壤

See also: 壌

壤 U 58E4, 壤 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58E4 ← 壣 [U 58E3] CJK Unified Ideographs 壥 → [U 58E5]

Translingual

Japanese	壌
Simplified	壤
Traditional	壤

Han character

壤 (Kangxi radical 32, 土 17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 土卜口女 (GYRV), four-corner 4013₂, composition ⿰土襄)

Derived characters

• 𤅑

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 17
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5608
• Dae Jaweon: page 482, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 501, character 11
• Unihan data for U 58E4

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (襄) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
囊	*naːŋ
蠰	*naːŋ, *sraŋ, *hnjaŋs, *njaŋʔ
曩	*naːŋʔ
灢	*naːŋʔ, *naːŋs
儾	*naːŋs
孃	*naŋ, *njaŋ
瓤	*naŋ, *njaŋ
鑲	*naŋ, *njaŋ
釀	*naŋs
瓖	*snaŋ, *snaŋ
驤	*snaŋ
襄	*snaŋ
纕	*snaŋ
忀	*snaŋ
欀	*snaŋ, *njaŋs
饟	*hnjaŋ, *hnjaŋʔ, *hnjaŋs
攘	*njaŋ, *njaŋʔ, *njaŋs
禳	*njaŋ
穰	*njaŋ, *njaŋʔ
躟	*njaŋ, *njaŋʔ
瀼	*njaŋ
獽	*njaŋ
儴	*njaŋ
蘘	*njaŋ
鬤	*njaŋ, *rnaːŋ
勷	*njaŋ
壤	*njaŋʔ
嚷	*njaŋʔ
讓	*njaŋs
懹	*njaŋs
攮	*rnoːŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njaŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth, dirt”) phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).

Pronunciation 1

simp. and trad.		壤
2nd round simp.		圵

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rǎng (rang³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄤˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng⁶ / joeng⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): jióng / lióng / jiáng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): riang²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rǎng
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄤˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rǎng
    • Wade–Giles: jang³
    • Yale: rǎng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: raang
    • Palladius: жан (žan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐɑŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: joeng⁶ / joeng⁵
    • Yale: yeuhng / yéuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: joeng⁶ / joeng⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: yêng⁶ / yêng⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jœːŋ²²/, /jœːŋ¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jióng
    • Tâi-lô: jióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jiorng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɔŋ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng
    • Tâi-lô: lióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liorng
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /liɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiáng
    • Tâi-lô: jiáng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jiarng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziaŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziaŋ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: riang²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jiáng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziaŋ⁵²/

---

• Middle Chinese: nyangX

Rime
Character	壤
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	如兩切
Baxter	nyangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨɐŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɐŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiɑŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵɨaŋX/
Li Rong	/ȵiaŋX/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭaŋX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯aŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	joeng5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*naŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*njaŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	壤
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ nyangX ›
Old Chinese	/*naŋʔ/
English	cultivated soil
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壤
Reading #	1/1
No.	13643
Phonetic component	襄
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	壤
Old Chinese	/*njaŋʔ/

Definitions

壤

1. (soft) soil
2. land; ground
3. earth (as opposed to heaven)
4. region; area
5. (historical) wooden stick used in an ancient game

Compounds

• 僻壤 (pìrǎng)
• 僻壤窮鄉／僻壤穷乡
• 判如天壤
• 土壤 (tǔrǎng)
• 土壤保持
• 土壤學／土壤学 (tǔrǎngxué)
• 土壤汙染／土壤污染 (tǔrǎng wūrǎn)
• 土壤沖蝕／土壤冲蚀
• 土壤細流／土壤细流
• 墳壤／坟壤
• 壤土 (rǎngtǔ)
• 壤地 (rǎngdì)
• 壤壤
• 壤子
• 壤父
• 天壤
• 天壤之判
• 天壤之別／天壤之别 (tiānrǎngzhībié)
• 天壤王郎
• 封壤
• 平壤 (Píngrǎng, “Pyongyang”)
• 息壤
• 接壤 (jiērǎng)
• 擊壤／击壤
• 擊壤歌／击壤歌
• 擊壤鼓腹／击壤鼓腹
• 朽壤
• 泉壤 (quánrǎng)
• 浩壤
• 熙熙壤壤
• 皋壤
• 穹壤
• 窮山僻壤／穷山僻壤
• 窮鄉僻壤／穷乡僻壤 (qióngxiāngpìrǎng)
• 糞壤／粪壤
• 糞壤窟室／粪壤窟室
• 紅壤／红壤 (hóngrǎng)
• 膏壤
• 蓋壤／盖壤
• 豐壤／丰壤
• 迥隔霄壤
• 遐方絕壤／遐方绝壤
• 霄壤
• 霄壤之別／霄壤之别
• 霄壤之殊
• 黃壤／黄壤
• 鼠壤

 

Pronunciation 2

simp. and trad.		壤

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): ráng (rang²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄤˊ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: ráng
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ráng
    • Wade–Giles: jang²
    • Yale: ráng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rang
    • Palladius: жан (žan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐɑŋ³⁵/

---

Definitions

壤

1. Alternative form of 穰 (“plentiful harvest”)

References

• “壤”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	壌
Kyūjitai	壤

Kanji

壤

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壌)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: にょう (nyō)
• Kan-on: じょう (jō)
• Kun: つち (tsuchi, 壤)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 壤 (MC nyangX).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅣᇰ〯 (zyǎng) (Yale: zyǎng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
• Recorded as Middle Korean 양 (yang) (Yale: yang) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ja̠(ː)ŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [양(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

壤 (eumhun 흙 양 (heuk yang))

1. hanja form^? of 양 (“soil”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 평양 (平壤, Pyeong'yang, “Pyongyang”)
• 토양 (土壤, toyang, “soil, earth”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

壤: Hán Nôm readings: nhưỡng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.