Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/axšáyHnah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly from *axšám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *akšám (“kind to blue gemstone, blue vitriol”) (whence Sanskrit अक्ष (akṣá, “blue vitriol”), अक्षज (akṣaja, “diamond”)) ‎ *-ayHnah (material adjectival suffix).^[1]^[2]^[3]

Adjective

*axšáyHnah^[4]^[5]^[6]

green, blue

Derived terms

Proto-Iranian: *axšaynahwaynah (“blue-green, turquoise”) ( *hwaynah)
- Old Median: *axšaynafaynah (“blue-green, turquoise”)^[7]^[8]
  - → Imperial Aramaic: [script needed] (ʾẖšynpyn), [script needed] (ʾẖšynpn)
- Proto-Scythian: *āxšīnhwīni (“turquoise”)^[9]^[10]
  - → Imperial Aramaic: [script needed] ([ʾẖš]nẖwyn)
Proto-Iranian: *AxšaynaH (personal name)
- → Old Armenian: Աշխէն (Ašxēn)^[11] (female personal name)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬀𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (axšaēna)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *āxšīni
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (āṣṣeina, “blue”)
  - Ossetian: (“dark blue”)
    Digor Ossetian: ӕхсийнӕ (æxsijnæ)
    Iron Ossetian: ӕхсин (æxsin)
- Sogdian: (/⁠axsēn, əxsen⁠/, “green”)
  Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐼼𐼰𐼷𐼻𐼳 (ʾɣsʾynh), 𐼰𐼲𐼼𐼷𐼻 (ʾɣsyn)
  
  Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼄𐼑𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼆 (ʾɣsʾynh), 𐼀𐼄𐼑𐼊𐼏 (ʾɣsyn), 𐼀𐼄𐼑𐼀𐼊𐼏 (ʾɣsʾyn)
  - ⇒ Sogdian: (/⁠axsēnē⁠/, “green, greenish”) ( -𐼰𐼷 (-ʾy /⁠ē⁠/))
    Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼄𐼑𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼋 (ʾɣsʾynʾk), 𐼀𐼄𐼑𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼊 (ʾɣsʾynʾy)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ormuri: (“green”)
  Kaniguram: شين (šin)
  
  Logar: [script needed] (x̌in)
- Pashto: شين (šin, “(dark) blue, green”)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *æxšēn
  - Yidgha: [script needed] (axšin)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *ṣ̌ēn
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *x̌ēn
      - Sarikoli: x̌ɛуп (“blue, grayish-blue”)
      - Shughni: х̌ӣн (x̌īn, “gray, blueish-gray, grayish-blue, blue, dove-colored”)
    - Yazghulami: шин (šin, “(dark) blue; greenish-gray; gray; greenish-brown (eyes)”)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: شین (şîn), ھەشین (heşîn)
  
  Northern Kurdish: şîn, hêşîn
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎠𐎧𐏁𐎡𐎴 (a-x-š-i-n /⁠axšainaʰ⁠/, “turquois”)
  - Middle Persian: (“(dark) blue”)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hšyn' /⁠ахšēn, хšēnēn, xašēn⁠/)
    - Classical Persian: خشین (axšin, xašīn), خشن (xašēn, “ashen, gray, (dark) blue”)^{[N 1]}
      - Iranian Persian: خشین (xäšin, “dark, gray, black, blueish”) (archaic)
      - Tajik: хинг (xing, “gray”) (dialectical)
  - → Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀝𒊺𒈾 (ak-še-na) (given name)

Notes

^ Possible merger in some languages with *hucáyHnah (“ashy, ashen, gray”), whence Sogdian 𐼄𐼇𐼑𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼕𐼆 (ɣwsʾynch /⁠xusēnč⁠/, “ashy”), from *hucáyah (“ash”) (whence Khwarezmian 𐾹𐾶𐾿𐾺 (xwsy, “ash”)).

References

^ Hinz, Walther (1975) “*axšaina-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[1] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 25
^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) “āṣṣeina-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, pages 26-27
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “aksa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 3
^ Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, pages 17, 32
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “*axšaina-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura
^ Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎^[3], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 400
^ Tavernier, Jan (2007) “*Axšainafaina-”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 441: “441”
^ Hinz, Walther (1975) “*axšainafaina-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[4] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 25
^ Tavernier, Jan (2007) “*Axšainaxvaina-”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 441: “441”
^ Hinz, Walther (1975) “*axšainaxvaina-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[5] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 25
^ Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎^[6], Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, page 27

[ash-12] Possible merger in some languages with *hucáyHnah (“ashy, ashen, gray”), whence Sogdian 𐼄𐼇𐼑𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼕𐼆 (ɣwsʾynch /⁠xusēnč⁠/, “ashy”), from *hucáyah (“ash”) (whence Khwarezmian 𐾹𐾶𐾿𐾺 (xwsy, “ash”)).

[1] Hinz, Walther (1975) “*axšaina-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[1] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 25

[2] Bailey, H. W. (1979) “āṣṣeina-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, pages 26-27

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “aksa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 3

[4] Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, pages 17, 32

[ESIJa-5] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “*axšaina-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura

[6] Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎^[3], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 400

[7] Tavernier, Jan (2007) “*Axšainafaina-”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 441: “441”

[8] Hinz, Walther (1975) “*axšainafaina-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[4] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 25

[9] Tavernier, Jan (2007) “*Axšainaxvaina-”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 441: “441”

[10] Hinz, Walther (1975) “*axšainaxvaina-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎^[5] (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 25

[11] Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎^[6], Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, page 27

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[N 1]

ćwaytáh, Harušáh		ćyaHwáh, ćyaHmáh
ćuxráh, Hráwditah	Harunáh, kádruš	*ȷ́ártah
	*axšáyHnah
		axšáyHnah, kapáwtah