毅

毅	U 6BC5, 毅 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6BC5

Translingual

stroke order

Han character

毅 (Kangxi radical 79, 殳 11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜人竹弓水 (YOHNE), four-corner 0724₇, composition ⿰豙殳)

Derived characters

𡃀, 𫻗, 藙, 䉨

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 587, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16673
Dae Jaweon: page 979, character 17
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2165, character 5
Unihan data for U 6BC5

Chinese

simp. and trad.		毅
2nd round simp.		⿱乙力

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (豙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
豙	ŋɯs, ŋɯds
藙	*ŋɯds
顡	ŋɯds, ŋuːlʔ, tŋruːls, tŋ̊ʰruːls
毅	*ŋɯds

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɯds) : phonetic 豙 (OC *ŋɯs, *ŋɯds) semantic 殳 (“an ancient Chinese weapon”)

Etymology

Semantically extended from 豙 (yì, “enraged pig”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngai⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gē / gī

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yì
  - Wade–Giles: i⁴
  - Yale: yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ngai⁶
  - Yale: ngaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngei⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɐi̯²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gē
  - Tâi-lô: gē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ge
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡe⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡe²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡe³³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gī
  - Tâi-lô: gī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gi
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡi³³/

Middle Chinese: ngj jH

Rime
Character	毅
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚旣切
Baxter	ngj jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiəi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨj^H/
Li Rong	/ŋiəi^H/
Wang Li	/ŋĭəi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋe̯i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ə[t]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	毅
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjɨj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]ə[t]-s/
English	bold
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	毅
Reading #	1/1
No.	15115
Phonetic component	豙
Rime group	隊
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ŋɯds/

Definitions

毅

resolute; decisive; firm; staunch
- 曾子曰：「士不可以不弘毅，任重而道遠。仁以為己任，不亦重乎？死而後已，不亦遠乎？」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  曾子曰：「士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。仁以为己任，不亦重乎？死而后已，不亦远乎？」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Zēngzǐ yuē: “Shì bù kěyǐ bù hóng yì, rèn zhòng ér dào yuǎn. Rén yǐ wèi jǐ rèn, bù yì zhòng hū? Sǐ ér hòu yǐ, bù yì yuǎn hū?” [Pinyin]
  The philosopher Zeng said, "The officer may not be without breadth of mind and vigorous endurance. His burden is heavy and his course is long. Perfect virtue is the burden which he considers it is his to sustain - is it not heavy? Only with death does his course stop - is it not long?"
- 寬而栗，柔而立，愿而恭，亂而敬，擾而毅，直而溫，簡而廉，剛而塞，彊而義。彰厥有常，吉哉！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  宽而栗，柔而立，愿而恭，乱而敬，扰而毅，直而温，简而廉，刚而塞，强而义。彰厥有常，吉哉！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 7^th – 4^th centuries BCE
  Kuān ér lì, róu ér lì, yuàn ér gōng, luàn ér jìng, rǎo ér yì, zhí ér wēn, jiǎn ér lián, gāng ér sè, qiáng ér yì. Zhāng jué yǒu cháng, jí zāi! [Pinyin]
  Tolerant yet firm; mild yet steadfast; ingenuous yet respectful; gubernatorial yet reverent; permissive yet resolute; straightforward yet gracious; terse yet incorruptible; stern yet sincere; and stalwart yet just. Whoever displays those qualities consistently, is [a] good [official] indeed!
- 君子曰：「失禮違命，宜其為禽也。戎，昭果毅以聽之，之謂禮。殺敵為果，致果為毅。易之，戮也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  君子曰：「失礼违命，宜其为禽也。戎，昭果毅以听之，之谓礼。杀敌为果，致果为毅。易之，戮也。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
  Jūnzǐ yuē: “Shīlǐ wéimìng, yí qí wéiqín yě. Róng, zhāo guǒyì yǐ tīng zhī, zhī wèi lǐ. Shādí wéi guǒ, zhìguǒ wéi yì. Yì zhī, lù yě.” [Pinyin]
  The noble man said, “He deviated from ritual propriety and disobeyed commands. It is fitting that he became a captive. In martial affairs, to manifest decisiveness and determination in obeying commands is ritual propriety. To kill the enemy is decisiveness; to sustain decisiveness is determination. To change this is to incur punishment and execution.”
(literary) ruthless; cruel; unrelenting
30th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "bold resolution" (𝌣)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

毅

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

strong

Readings

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: ぎ (gi)
Kan’yō-on: き (ki)
Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 毅い)、たけし (takeshi, 毅し)

Proper noun

毅(たけし) • (Takeshi)

a male given name

毅(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi)

a male given name
犬養(いぬかい)毅(つよし)
Inukai Tsuyoshi
Inukai Tsuyoshi

Korean

Hanja

毅 • (ui) (hangeul 의, revised ui, McCune–Reischauer ŭi, Yale uy)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

毅: Hán Nôm readings: nghị

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.