Wiktionary

長

See also: 表, 长, 衣, and 튽
長 U 9577, 長
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577
← 镶
[U 9576] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 镸 →
[U 9578]
⾧ U 2FA7, ⾧
KANGXI RADICAL LONG
← ⾦
[U 2FA6] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾨ →
[U 2FA8]
⻑ U 2ED1, ⻑
CJK RADICAL LONG ONE
← ⻐
[U 2ED0] 		CJK Radicals Supplement ⻒ →
[U 2ED2]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Alternative forms

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  • 镸 (when used as a radical)

Han character

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See images of
Radical 168 長

長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長 0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸𰀀⿺乀丿(HT))

  1. Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

Derived characters

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See also

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1328, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
  • Unihan data for U 9577

Chinese

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trad. 長
simp. 长
alternative forms 镸
仧
𠑿
𡕣
𠇬

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 長
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
     
Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
張 *taŋ, *taŋs
餦 *taŋ
粻 *taŋ
漲 *taŋ, *taŋʔ, *taŋs
長 *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs
脹 *taŋs
痮 *taŋs
帳 *taŋs
賬 *taŋs
倀 *tʰaŋ, *rtaːŋs
鼚 *tʰaŋ
鋹 *tʰaŋʔ
悵 *tʰaŋs
韔 *tʰaŋs
萇 *daŋ
瓺 *daŋ, *daŋs
棖 *rdaːŋ
掁 *rdaːŋ

Pictogram (象形) – an old man with long hair; an ancient variant still used is 镸 (e.g., ⾽ and 鬓).

Compare 彡 and the top component of 老 and its variant 考.

Etymology

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Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.

See 張 for more.

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • dòng - colloquial;
  • diòng - literary.
Note:
  • tn̂g/tôⁿ - colloquial;
  • tiô/tiôⁿ - colloquial (only used in 長泰／长泰);
  • tiông/tiâng - literary;
  • chhiâng - literary (limited, e.g. 笨長／笨长 and 高長／高长).
Note:
  • deng5 - colloquial;
  • ciang5 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 長 (長短)
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
/t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
Guiyang /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
/t͡suə¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zã²³/
Suzhou /zã¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑi³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
Xiangtan /ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tiɔŋ³⁵/
/tŋ̍³⁵/
/t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /touŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
/tɯŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /siaŋ³¹/
/ʔdo³¹/
Rime
Character 長
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直良切
Baxter drjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ȡiaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭaŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		cháng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		coeng4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 長
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		cháng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ drjang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
English long (adj.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 2/3
No. 1276
Phonetic
component 		長
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		長
Old
Chinese 		/*daŋ/

Definitions

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長

  1. long (of distance)
    長征／长征  ―  chángzhēng  ―  Long March
  2. length
    全長／全长  ―  quáncháng  ―  full length (of a river)
  3. long (in space); far; distant
  4. long (of time); lasting
  5. (Northern Wu, of a person) tall
    我比伊長三十厘米。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    我比伊长三十厘米。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6ngu 5pi 6yi 6zan 1se-zeq8 6li-mi6 [Wugniu]
    I'm taller than him by thirty centimeters.
  6. everlasting; permanent
  7. constantly; frequently
    See also: 常
  8. straight; perfectly straight
  9. upright; right; good; fine
  10. strength; advantage; merit
  11. skill; specialism
  12. to excel in
  13. (Mainland China Hokkien) to take advantage of someone
  14. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) segment of time or object
    分做兩長 [Hokkien, trad.]
    分做两长 [Hokkien, simp.]
    hun chòe nn̄g tn̂g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    to divide into two segments
  15. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) regularly; often; frequently
  16. a surname

Synonyms

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(tall):

Dialectal synonyms of 高 (“tall; high”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 高
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 高
Taiwan 高
Malaysia 高
Singapore 高
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 高
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 高
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 高
Wuhan 高, 長 †
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 高
Hefei 高
Cantonese Guangzhou 高
Hong Kong 高
Taishan 高
Yangjiang 高
Singapore (Guangfu) 高
Gan Nanchang 高, 猛 †
Hakka Meixian 高
Changting 高
Wuping 高
Liancheng 高
Ninghua 高
Jin Taiyuan 高
Northern Min Jian'ou 高
Eastern Min Fuzhou 懸
Fuzhou (Changle) 懸
Fuqing 懸
Pingtan 懸
Yongtai 懸
Gutian 懸
Fu'an 懸
Ningde 懸
Shouning 懸
Zhouning 懸
Matsu 懸
Southern Min Xiamen 懸, 躼 †
Quanzhou 懸, 躼 †
Zhangzhou 懸, 躼 †
Zhao'an 懸
Taipei 懸, 躼 †
New Taipei (Sanxia) 懸, 躼 †
Kaohsiung 懸, 躼 †
Yilan 懸, 躼 †
Changhua (Lukang) 懸, 躼 †
Taichung 懸
Tainan 懸, 躼 †
Hsinchu 懸
Kinmen 懸
Penghu (Magong) 懸
Penang (Hokkien) 懸
Singapore (Hokkien) 懸, 躼 †
Manila (Hokkien) 懸, 躼 †
Chaozhou 懸
Shantou 懸
Singapore (Teochew) 懸
Wenchang 懸
Qionghai 懸
Singapore (Hainanese) 懸
Puxian Min Putian 懸
Xianyou 懸
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 懸
Wu Shanghai 高, 長 †
Suzhou 高, 長 †
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 長, 高
Wenzhou 高, 長 †
Xiang Changsha 高, 上
Shuangfeng 高, 長 †
Note † - of a person's height

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (長):

Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • tióng/tiáng - literary;
  • tiúⁿ/tióⁿ/tiáuⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
  • chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).
Note:
  • ziang2 - "leader", "grow", "senior";
  • dion2 - dialectal usage ("manager of shops").
Rime
Character 長
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 知 (9)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 知丈切
Baxter trjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʈɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȶiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈɨaŋX/
Li
Rong 		/ȶiaŋX/
Wang
Li 		/ȶĭaŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȶi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhǎng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zoeng2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 長
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhǎng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ trjangX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*traŋʔ/
English grow; elder

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 1/3
No. 1263
Phonetic
component 		長
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		長
Old
Chinese 		/*taŋʔ/

Definitions

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長

  1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
    長大／长大  ―  zhǎngdà  ―  to grow old
    我家的樹長得很健康。 [MSC, trad.]
    我家的树长得很健康。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
    The tree in my house is growing healthily.
  2. (transitive, with 得 (de), of a person's appearance) to look; to appear
    他長得很像他爸爸。 [MSC, trad.]
    他长得很像他爸爸。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zhǎng de hěn xiàng tā bàbà. [Pinyin]
    He looks a lot like his dad.
    他長得又高又帥。 [MSC, trad.]
    他长得又高又帅。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zhǎng de yòu gāo yòu shuài. [Pinyin]
    He is tall and handsome.
  3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
  4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up
    See also: 漲
  5. to nourish
  6. old (of age)
    年長／年长  ―  niánzhǎng  ―  senior
  7. senior; elder
    兄長／兄长  ―  xiōngzhǎng  ―  elder brother
  8. leader; master; chief; head
  9. eldest; oldest
  10. to exalt; to honor
  11. to wield; to be in control of
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 長 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 生, 長
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 長
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 長
Singapore 長
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 長
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 生
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 長
Xi'an 長
Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 生
Southwestern Mandarin Wuhan 長
Guilin 長
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 生
Cantonese Guangzhou 生
Hong Kong 生
Dongguan 生
Gan Lichuan 長
Pingxiang 生
Hakka Meixian 生
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 生
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 生
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 生
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 生
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 生
Jin Taiyuan 長
Eastern Min Fuzhou 生
Southern Min Xiamen 生
Quanzhou 生
Zhangzhou 生
Taipei 生 GT
Singapore (Hokkien) 生
Shantou 生
Jieyang 生
Leizhou 生
Haikou 生
Wu Suzhou 長
Ningbo 生
Wenzhou 生
Jinhua 生
Xiang Loudi 生
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (長):

Pronunciation 3

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Rime
Character 長
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直亮切
Baxter drjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡiɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖɨaŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ȡiaŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭaŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zoeng6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 3/3
No. 1280
Phonetic
component 		長
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		仗
Old
Chinese 		/*daŋs/

Definitions

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長

  1. (archaic) length; measure of length
    See also: 丈
  2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
    今旦飯長野儕。 [Eastern Min, trad.]
    今旦饭长野侪。 [Eastern Min, simp.]
    gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
    There is a lot of leftover food today.

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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長

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. long, lengthy
  2. long time
  3. growing, increasing
  4. excellent, great
  5. comfortable, relaxing
  6. elder, old, senior
  7. chief, head, leader
  8. Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
長
ちょう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC drjang) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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長(ちょう) • (chō) ←ちやう (tyau)?

  1. chief, head, leader
    班(はん)長(ちょう)
    han chō
    the group leader
  2. strong point
    Antonym: 短 (tan)
    長(ちょう　)を伸(　の)ばす
    chō o nobasu
    enrich a strong point
  3. (music) major
    Antonym: 短 (tan)

Proper noun

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長(ちょう) • (Chō) ←ちやう (Tyau)?

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
長
おさ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

/wosa/ → /osa/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[3]

Considering the derivation of 幼い (osanai, “early childhood, infancy”) as 長 (osa) 無い (nai, “not, without, lacking”), this osa might have originally included overtones of "senior, elder". Compare English seniority, elderdom for a similar intersection of age and authority.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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長(おさ) • (osa) ←をさ (wosa)?

  1. [from 720] chief, head, leader
    Synonym: 頭 (kashira)
Derived terms
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Proper noun

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長(おさ) • (Osa) ←をさ (Wosa)?

  1. a place name
  2. a surname

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
長
なが
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.

Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Prefix

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長(なが) • (naga-) 

  1. long
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Proper noun

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長(なが) • (Naga) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
長
つかさ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
官
司
首
宰
省

From Old Japanese.

Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) ‎ さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this( ) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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長(つかさ) • (tsukasa) 

  1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
  2. an official
    Synonym: 役人 (yakunin)
  3. government service

Proper noun

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長(つかさ) • (Tsukasa) 

  1. a surname
  2. a unisex given name

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
長
たき
Grade: 2
irregular

⟨taki1⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/

Possibly a variant of take below.[4] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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長(たき) • (taki) 

  1. height

Etymology 6

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Kanji in this term
長
たけ
Grade: 2
irregular

⟨take2⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/

Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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長(たけ) • (take) 

  1. height

Proper noun

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長(たけ) • (Take) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 7

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Kanji in this term
長
たける
Grade: 2
irregular

Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).

Proper noun

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長(たける) • (Takeru) 

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

Etymology 8

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Kanji in this term
長
ひさし
Grade: 2
irregular

From Old Japanese.

Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).

Proper noun

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長(ひさし) • (Hisashi) 

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ “長”, in 日本国語大辞典‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  4. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 長 (MC drjang, “long”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 긴 (Yale: kin) 댱 (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

長 (eumhun 길 장 (gil jang))

  1. Hanja form? of 장 (“long; lengthy”). [prefix]

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX, “grow; elder”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 길 (Yale: kil) 댱 (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [장(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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長 (eumhun 어른 장 (eoreun jang))

  1. Hanja form? of 장 (“head; chief; manager”). [noun, suffix]
  2. Hanja form? of 장 (“to grow; to develop”). [affix]

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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長: Hán Việt readings: trường (直(trực)良(lương)切(thiết))[1][2][3], trưởng (展(triển)兩(lưỡng)切(thiết))[1][2][3], tràng[3]
長: Nôm readings: tràng[1][2][4], trường[1][2][4], trưởng[1][2][4], dài[1], chường[2], trành[3], trườn[5]

Etymology 1

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Chữ Hán form of trưởng (“head; leader; to grow”).

Compounds

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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Chữ Hán form of trường (“long (of distance and time)”).

Compounds

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Derived terms

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  5. ^ Hồ (1976).
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