諸華

Chinese

		all; many; various	flowery; flourishing; magnificent flowery; flourishing; magnificent; your; grey; corona; time; essence; China; Chinese; name of a mountain
trad. (諸華)		諸	華
simp. (诸华)		诸	华

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Zhūhuá

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨ ㄏㄨㄚˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zyu¹ waa⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Zhūhuá
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Jhuhuá
    • Wade–Giles: Chu¹-hua²
    • Yale: Jū-hwá
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Juhwa
    • Palladius: Чжухуа (Čžuxua)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zyu¹ waa⁴
    • Yale: jyū wàh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzy¹ waa⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ju¹ wa⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡syː⁵⁵ waː²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: tsyo hwae

Rime
Character	諸	華
Reading #	1/2	1/3
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	章魚切	戸花切
Baxter	tsyo	hwae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨʌ/	/ɦˠua/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiɔ/	/ɦʷᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiɔ/	/ɣua/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cɨə̆/	/ɦwaɨ/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiɔ/	/ɣua/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭo/	/ɣwa/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯wo/	/ɣwa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhū	huá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zyu1	waa4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ta  N-qʷʰˤra/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tja  ɡʷraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	諸	華
Reading #	1/1	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhū	huá
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyo ›	‹ hwæ ›
Old Chinese	/*ta/	/*N-qʷʰˁra/
English	many	flower (v.); flowery (adj.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	諸	華
Reading #	2/2	2/3
No.	17000	5312
Phonetic component	者	華
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	諸	華
Old Chinese	/*tja/	/*ɡʷraː/
Notes		說文於聲

Proper noun

諸華

1. (archaic, historical) the diverse Huas; the peoples of the historical Chinese heartland that identify with each other

   Antonym: 夷狄 (yídí)

   • 勞師於戎，而楚伐陳，必弗能救，是棄陳也。諸華必叛。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     劳师于戎，而楚伐陈，必弗能救，是弃陈也。诸华必叛。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Láo shī yú Róng, ér Chǔ fá Chén, bì fú néng jiù, shì qì Chén yě. Zhūhuá bì pàn. [Pinyin]

     If we'd wear out [our] troops warring against the Rong and Chu'd attack Chen, then we'd surely not able to save [Chen]; that'd amount to abandoning Chen. The various flourishing states would surely rebel.

   • 勞師于戎，而失諸華，雖有功，猶得獸而失人也，安用之？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     劳师于戎，而失诸华，虽有功，犹得兽而失人也，安用之？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Guoyu, circa 4^th century BCE

     Láo shī yú róng, ér shī Zhūhuá, suī yǒu gōng, yóu dé shòu ér shī rén yě, ān yòng zhī? [Pinyin]

     Wearing the troops out warring against the Rong and losing the various flourishing states; even if we'd achieve such a feat, that'd be like catching preys yet losing people. Why employ that [approach]?