Dutch/Lesson 5
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Beginner level: cycle 2 |
Lesson 5 ~ Lesson 5
De weg vragen ~ Asking directions
• Grammar: Verbs |
• Grammar: The four moods |
• Grammar:The present tense |
Gesprek 5-1
[edit | edit source]Vocabulary | ||
---|---|---|
de voet | foot | |
zoeken | to look for, search | |
het station | station | |
vertellen | to tell | |
vinden | find | |
links | left | |
rechts | right | |
de weg | road, way | |
het gebouw | building | |
de bestemming | destination | |
uitzien | to look like | |
inderdaad | indeed |
John is te voet op zoek naar het station en spreekt een voorbijganger aan.
Hij volgt de weg en vindt zijn bestemming.
|
John is looking for the station on foot and addresses a passer by
- Kunt u mij alstublieft vertellen waar ik het station kan vinden.? - Can you please tell me where I can find the (train) station?
- Zeker, neem de derde straat aan uw rechterhand. - Certainly, take the third street on your right.
- Als u de weg volgt, dan vindt u het station aan de linkerkant. - If you follow the road, you'll find the station on your/the left-hand side.
- Het is een prachtig gebouw. U kunt het niet missen. - It is a beautiful building. You cannot miss it.
- Hartelijk dank! Ik vind het wel - Thanks you very much! I'll find it (don't worry)
- Hij volgt de weg en vindt zijn bestemming - he follows the road and finds his destination.
- Dat gebouw ziet er inderdaad mooi uit. - That building looks beautiful indeed.
- Vind je ook niet? - Wouldn't you agree? (Lit: Don't you find that also?)
Is dit waar of niet waar?
- Johns bestemming is de boekhouding
- De voorbijganger is een Engelsman
- Het gebouw is in de tweede straat rechts
- John mist zijn trein
- John rijdt op een motor
- Het stationsgebouw is inderdaad prachtig
- Johns bestemming is de boekhouding - niet waar: hij is op zoek naar het station
- De voorbijganger is een Engelsman - niet waar: hij spreekt Nederlands
- Het gebouw is in de tweede straat rechts - niet waar: de derde straat
- John mist zijn trein - niet waar
- John rijdt op een motor - niet waar: hij is te voet
- Het stationsgebouw is inderdaad prachtig - zeker, dit is waar
Notice that John uses the polite forms "alstublieft" (please) and "hartelijk dank" (thank you very much) to a total stranger rather than the more informal "alsjeblieft and "dank je".
Grammatica 5-1 ~ Conjugation of verbs; the four moods
[edit | edit source]Dutch has a relatively simple system of verbs with four moods and eight tenses. The Dutch verb has a few more endings than the English one. We will focus on three forms:
- stem
- stem -t
- stem -en
Imperative mood
[edit | edit source]The simplest form is the imperative mood. As in English it is simply the stem of the verb:
- Neem! - take!
There is a (rather archaic) plural of the imperative, that takes an extra -t:
- Neemt! - take (you all!).
Often imperatives are 'softened' to a kind request or encouragement with modal adverbs like maar or even:
- Ga weg - Go away! (This is pretty curt, even offensive: Get lost!)
- Ga even weg - Please leave me alone for a moment (A kind request: do me a favor)
- Ga maar weg - You can go now, that's OK. (An encouragement or permission)
In polite address with 'u' often a -t is added, although grammarians don't always consider that an imperative[1]:
- Gaat u zitten - please sit down
- Weest u niet bang - don't be afraid
Indicative mood in the present tense
[edit | edit source]By far the most important mood is the indicative one and its tenses. We will look at the present tense only here. The first person singular has the same form as the imperative:
- neem! - take!
- ik neem - I take
The third person (he/she) singular acquires a final -t in the present. In English it gets a -s instead:
- ik volg - I follow
- hij volgt - he follows
In contrast to English this also applies to the second person singular:
- jij vindt - you find (informal)
- U kunt - you can (formal, polite)
However, the -t ending is lost for the informal jij form, when the word order is reversed, e.g. when asking a question:
- Vind je dat ook niet?
The Dutch verb has a 'plural' form that generally ends in -en, which is used for all plural persons and for the infinitive as well:
- vertellen - to tell
- wij nemen - we take
- jullie volgen - you (all) follow
- zij kunnen - they can
Notice that the vowel usually does not change and therefore we are doubling either consonants or vowels when we go from one syllable to two:
- vertel - vertelt - vertelˑlen => single e remains [ɛ] in syllable closed by extra l.
- loop - loopt - loˑpen => o remains [o], even in the closed syllable, as indicated by "oo".
Brief exercise
[edit | edit source]Choose the correct form of the verb, then hover you mouse over the verb to see the right answer.
jij (werken) | ik (lopen) | wij (lopen) |
jullie (werken) | u (graven) | zij (kijken) |
wij (volgen) | ik (bereiken) | (verkopen) ik? |
(werken)!! | (zitten) wij? | (halen) jij |
hij (verstoppen) | het (waaien) | wij (begrijpen) |
Fill in the correct verb form in the blank. Hover to check the answer.
- [werken]. Waar _____ jij?
- [gaan]. Zij _____ allebei naar het concert.
- [bibberen]. Het kindje _____ van de kou.
- [pakken]. Ik _____ de kaart even.
- [eten]. ____ u graag pannenkoeken met spek?
Infinitive mood
[edit | edit source]The plural form is also the infinitive of the verb:
- wij maken - we make
- maken - to make
It occasionally takes 'te' as in English 'to' but that is more exceptional in Dutch. The form with te is known as the extended infinitive and it has its own uses. Some of them are quite comparable to what happens in English:
- dat is moeilijk te maken - that is hard to make
The infinitive can be used as a noun where English uses the gerund in -ing. It is always neuter in gender:
- het vertellen van volkverhalen is een leuk tijdverdrijf.
- the telling of folktales is a nice pastime.
- het eten - the food, the meal
- het eten is klaar! - dinner's ready!
- het leven - life
There is a present participle, it ends in -end(e) rather than -ing. It is used mostly as an adjective[2]:
- de week die volgt → de volgende week
- the week that follows → the following week
- volgend jaar
- next year
There are forms ending in -ing in Dutch but they are (feminine) nouns of action only loosely associated with the verb they derive from, e.g.
- vertalen - to translate
- de vertaling - the translation
We will revisit verbal nouns much more extensively in one of the later lessons.
Some verbs are monosyllabic, e.g.
- zien - to see
- ik zie - I see
- hij ziet - he sees
- zij zien - they see
Subjunctive mood
[edit | edit source]The subjunctive mood is even rarer in Dutch than it is in English. It only exists in third person singular and (with few exceptions) present tense. It looks like the infinitive minus -n:
- Men neme twee pond gehakt
- lit. (May) one take two pounds of ground beef (minced meat)
- Het zij zo - be it so
It is only mentioned here for the sake of completeness. It is only used in a few wishes and recipes.
Some irregular verbs
[edit | edit source]Of course, there are a number of irregular verbs in Dutch, but often they are the same ones as in English. In English can and may do not take an -s in the third person. In Dutch a similar thing happens:
- kunnen
- ik kan - I can
- jij kunt - you can
- hij kan - he can (no t in Dutch - no s in English)
- mogen
- ik mag - I may
- jij mag - you may
- hij mag - he may (no t - no s)
We will revisit irregulars later.
Exercise 5.1
[edit | edit source]Read conversation 5.1 again and underline all verbs. Mark all endings as 0) - none 1) - t and 2) -en and identify in each case why this ending is used.
- Kunt u mij vertellen waar ik het station kan vinden.?
- Zeker, neem de derde straat aan uw rechterhand.
- Als u de weg volgt, dan vindt u het station aan de linkerkant.
- Het is een prachtig gebouw. U kunt het niet missen.
- Ik vind het wel.
- Hij volgt de weg en vindt zijn bestemming
- Dat gebouw ziet er inderdaad mooi uit.
- Vind je ook niet?
- Kunt u mij vertellen waar ik het station kan vinden.?
- Zeker, neem de derde straat aan uw rechterhand.
- Als u de weg volgt, dan vindt u het station aan de linkerkant.
- Het is een prachtig gebouw. U kunt het niet missen.
- Ik vind het wel.
- Hij volgt de weg en vindt zijn bestemming
- Dat gebouw ziet er inderdaad mooi uit.
- Vind je ook niet?
- Kunt (2nd pers. formal.) vertellen (inf.) Kan0 (1st person) vinden (inf.)
- Neem 0 (imperative)
- volgt (2nd pers.) vindt (2nd pers.)
- is (3rd person irregular.) kunt (2nd person.) missen (infinitive.)
- vind 0 (1st person)
- volgt (3rd person) vindt (3rd person).
- ziet (3rd person)
- vind 0 (2nd pers informal reverse order).
Exercise 5.2
[edit | edit source]Translate into Dutch:
- Take the train!
- Can you (fam.) tell folktales?
- The station is in the next street.
- We can follow the road.
- What is the street on the left called?
- Take the train! - Neem de trein!
- Can you (inf.) tell folktales? - Kun je volksverhalen vertellen?
- The station is in the next street. - Het station is in de volgende straat.
- We can follow the road. - We kunnen de weg volgen.
- What is the street on the left called? - Hoe heet de straat aan de linker kant?
- Notice the word order in 4: the infinitive is put at the end of the sentence.
Grammatica 5-2
[edit | edit source]Clitics revisited
[edit | edit source]As shown before many personal pronouns have a strong and a weak form:
- mij, me - me (object)
- jij, je - you (subject)
- jou, je - you (object)
- wij, we - we
- zij, ze - they or she
- hen, ze - them
The weak forms me, je, we and ze are used when the emphasis lies on some other part of the sentence. The strong form expresses mild emphasis.
- Hij ziet me in de spíégel - He sees me in the mirror (not on television).
- Hij ziet míj in de spiegel - He sees me in the mirror (not my mother).
Some pronouns do not have clitics, like u and jullie. In the spoken language there are more weak forms than in the written one, e.g. for he (ie), him ('m) and for her (d'r or 'r)
- Dat heeft-ie niet gedaan - He ain't done it
- Hij heeft 'r geslagen - He beat 'r up
- Ze hebben 'm gezien -- They spotted 'im
In the written language they are often written in full hij, haar and hem.
For possessive pronouns the same holds. Compare:
- Mijn motor is een Honda. Wat is jouw motor? - My bike is a Honda. What is your bike?
- Ik wil graag een ritje op je motor maken. - I'd love to ride y'r bike!
- mijn, m'n - my
- jouw, je - your
- zijn, z'n - his
- haar, (d'r)- her
Again the spoken language has a clearer distinction than the written one. The forms m'n, z'n, and especially d'r are often written as mijn, zijn and haar in formal writing. The form je is pretty much the only clitic possessive generally accepted in writing.
Woordenschat 5
[edit | edit source]Dutch term | Audio file | English translation |
---|---|---|
de tafel | tafel (help·info) | table |
zeker | zeker (help·info) | certain(ly), sure |
inderdaad | inderdaad (help·info) | indeed |
vertellen | vertellen (help·info) | to tell |
missen | missen (help·info) | to miss |
volgen | volgen (help·info) | to follow |
zien | zien (help·info) | to see |
U kunt | U (help·info) kunt (help·info) | You can |
de bestemming (f.) | bestemming (help·info) | the destination |
prachtig | prachtig (help·info) | beautiful |
mooi | mooi (help·info) | fine, pretty, beautiful |
het station | station (help·info) | the train station |
de kant (m.) | kant (help·info) | the side |
de weg (m.) | weg (help·info) | the road |
de spiegel (m.) | spiegel (help·info) | the mirror |
het gebouw | gebouw (help·info) | the building |
Quizlet
[edit | edit source]The vocabulary of this lesson can be trained at Quizlet (27 terms)
Progress made
[edit | edit source]If you have studied this lesson well, you should
- know the four moods of the verb
- know how to form a present tense
- be able to use Dutch personal pronouns in all their forms
Cumulative term count
- Cycle 1: 579 terms
- Cycle 2:
- Lesson 5: 25 terms
- Grand total 604 terms
Appendix
[edit | edit source]- ↑ The linguistic advice of the Taalunie [1] and [2] are downright contradictory. One one page it is said that the imperative gets a -t in the presence of the personal pronoun u, on the other it says that this is not an imperative! The case of to be is not discussed, but it is hard to argue that weest u is not an imperative, because an indicative u weest does not exist. The other authoritative source the Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst (ANS) has little more to offer than a few weasel words. The author of this book thinks that the Taalunie is simply mistaken in its analysis
- ↑ Participles are revisited extensively in Lesson 22