-ский
Russian
editAlternative forms
edit- -ьский (-ʹskij) (after /л/), -йский (-jskij) (after a vowel), -цкий (-ckij) (with stems in /к/ and /ц/)
- -ско́й (-skój) (when stressed), -ьско́й (-ʹskój) (when stressed after /л/), -цко́й (-ckój) (when stressed with stems in /к/ and /ц/, unproductive)
Etymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ.
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): [skʲɪj]
- IPA(key): [skəj] (obsolete Moscow norm; nearly extinct since the mid-20th century)
Suffix
edit-ский • (-skij)
- Used to form adjectives from nouns or sometimes other adjectives, often relational (meaning "related to X"): -ian, -ic, -ish
- А́нглия (Ánglija, “England”) -ский (-skij) → англи́йский (anglíjskij, “English”)
- Русь (Rusʹ, “Rus”) -ский (-skij) → ру́сский (rússkij, “Russian”)
- ара́б (aráb, “Arab”) -ский (-skij) → ара́бский (arábskij, “Arabic, Arabian, Arab”)
- изда́тель (izdátelʹ, “publisher”) -ский (-skij) → изда́тельский (izdátelʹskij, “publisher (relational)”)
- депута́т (deputát, “deputy”) -ский (-skij) → депута́тский (deputátskij, “deputy (relational)”)
- зверь (zverʹ, “beast; brute”) -ский (-skij) → зве́рский (zvérskij, “brutal, savage”)
- геро́й (gerój, “hero”) -ский (-skij) → геро́йский (gerójskij, “heroic”)
- монго́л (mongól, “Mongol”) ьский (ʹskij) → монго́льский (mongólʹskij, “Mongolian”)
Usage notes
edit- Historically triggered the first Slavic palatalisation, cf. гре́цкий (gréckij), оне́жский (onéžskij), че́шский (čéšskij). However, in the modern literary language it has been replaced by the Church Slavonic variant -еский (-eskij) in most old formations. In modern formations, -ский after unmodified velars is used, e. g. ба́скский (báskskij), стра́сбургский (strásburgskij), каза́хский (kazáxskij).
- Always triggers palatalisation for stems in /л/.
- The adverb is -ски (-ski).
- Historically pronounced as an unstressed -ской (-skoj) and sometimes also spelled as such. In early modern poetry, such as in Pushkin, rhyming of -ский (-skij) with -ой can be found. This pronunciation became obsolete during the 20th century.
Declension
editDeclension of -ский (no short forms)
| masculine | neuter | feminine | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ский -skij |
-ское -skoje |
-ская -skaja |
-ские -skije | |
| genitive | -ского -skovo |
-ской -skoj |
-ских -skix | ||
| dative | -скому -skomu |
-ской -skoj |
-ским -skim | ||
| accusative | animate | -ского -skovo |
-ское -skoje |
-скую -skuju |
-ских -skix |
| inanimate | -ский -skij |
-ские -skije | |||
| instrumental | -ским -skim |
-ской, -скою -skoj, -skoju |
-скими -skimi | ||
| prepositional | -ском -skom |
-ской -skoj |
-ских -skix | ||