey]]'s 1919 ''Bolmer v. Edsall'' said a shipboard marriage ceremony is governed by the laws of the nation where ownership of the vessel lies.

In the [[United Kingdom]], no merchant ship has ever been approved for marriages, although from 1854 any which took place had to be reported in the ship's log.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/looking-for-person/bmdatseaorabroad.htm|title=Looking for records of a birth, marriage or death at sea or abroad|publisher=UK National Archives}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/Forms/marriagesatsea.html BT 334/117], Register of marriages at sea (1854-1972), UK Board of Trade, archived at [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C438817 The National Archives, Kew] lists 219 marriages recorded in ship's logbooks, most performed at sea by chaplains or ministers of religion; their legal status nonetheless remains [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/TheShipsList/2002-01/1011884838 uncertain].</ref>

In other countries of ship's registry the legal situation varies. Most do not permit solemnisation of marriage by the master of a ship at sea. [[Philippines|Filipino]] law, as a narrow exception, recognises a marriage in articulo mortis solemnized by the captain of a ship or chief of an aeroplane during a voyage, or by the commanding officer of a military unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/august2010/158298.htm|title=G.R. No. 158298|publisher=Supreme Court of the Philippines}}</ref> [[Japan]] allows captains to perform a marriage ceremony at sea, but only for that country's citizens. [[Malta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2041847/British-couples-soon-marry-Cunard-cruise-liners-crossing-Atlantic.html|title=British couples could soon marry on Cunard cruise liners crossing the Atlantic |work=Daily Mail (UK)}}</ref> or [[Bermuda]]-registered ships may offer weddings officiated by the captain at sea; [[Princess Cruises]] has used this as a selling point for their passenger ships since 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princess.com/news/backgrounders_and_fact_sheets/factsheet/Princess-Cruises'-Nautical-Nuptials-Offer-Romantic-Start-to-a-Life-Together-.html|title=Princess Cruises' Nautical Nuptials Offer Romantic Start to a Life Together : Princess Cruises|work=www.princess.com}}</ref> and [[Cunard]] announced its intention to move the registration of “Queen Mary 2″, “Queen Victoria” and “Queen Elizabeth” from [[Southampton]] to Bermuda in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bernews.com/2011/10/cunard-says-i-do-to-weddings-bermuda/|title=Cunard Says 'I Do' To Weddings, Bermuda |work=Bernews.com}}</ref>

Some captains obtain other credentials (such as ordination as ministers of religion or accreditation as notaries public) which do allow them to officiate in jurisdictions where they otherwise would not be recognised.<ref name=nytrewrite/> Another option is a wedding on a ship in port, using an officiant from that port.

In fiction, ship captains have performed marriages in various media including the 1951 film ''[[The African Queen (film)|The African Queen]]'', and episodes of ''[[The Love Boat]]'' and various ''[[Star Trek]]'' series.<ref name=nytrewrite />

==Licensing==
{{globalize|section|date=January 2013}}

===United States===
[[File:Usmm-license.jpg|thumb|right|A ship's captain must have a number of qualifications, including a license.]]

To become a ''master of vessels of any gross tons upon oceans in the United States, one must first accumulate at least 365 days of service while holding a [[chief mate]]'s license. The chief mate's license, in turn, requires at least 365 days of service while holding a [[second mate]]'s license, passing a battery of examinations, and approximately 13 weeks of classes. Similarly, one must have worked as a [[third mate]] for 365 days to have become a second mate.

There are two methods to attain an unlimited third mate's license in the United States: to attend a specialized training institution, or to accumulate "sea time" and take a series of training classes and examinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=3c91d4046f9587b25d46063179b29ec3;rgn=div5;view=text;node=46:1.0.1.2.10;idno=46;cc=ecfr#46:1.0.1.2.10.4.7.5|title=U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Part 10, Subpart 407|publisher=}}</ref>

Training institutions that can lead to a third mate's license include the [[U.S. Merchant Marine Academy]] (deck curriculum), and the 6 state maritime academies in Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Texas, or California or the [[Great Lakes Maritime Academy]], or a three-year apprentice mate training program approved by the Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard. Furthermore third mate's licenses can be obtained through the US Coast Guard Academy and the US Naval Academy with approved courses and requsite Sea Time as an Officer in Charge of a Navigational Watch.

A seaman may start the process of attaining a license after three years of service in the deck department on ocean steam or motor vessels, at least six months of which as [[able seaman]], [[boatswain]], or [[quartermaster]]. Then the seaman takes required training courses, and completes on-board assessments. Finally, the mariner can apply to the [[United States Coast Guard]] for a third mate's license.

An alternate method of obtaining a license as a master of vessels of any gross tons upon oceans, without sailing as a third, second, or chief mate, is to obtain one year of seatime as a ''1st class pilot of any gross tons'' or ''mate of vessels of any gross tons upon Great Lakes and inland waters''. Then pass an examination for the license of ''master of vessels of any gross tons upon Great Lakes and inland waters''. A master of vessels of any gross tons upon Great Lakes and inland waters may, without any additional seatime, take the examination for ''master of vessels of any gross tons upon near coastal waters''. If the candidate does not already have sufficient deep sea experience he may with six months of additional seatime, in any licensed capacity, take a partial examination consisting primarily of celestial navigation and have the near coastal restriction removed.
46CFR 11.403

A master of 1,600 ton vessels can, under certain circumstances, begin the application process for an unlimited third mate's license.{{cn|date=November 2014}}

Some employers offer financial assistance to pay for the training for their employees. Otherwise, the mariner is responsible for the cost of the required training. A Chief Mate to Master formal training generally takes about 12 weeks and provides the knowledge, skills and other soft skills training to take on the duties and responsibilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edumaritime.com/washington-wa/pacific-maritime-institute-pmi-at-seattle-washington|title=Chief Mate Master Training|publisher=}}</ref>

Various US states require and issue shipmaster or captain licenses in order to be employed in operating a vessel for hire, while navigating within "non-federal" waters. (Such as a lake or river charter boat "skipper"). Most states honor a USCG master's certificate as an alternative to their state licensing. These state licenses certify that the captain has given satisfactory evidence that he/she can safely be entrusted with the duties and responsibilities of operating or navigating passenger carrying vessels of the tonnage and upon the waters specified. The state licensed captains command vessels that range from small uninspected vessels to large excursion vessels that carry over 100 passengers, so the licenses are not issued haphazardly.{{cn|date=November 2014}}

==Employment==

===United Kingdom===
As of 2008, the U.K. [[Learning and Skills Council]] lists annual salaries for senior deck officers as ranging from £22,000 to over £50,000 per year.<ref name="lsc">Learning and Skills Council, 2008.</ref> The Council characterizes job opportunities for senior deck officers as "generally good" and expects a "considerable increase" in the job market over the next few years.<ref name="lsc"/>

===United States===
As of 2013, captains of U.S.-flagged deep sea vessels make up to US$1500 per day, or US$80,000 to US$300,000 per year.<ref name="pel160">Pelletier, 2007, p.160.</ref> Captains of smaller vessels in the inland and coastal trade earn between US$350 and US$700 per day, or US$65,000 to $180,000 per year.<ref name="pel160"/> Captains of large ferries average US$56,794 annually.<ref name="pel160"/>

In 2005, 3,393 mariners held active unlimited master's licenses.<ref name="pel45">Pelletier, 2007, p.45.</ref> 87 held near-coastal licenses with unlimited tonnage, 291 held unlimited tonnage master's licenses on inland and Great Lakes waters, while 1,044 held unlimited licenses upon inland waters only.<ref name="pel45"/> Some 47,163 active masters licenses that year had tonnage restrictions, well over half of those being for near-coastal vessels of up to 100 tons [[gross tonnage]].<ref name="pel45"/>

As of 2006, some 34,000 people were employed as captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels in the United States.<ref name="bls4">Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008-2009, p. 4.</ref> The U.S. [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] projects 18% growth in this occupation, expecting demand for 40,000 shipmasters in 2016.<ref name="bls4"/>

==Uniform==
[[File:POL PMW pagon1 kapitan marynarki.svg|thumb|100px|right|A captain's insignia that features the "executive curl."]]

Uniforms are still worn aboard many ships, or aboard any vessels of traditional and organized navigation companies, and are required by company regulation on passenger and cruise vessels.{{cn|date=November 2014}}

In the passenger-carrying trade a unified corporate image is often desired and it is useful for those unfamiliar with the vessel to be able to identify members of the crew and their function. Some companies and countries{{which|date=February 2013}} use an [[executive curl]] (also called Nelson loop) similar to that of the [[Royal Navy]]. Captain and officers on British ships often wear the traditional diamond shape within the stripes. This represents a blade of a [[Propeller#Marine|ship's propeller]]. It should be worn in the correct direction with the overlapping loop facing forward.{{cn|date=November 2014}}

In the United States, and in others numerous maritime countries, captains and officers of shipping companies may wear a [[merchant navy]] or [[merchant marine]] regular uniform when aboard ship.{{cn|date=November 2014}}

==Related terms==

===Master mariner===
* [http://www.ifsma.org/ The International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations (IFSMA)]
* [http://www.mastermariner.org/ The Council of American Master Mariners]
* [http://www.hcmm.org.uk/ The Honourable Company of Master Mariners]
* [http://www.mastermariners.org.au/ The Company of Master Mariners of Australia]
* [http://www.mastermariners.ca/ The Company of Master Mariners of Canada]
* [http://www.apecamadi.it/ Associazione Professionale Europea Capitani Marittimi d'Italia]

===Captain's seniority===
In a few countries,{{which|date=November 2014}} some captains with particular and requested experiences in terms of navigation and in terms of [[command at sea]], depending by application of different countries' laws, will be named [[senior captain]].{{cn|date=November 2014}}

===Magister navis===
The term master came from the Latin language used during the imperial Roman age, from the old Roman term ''[[magister navis]]'', that is, the nobleman [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] designated as maximum authority on board the vessel.
The magister navis had the right to use the [[laurus]] or [[corona laurèa]].

From this old Roman age tradition the modern shipmaster of a few nations used to wear on the cap's vizor the golden [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] [[leaves]].{{cn|date=November 2014}}

===Skipper===
A '''skipper''' is a person who has [[Command and control|command]] of a [[boat]] or [[sea-craft]] or [[tug]], more or less equivalent to "captain in charge aboard [[ship]]." At sea, or upon lakes and rivers, the skipper as [[shipmaster]] or captain has the absolute command over the crew. The skipper may or may not be the owner of the boat.

The word is derived from the [[low German]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''schipper''; ''schip'' is Dutch for "ship". In Dutch ''sch-'' is pronounced {{IPA-nl|sx|}} and English-speakers rendered this as {{IPA|[sk]}}.

The word "skipper" is used more than "captain" for some types of craft, for example [[fishing boat]]s.

It is also more frequently used than captain with privately owned noncommercial or semi-commercial vessels, such as small [[yacht]]s and other recreational boats, mostly in cases where the person in command of the boat may not be a licensed or professional captain, suggesting the term is less formal. In the U.S., a "skipper" who is in command of a charter vessel that carries paying passengers must be licensed by a state or the USCG. If the vessel carries over six paying passengers, it must be an "inspected vessel" and a higher class license must be obtained by the skipper/master depending on the vessel's gross tons.

In the [[Royal Navy]], [[Royal Marines]], [[U.S. Navy]], [[U.S. Marine Corps]], [[U.S. Coast Guard]], and merchant naval slang, it is a term used in reference to the [[commanding officer]] of any ship, base, or other command regardless of rank. It is generally only applied to someone who has earned the speaker's respect, and only used with the permission of the commander/commanding officer in question.

Skipper RNR was an actual rank used in the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Naval Reserve]] for skippers of fishing boats who were members of the service. It was equivalent to [[Warrant Officer]]. Skippers could also be promoted to Chief Skipper RNR (equivalent to [[Commissioned Warrant Officer]]) and Skipper [[Lieutenant]] RNR.

==See also==
{{Portal|Nautical}}
* [[Bottomry]]
* [[Maritime pilot]]
* [[List of sea captains]]
* {{cl|Fictional captains}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book |author=Aragon, James R.; Messer, Tuuli Anna |title=Master's handbook on ship's business |publisher=Cornell Maritime Press |location=Cambridge, Md |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-87033-531-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/water-transportation-occupations.htm
|title=Water Transportation Occupations
|accessdate=2014-08-19
|author=Bureau of Labor Statistics (U.S.A.)
|authorlink=Bureau of Labor Statistics
|year=2014
|format=HTML
|work=Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition
|publisher=Government Printing Office
|pages=
|language=
|doi=
|archiveurl=
|archivedate=
|quote=
}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.jobguide.thegoodguides.com.au/occupation/view/254211B |title=Ship's Master |author=Commonwealth of Australia|format= |work=Job Guide |year=2008|accessdate=2009-03-01}}
* {{cite book |last=Hayler |first=William B. |title=American Merchant Seaman's Manual |year=2003 |publisher= Cornell Maritime Press |isbn= 0-87033-549-9 }}
* {{cite book
| author =International Maritime Organization
| authorlink = International Maritime Organization
| editor =
| others =
| title = International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978
| origdate =
| origyear =1978
| url = http://www.uscg.mil/nmc/stcw_code_ach2.asp
| format =
| accessdate =
| edition =
| series =
| year = 1995
| publisher =
| location =
| language =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| doi =
| id =
| chapter = II: Standards Regarding the Master and Deck Department
| chapterurl = http://www.uscg.mil/STCW/stcw-code-ach2.htm
| quote =
| nopp =true
| page = Section A–II/1
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://careersadvice.direct.gov.uk/helpwithyourcareer/jobprofiles/profiles/profile485/
| title = Merchant Navy Deck Officer Job Profile
| accessdate = 2008-10-21
| author = Learning and Skills Council
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| year = 2005
| format =
| work = Careers Advice Website
| publisher = United Kingdom
| location = London
| pages =
| language =
| doi =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| quote =
}}
* {{cite book |author=Pelletier, James Laurence |title=Mariner's Employment Guide |publisher=Marine Techniques |location=Augusta, Maine |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-9644915-0-8 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book
| last = Turpin
| first = Edward A.
| authorlink =
|author2=McEwen, William A.
| editor =
| others =
| title = Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook
| origdate =
| origyear =
| url =
| format =
| accessdate =
| edition = 4th
| series =
| year = 1980
| publisher =Cornell Maritime Press
| location = Centreville, MD
| language =
| isbn = 0-87033-056-X
| oclc =
| doi =
| id =
| pages =
| chapter =
| chapterurl =
| quote =
}}

==External links==

;Master mariner associations
{{Commons category}}
* [http://myship.com Site where you can meet captains from around the world]
* [http://www.crewtoo.com/search/?username=master&search=Rank List of current Master Mariners on Crewtoo.]
* [http://bridgedeck.org The International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots]
* [http://mastermariner.org The Council of American Master Mariners]
* [http://hcmm.org.uk The Honourable Company of Master Mariners]
* [http://mastermariners.org.au The Company of Master Mariners of Australia]
* [http://ei4hq.shacknet.nu/iimm/index.php The Irish Institute of Master Mariners]
* [http://www.mastermariners.ca The Company of Master Mariners of Canada]
* [http://www.cmmsrilanka.com The Company of Master Mariners of Sri Lanka]
* [http://www.skipper.mobi Swiss Pro Skipper]
* [http://www.apecamadi.it The European Professional Association of "Capitani Marittimi d'Italia"]
* [http://www.ifsma.org The International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations (IFSMA)]

{{Merchant Marine Billets}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Captain (Nautical)}}
[[Category:Nautical terms]]
[[Category:Marine occupations]]
[[Category:Nautical captains|*]]
[[Category:Shipping management]]

Revision as of 15:08, 29 January 2015

For the fictional character, see Sea Captain (The Simpsons).
Not to be confused with Captain at sea or Captain (naval).
Sea Captain
The master works with the harbour pilot, the chief mate and an able seaman during inner navigation aboard the vessel Kristina Regina
General
Other namesship's captain, ship's master, shipmaster, captain, master and other admittable variants
DepartmentSenior deck officer
Reports toShip's Flag State Authorities, sea's, coasts' and ports' State Authorities, owner and charterer
LocationAt sea
LicensedYes
DutiesIn charge of a merchant ship.
Requirementsmaster's license or extra master's license or commissioned officer
Watchstanding
WatchstanderIf needs

A sea captain (also called a captain or a master or a shipmaster) is a licensed mariner in ultimate command of the vessel.[1] The captain is responsible for its safe and efficient operation, including cargo operations, navigation, crew management and ensuring that the vessel complies with local and international laws, as well as company and flag state policies. All persons on board, including officers and crew, other shipboard staff members, passengers, guests and pilots, are under the captain's authority and are his ultimate responsibility.

Duties and functions

A ship's captain commands and manages all ship's personnel, and is typically in charge of the ship's accounting, payrolls, and inventories. The captain is responsible for compliance with immigration and customs regulations, maintaining the ship's certificates and documentation, compliance with the vessel's security plan, as mandated by the International Maritime Organization. The captain is responsible for responding to and reporting in case of accidents and incidents, and in case of injuries and illness among the ship's crew and passengers.[citation needed]

Responsibilities

The captain ensures that the ship complies with local and international laws and complies also with company policies.[1] The captain is ultimately responsible, under the law, for aspects of operation such as the safe navigation of the ship,[2] its cleanliness and seaworthiness,[3] safe handling of all cargo,[4] management of all personnel,[5] inventory of ship's cash and stores,[6] and maintaining the ship's certificates and documentation.[7]

One of a shipmaster's particularly important duties is to ensure compliance with the vessel's security plan, as required by the International Maritime Organization's ISPS Code.[8] The plan, customized to meet the needs of each individual ship, spells out duties including conducting searches and inspections,[9] maintaining restricted spaces,[9] and responding to threats from terrorists, hijackers, pirates, and stowaways.[10] The security plan also covers topics such as refugees and asylum seekers, smuggling, and saboteurs.[11]

On ships without a purser, the captain is in charge of the ship's accounting.[12] This includes ensuring an adequate amount of cash on board,[13] coordinating the ship's payroll (including draws and advances),[14] and managing the ship's slop chest.[15]

On international voyages, the captain is responsible for satisfying requirements of the local immigration and customs officials.[16] Immigration issues can include situations such as embarking and disembarking passengers,[17] handling crewmembers who desert the ship,[18] making crew-changes in port,[19] and making accommodations for foreign crewmembers.[20] Customs requirements can include the master providing a cargo declaration, a ship's stores declaration, a declaration of crewmembers' personal effects, crew lists and passenger lists.[21]

The captain has special responsibilities when the ship or its cargo are damaged, when the ship causes damage to other vessels or facilities, and in the case of injury or death of a crewmember or passenger. The master acts as a liaison to local investigators[22] and is responsible for providing complete and accurate logbooks, reports, statements and evidence to document an incident.[23] Specific examples of the ship causing external damage include collisions with other ships or with fixed objects, grounding the vessel, and dragging anchor.[24] Some common causes of cargo damage include heavy weather, water damage, pilferage, and damage caused during loading/unloading by the stevedores.[25] Finally, the master is responsible to address any medical issues affecting the passengers and crew by providing medical care as possible, cooperating with shore-side medical personnel, and, if necessary, evacuating those who need more assistance than can be provided on board the ship.[26]

Officiating marriages

There is a common belief that ship captains have historically and currently been able to perform marriages. In most countries of ship's registry, this is a myth.[27]

The United States Navy defined a captain’s powers in its 1913 Code of Regulations, stating: "The commanding officer shall not perform a marriage ceremony on board his ship or aircraft. He shall not permit a marriage ceremony to be performed on board when the ship or aircraft is outside the territory of the United States" with the exceptions being "in accordance with local laws and the laws of the state, territory, or district in which the parties are domiciled" and "In the presence of a diplomatic or consular official of the United States, who has consented to issue the certificates and make the returns required by the consular regulations." There are a few contradictory legal precedents: courts didn’t recognize a shipboard marriage in California's 1898 Norman v. Norman but did in New York's 1929 Fisher v. Fisher (notwithstanding the absence of municipal laws so carried) and in 1933's Johnson v. Baker, an Oregon court ordered the payment of death benefits to a widow because she had established that her marriage at sea was lawful.

New Jersey's 1919 Bolmer v. Edsall said a shipboard marriage ceremony is governed by the laws of the nation where ownership of the vessel lies.

In the United Kingdom, no merchant ship has ever been approved for marriages, although from 1854 any which took place had to be reported in the ship's log.[28][29]

In other countries of ship's registry the legal situation varies. Most do not permit solemnisation of marriage by the master of a ship at sea. Filipino law, as a narrow exception, recognises a marriage in articulo mortis solemnized by the captain of a ship or chief of an aeroplane during a voyage, or by the commanding officer of a military unit.[30] Japan allows captains to perform a marriage ceremony at sea, but only for that country's citizens. Malta[31] or Bermuda-registered ships may offer weddings officiated by the captain at sea; Princess Cruises has used this as a selling point for their passenger ships since 1998[32] and Cunard announced its intention to move the registration of “Queen Mary 2″, “Queen Victoria” and “Queen Elizabeth” from Southampton to Bermuda in 2011.[33]

Some captains obtain other credentials (such as ordination as ministers of religion or accreditation as notaries public) which do allow them to officiate in jurisdictions where they otherwise would not be recognised.[27] Another option is a wedding on a ship in port, using an officiant from that port.

In fiction, ship captains have performed marriages in various media including the 1951 film The African Queen, and episodes of The Love Boat and various Star Trek series.[27]

Licensing

United States

A ship's captain must have a number of qualifications, including a license.

To become a master of vessels of any gross tons upon oceans in the United States, one must first accumulate at least 365 days of service while holding a chief mate's license. The chief mate's license, in turn, requires at least 365 days of service while holding a second mate's license, passing a battery of examinations, and approximately 13 weeks of classes. Similarly, one must have worked as a third mate for 365 days to have become a second mate.

There are two methods to attain an unlimited third mate's license in the United States: to attend a specialized training institution, or to accumulate "sea time" and take a series of training classes and examinations.[34]

Training institutions that can lead to a third mate's license include the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy (deck curriculum), and the 6 state maritime academies in Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Texas, or California or the Great Lakes Maritime Academy, or a three-year apprentice mate training program approved by the Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard. Furthermore third mate's licenses can be obtained through the US Coast Guard Academy and the US Naval Academy with approved courses and requsite Sea Time as an Officer in Charge of a Navigational Watch.

A seaman may start the process of attaining a license after three years of service in the deck department on ocean steam or motor vessels, at least six months of which as able seaman, boatswain, or quartermaster. Then the seaman takes required training courses, and completes on-board assessments. Finally, the mariner can apply to the United States Coast Guard for a third mate's license.

An alternate method of obtaining a license as a master of vessels of any gross tons upon oceans, without sailing as a third, second, or chief mate, is to obtain one year of seatime as a 1st class pilot of any gross tons or mate of vessels of any gross tons upon Great Lakes and inland waters. Then pass an examination for the license of master of vessels of any gross tons upon Great Lakes and inland waters. A master of vessels of any gross tons upon Great Lakes and inland waters may, without any additional seatime, take the examination for master of vessels of any gross tons upon near coastal waters. If the candidate does not already have sufficient deep sea experience he may with six months of additional seatime, in any licensed capacity, take a partial examination consisting primarily of celestial navigation and have the near coastal restriction removed. 46CFR 11.403

A master of 1,600 ton vessels can, under certain circumstances, begin the application process for an unlimited third mate's license.[citation needed]

Some employers offer financial assistance to pay for the training for their employees. Otherwise, the mariner is responsible for the cost of the required training. A Chief Mate to Master formal training generally takes about 12 weeks and provides the knowledge, skills and other soft skills training to take on the duties and responsibilities.[35]

Various US states require and issue shipmaster or captain licenses in order to be employed in operating a vessel for hire, while navigating within "non-federal" waters. (Such as a lake or river charter boat "skipper"). Most states honor a USCG master's certificate as an alternative to their state licensing. These state licenses certify that the captain has given satisfactory evidence that he/she can safely be entrusted with the duties and responsibilities of operating or navigating passenger carrying vessels of the tonnage and upon the waters specified. The state licensed captains command vessels that range from small uninspected vessels to large excursion vessels that carry over 100 passengers, so the licenses are not issued haphazardly.[citation needed]

Employment

United Kingdom

As of 2008, the U.K. Learning and Skills Council lists annual salaries for senior deck officers as ranging from £22,000 to over £50,000 per year.[36] The Council characterizes job opportunities for senior deck officers as "generally good" and expects a "considerable increase" in the job market over the next few years.[36]

United States

As of 2013, captains of U.S.-flagged deep sea vessels make up to US$1500 per day, or US$80,000 to US$300,000 per year.[37] Captains of smaller vessels in the inland and coastal trade earn between US$350 and US$700 per day, or US$65,000 to $180,000 per year.[37] Captains of large ferries average US$56,794 annually.[37]

In 2005, 3,393 mariners held active unlimited master's licenses.[38] 87 held near-coastal licenses with unlimited tonnage, 291 held unlimited tonnage master's licenses on inland and Great Lakes waters, while 1,044 held unlimited licenses upon inland waters only.[38] Some 47,163 active masters licenses that year had tonnage restrictions, well over half of those being for near-coastal vessels of up to 100 tons gross tonnage.[38]

As of 2006, some 34,000 people were employed as captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels in the United States.[39] The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 18% growth in this occupation, expecting demand for 40,000 shipmasters in 2016.[39]

Uniform

A captain's insignia that features the "executive curl."

Uniforms are still worn aboard many ships, or aboard any vessels of traditional and organized navigation companies, and are required by company regulation on passenger and cruise vessels.[citation needed]

In the passenger-carrying trade a unified corporate image is often desired and it is useful for those unfamiliar with the vessel to be able to identify members of the crew and their function. Some companies and countries[which?] use an executive curl (also called Nelson loop) similar to that of the Royal Navy. Captain and officers on British ships often wear the traditional diamond shape within the stripes. This represents a blade of a ship's propeller. It should be worn in the correct direction with the overlapping loop facing forward.[citation needed]

In the United States, and in others numerous maritime countries, captains and officers of shipping companies may wear a merchant navy or merchant marine regular uniform when aboard ship.[citation needed]

Master mariner

Captain's seniority

In a few countries,[which?] some captains with particular and requested experiences in terms of navigation and in terms of command at sea, depending by application of different countries' laws, will be named senior captain.[citation needed]

Magister navis

The term master came from the Latin language used during the imperial Roman age, from the old Roman term magister navis, that is, the nobleman patrician designated as maximum authority on board the vessel. The magister navis had the right to use the laurus or corona laurèa.

From this old Roman age tradition the modern shipmaster of a few nations used to wear on the cap's vizor the golden laurel leaves.[citation needed]

Skipper

A skipper is a person who has command of a boat or sea-craft or tug, more or less equivalent to "captain in charge aboard ship." At sea, or upon lakes and rivers, the skipper as shipmaster or captain has the absolute command over the crew. The skipper may or may not be the owner of the boat.

The word is derived from the low German and Dutch word schipper; schip is Dutch for "ship". In Dutch sch- is pronounced [sx] and English-speakers rendered this as [sk].

The word "skipper" is used more than "captain" for some types of craft, for example fishing boats.

It is also more frequently used than captain with privately owned noncommercial or semi-commercial vessels, such as small yachts and other recreational boats, mostly in cases where the person in command of the boat may not be a licensed or professional captain, suggesting the term is less formal. In the U.S., a "skipper" who is in command of a charter vessel that carries paying passengers must be licensed by a state or the USCG. If the vessel carries over six paying passengers, it must be an "inspected vessel" and a higher class license must be obtained by the skipper/master depending on the vessel's gross tons.

In the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, and merchant naval slang, it is a term used in reference to the commanding officer of any ship, base, or other command regardless of rank. It is generally only applied to someone who has earned the speaker's respect, and only used with the permission of the commander/commanding officer in question.

Skipper RNR was an actual rank used in the British Royal Naval Reserve for skippers of fishing boats who were members of the service. It was equivalent to Warrant Officer. Skippers could also be promoted to Chief Skipper RNR (equivalent to Commissioned Warrant Officer) and Skipper Lieutenant RNR.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.3.
  2. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.4.
  3. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.5.
  4. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.7.
  5. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.7-11.
  6. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.11-12.
  7. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.13-15.
  8. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.97.
  9. ^ a b Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.100-101.
  10. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.103-111.
  11. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.110-114.
  12. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.209.
  13. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.210-211.
  14. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.211-223.
  15. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.223-225.
  16. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.175-208.
  17. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.208.
  18. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.206-207.
  19. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.207.
  20. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.204, 206, 208.
  21. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.183-187.
  22. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.46-47.
  23. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.47-49.
  24. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.52-61.
  25. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.65-69.
  26. ^ Aragon and Messner, 2001, p.77-89.
  27. ^ a b c http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/fashion/weddings/a-marriage-at-sea-get-me-rewrite.html
  28. ^ "Looking for records of a birth, marriage or death at sea or abroad". UK National Archives.
  29. ^ BT 334/117, Register of marriages at sea (1854-1972), UK Board of Trade, archived at The National Archives, Kew lists 219 marriages recorded in ship's logbooks, most performed at sea by chaplains or ministers of religion; their legal status nonetheless remains uncertain.
  30. ^ "G.R. No. 158298". Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  31. ^ "British couples could soon marry on Cunard cruise liners crossing the Atlantic". Daily Mail (UK).
  32. ^ "Princess Cruises' Nautical Nuptials Offer Romantic Start to a Life Together  : Princess Cruises". www.princess.com.
  33. ^ "Cunard Says 'I Do' To Weddings, Bermuda". Bernews.com.
  34. ^ "U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Part 10, Subpart 407".
  35. ^ "Chief Mate Master Training".
  36. ^ a b Learning and Skills Council, 2008.
  37. ^ a b c Pelletier, 2007, p.160.
  38. ^ a b c Pelletier, 2007, p.45.
  39. ^ a b Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008-2009, p. 4.

References

Master mariner associations
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