musieć
Old Polish
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Old Czech museti,[1] from Middle High German muozen,[2] from Old High German muozan, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtan. The change of musić to musieć is due to influence from intransitive verbs ending in -eć, i.e. umieć, and woleć.[3] First attested in 1365.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editmusieć impf
- (attested in Masovia) to have to, to need to, must (to be obliged to)
- (attested in Lesser Poland) to have to; must; used to indicate certainty
- Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie[2], Krakow, page 173b:
- A szaprafdøcz by ten tho clouek malo sgrzesil, ysze gdisci bi szø on na tho rosmislil, isbicz on f krothke chvyly vmrzecz muszyl
- [A zaprawdęć by ten to człowiek mało zgrzeszył, iże gdyżciby się on na to rozmyślił, iżbyć on w krotkie chwili umrzeć musił]
Related terms
editDescendants
edit- Polish: musieć, musić (Middle Polish)
- Silesian: musieć
- → Old Ruthenian: мусити (musiti), мусѣти (musěti), мусꙗти (musjati)
References
edit- ^ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “musić”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- ^ Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “musieć”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- ^ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “musieć”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “musieć, musić”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom earlier musić (whence the derived verbs przymusić, zmusić, etc.),[1][2] inherited from Old Polish musieć. Cognate with Czech muset, Slovak musieť and English must.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editmusieć impf
- (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, to need to, must (to be obliged to)
- Musimy porozmawiać. ― We need to talk.
- Musiałem coś zjeść. ― I had to eat something.
- Muszę iść. ― I must go.
- Nie muszę iść. ― I don't have to go.
- (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to; used to make a suggestion
- Musisz tam pójść! ― You have to go there!
- (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, to need to, must; used by the speaker when they expect agreement
- Musisz przyznać, że... ― You have to admit that...
- (intransitive, auxiliary, usually in questions) to have to, to need to, must; used by the speaker to criticize someone's actions
- Czy musisz to robić? ― Do you have to do that?
- (intransitive, colloquial, by ellipsis) to have to go, to need to go, must go; used by the speaker to indicate the need to go somewhere
- Muszę do toalety. ― I have to go to the toilet. (literally, “I have to (to) the toilet.”)
- (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, must; used to indicate certainty
- Moje klucze muszą tam być. ― My keys must/have to be there.
Usage notes
editThe construction nie musieć expresses a lack of necessity. In contrast, the order musieć nie, similarly to the English must not, indicates the necessity not to do something. The latter construction however is especially rarely used in sense 1. To indicate a negative obligation, the constructions nie móc or mieć nie are used, ie.:
- Nie mogę tego ruszać. ― I cannot touch this.
- Mam tego nie ruszać. ― I am not supposed to touch this.
Conjugation
editDerived terms
editRelated terms
editDescendants
editTrivia
editAccording to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), musieć is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 89 times in scientific texts, 46 times in news, 129 times in essays, 181 times in fiction, and 302 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 747 times, making it the 60th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[3]
References
edit- ^ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “musić”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- ^ Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “musieć”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “musieć”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 259
Further reading
edit- musieć in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- musieć in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “musieć, musić”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “MUSIEĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], (Can we date this quote?)
- “MUSIEĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2015 January 16
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “musieć”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “musieć”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “musieć”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 1074
- musieć in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
Silesian
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Polish musieć.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editmusieć impf
- (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, to need to, must (to be obliged to)
- (intransitive, auxiliary) to have to, must; used to indicate certainty
Conjugation
editThis verb needs an inflection-table template.
Further reading
edit- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms borrowed from Old Czech
- Old Polish terms derived from Old Czech
- Old Polish terms derived from Middle High German
- Old Polish terms derived from Old High German
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish verbs
- Old Polish imperfective verbs
- Masovia Old Polish
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- Lesser Poland Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Czech
- Polish terms derived from Middle High German
- Polish terms derived from Old High German
- Polish terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish 2-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/uɕɛt͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Polish/uɕɛt͡ɕ/2 syllables
- Polish lemmas
- Polish verbs
- Polish imperfective verbs
- Polish intransitive verbs
- Polish auxiliary verbs
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish colloquialisms
- Polish ellipses
- Silesian terms derived from Old Czech
- Silesian terms derived from Middle High German
- Silesian terms derived from Old High German
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/uɕɛt͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Silesian/uɕɛt͡ɕ/2 syllables
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian verbs
- Silesian imperfective verbs
- Silesian intransitive verbs
- Silesian auxiliary verbs