吐

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

吐 (Kangxi radical 30, 口 3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 口土 (RG), four-corner 6401₀, composition ⿰口土)

Derived characters

𰇦, 𭈯

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 176, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3300
Dae Jaweon: page 393, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 576, character 5
Unihan data for U 5410

Chinese

simp. and trad.		吐

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
社	*ɦljaːʔ
肚	ʔl'aːʔ, l'aːʔ
土	l̥ʰaːʔ, l'aːʔ
吐	l̥ʰaːʔ, l̥ʰaːs
芏	*l̥ʰaːʔ
杜	*l'aːʔ
靯	*l'aːʔ
荰	*l'aːʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-twa (“to spit”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): tǔ (tu³)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tu³

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тў (tw, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou³ / tou²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hu¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thó͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): tou³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵thu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tǔ
  - Wade–Giles: tʻu³
  - Yale: tǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
  - Palladius: ту (tu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: tu³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тў (tw, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: tou³ / tou²
  - Yale: tou / tóu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tou³ / tou²
  - Guangdong Romanization: tou³ / tou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯³³/, /tʰou̯³⁵/

Note: tou2 - rare.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘
  - Tâi-lô: thóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tor
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tou³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thòu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou²¹³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵thu
  - MiniDict: thu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²thu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰu³⁴/

Middle Chinese: thuX

Rime
Character	吐
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	他魯切
Baxter	thuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰo^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɔ^X/
Li Rong	/tʰo^X/
Wang Li	/tʰu^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tou²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	吐
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ thu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˁaʔ/
English	eject from mouth, spit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	吐
Reading #	1/2
No.	12500
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	土
Old Chinese	/*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Definitions

吐

to spit; to spew from the mouth
to say; to tell; to pour out
a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 吐 (“to spit”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		吐
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	吐
	Taiwan	吐
	Singapore	吐
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	吐
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	吐
	Xi'an	吐
	Xining	吐
	Xuzhou	吐
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	吐
	Wuhan	吐
	Guiyang	吐
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	吐
	Yangzhou	吐
	Hefei	吐
Cantonese	Guangzhou	吐, 𦧲
	Hong Kong	吐, 𦧲
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	𦧲
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	吐
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	吐
	Taishan	吐, 𦧲
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	吐
Gan	Nanchang	吐
	Lichuan	吐
	Pingxiang	吐
Hakka	Meixian	唾, 哯
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	吐
	Wengyuan	啡
	Liannan	吐
	Jiexi	啡
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	啡
	Changting	吐
	Wuping (Yanqian)	啡
	Ninghua	吐
	Ningdu	吐
	Tonggu (Sandu)	吐
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	吐
	Dayu	吐
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	哯
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	哯
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	哯
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	哯
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	哯
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	吐, 哯
	Hong Kong	吐
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	啡
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	吐
	Xinyi (Sihe)	啡
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	啡
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	啡
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	吐
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	啡
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	啡
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	唾
	Mengshan (Xihe)	吐
	Senai (Huiyang)	呸
Huizhou	Jixi	吐
Jin	Taiyuan	吐
Northern Min	Jian'ou	吐
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	啡
	Fuzhou (Changle)	啡
	Fuqing	啡
	Yongtai	啡
	Gutian	啡
	Fu'an	啡
	Ningde	啡
	Shouning	啡
	Zhouning	啡
	Fuding	啡
Southern Min	Xiamen	呸
	Quanzhou	呸
	Yongchun	呸
	Zhangzhou	呸
	Taipei (Wanhua)	呸
	Kaohsiung	呸
	Yilan	呸
	Changhua (Lukang)	呸
	Taichung	呸
	Taichung (Wuqi)	呸
	Tainan	呸
	Taitung	呸
	Hsinchu	呸
	Penghu (Magong)	呸
	Singapore (Hokkien)	呸
	Manila (Hokkien)	呸
	Chaozhou	呸
	Jieyang	呸
	Bangkok (Teochew)	吐
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	吐
	Leizhou	吐
	Haikou	呸
Wu	Suzhou	吐
	Danyang	吐
	Wenzhou	吐
Xiang	Changsha	吐
Xiang	Shuangfeng	吐

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tù (tu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tou³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thò͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): tou³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tù
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tù
  - Wade–Giles: tʻu⁴
  - Yale: tù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuh
  - Palladius: ту (tu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: tou³
  - Yale: tou
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tou³
  - Guangdong Romanization: tou³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thò͘
  - Tâi-lô: thòo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tox
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔ¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tou³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thòu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou²¹³/

Middle Chinese: thuH

Rime
Character	吐
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	湯故切
Baxter	thuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuo^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuo^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰo^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɔ^H/
Li Rong	/tʰo^H/
Wang Li	/tʰu^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰuo^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tou³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	吐
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tù
Middle Chinese	‹ thu^H ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˁaʔ-s/
English	vomit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	吐
Reading #	2/2
No.	12502
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	菟
Old Chinese	/*l̥ʰaːs/

Definitions

吐

to vomit; to throw up

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 嘔吐 (“to vomit”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		嘔吐
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	吐
	Taiwan	吐
	Chengde	吐
	Chifeng	吐
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	吐
	Heihe	吐
	Qiqihar	吐
	Harbin	吐, 噦
	Jiamusi	吐
	Baicheng	吐
	Changchun	吐
	Tonghua	吐
	Shenyang	吐, 噦
	Jinzhou	吐, 噦
	Singapore	吐
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	吐
	Tangshan	吐
	Cangzhou	吐
	Baoding	吐, 噦
	Shijiazhuang	吐
	Lijin	吐
	Jinan	吐, 噦
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	吐
	Dandong	吐, 噦, 嘔
	Yantai	嘔
	Yantai (Muping)	嘔
	Qingdao	吐, 嘔
	Zhucheng	嘔
Central Plains Mandarin	Lingbao	吐, 噦
	Jining	噦
	Wanrong	吐
	Linfen	吐
	Shangqiu	吐, 噦
	Yuanyang	吐, 噦
	Zhengzhou	噦
	Xinyang	吐
	Baihe	吐
	Xi'an	吐
	Baoji	吐
	Tianshui	嘔
	Xining	吐
	Xuzhou	吐, 噦
	Fuyang	吐, 噦
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	噁
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	吐
	Lanzhou	吐
	Dunhuang	吐
	Hami	吐
	Ürümqi	吐, 噦
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	吐, 發吐, 嘔吐
	Nanchong	吐
	Dazhou	吐
	Hanyuan	吐
	Xichang	吐, 嘔吐
	Zigong	吐
	Chongqing	噦, 吐
	Wuhan	吐, 嘔, 哇
	Yichang	吐
	Xiangyang	吐
	Tianmen	吐
	Guiyang	吐
	Zunyi	嘔
	Bijie	吐
	Liping	吐, 噦
	Zhaotong	吐
	Dali	吐
	Kunming	吐
	Mengzi	吐
	Guilin	吐
	Liuzhou	吐
	Jishou	嘔
	Changde	嘔
	Hanzhong	吐, 噦
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	吐, 噁
	Yangzhou	吐, 噁
	Lianyungang	吐
	Lianshui	噦
	Nantong	嘔
	Anqing	吐
	Wuhu	吐
	Hefei	噁
	Hong'an	吐, 噦
Cantonese	Guangzhou	嘔
	Hong Kong	嘔
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	嘔
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	嘔
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	嘔
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	嘔
	Macau	嘔
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	嘔
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	嘔
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	嘔
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	嘔
	Foshan	嘔
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	嘔
	Foshan (Shunde)	嘔
	Foshan (Sanshui)	嘔
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	嘔
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	嘔
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	嘔
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	嘔
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	嘔
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	嘔
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	嘔
	Taishan	嘔
	Kaiping (Chikan)	嘔
	Enping (Niujiang)	嘔
	Heshan (Yayao)	嘔
	Dongguan	嘔
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	嘔
	Yangjiang	嘔
	Nanning	嘔
	Wuzhou	嘔
	Yulin	發嘔
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	嘔
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	嘔
	Singapore (Guangfu)	嘔
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	嘔
Gan	Nanchang	嘔
	Lichuan	吐
	Pingxiang	嘔, 吐
Hakka	Meixian	嘔, 翻
	Xingning	翻, 噁
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	嘔
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	嘔
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	發嘔
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	嘔
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	嘔
	Yudu	嘔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	嘔, 翻, 翻肚
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	嘔, 翻, 翻肚
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	嘔, 翻, 翻肚
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	噁, 翻, 翻肚
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	嘔, 翻, 翻肚
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	吐, 貶腹
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	吐
	Senai (Huiyang)	嘔
Huizhou	Jixi	吐
Huizhou	Shexian	吐
Jin	Taiyuan	吐
	Yangyuan	吐
	Datong	吐
	Xinzhou	吐
	Lüliang (Lishi)	吐
	Changzhi	吐
	Linhe	吐
	Jining	吐
	Hohhot	吐
	Erenhot	吐
	Pingshan	噦
	Zhangjiakou	吐
	Handan	吐
	Linzhou	嘔吐
	Suide	吐
Northern Min	Jian'ou	吐, 哊
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	吐, 嘔, 哊, 嘔吐
Eastern Min	Fuqing	吐
Southern Min	Xiamen	吐, 噁
	Quanzhou	吐, 噁
	Zhangzhou	吐, 噁
	Dongshan	吐
	Tainan	吐, 掠兔仔, 出酒 due to drunkenness
	Singapore (Hokkien)	吐
	Manila (Hokkien)	吐
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	發吐
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	嘔
	Chaozhou	吐
	Shantou	吐, 嘔, 嘔噦
	Shantou (Chenghai)	吐, 嘔
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	吐
	Leizhou	吐
	Wenchang	吐
	Haikou	吐
	Singapore (Hainanese)	吐
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	噦, 嘔
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	吐
Wu	Shanghai	嘔
	Shanghai (Chongming)	嘔
	Suzhou	嘔
	Danyang	吐
	Hangzhou	冒
	Ningbo	冒
	Wenzhou	吐
	Jinhua	吐
Xiang	Changsha	嘔
	Shuangfeng	嘔
	Quanzhou	嘔

Compounds

上吐下瀉／上吐下泻 (shàngtùxiàxiè)
丙馭吐茵／丙驭吐茵
催吐劑／催吐剂 (cuītùjì)
吐劑／吐剂
吐沫 (tùmò)
吐瀉／吐泻 (tùxiè)
吐血 (tùxuè)
吐退
吐逆
嘔吐／呕吐 (ǒutù)
孕吐 (yùntù)
經行吐衄／经行吐衄

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tǔ (tu³)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dat⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tǔ
  - Wade–Giles: tʻu³
  - Yale: tǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
  - Palladius: ту (tu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: dat⁶
  - Yale: daht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dat⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ded⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɐt̚²/

Definitions

吐

Only used in 吐谷渾／吐谷浑 (tǔyùhún).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 吐 – see 捅 (“(Min Nan) over; to reveal; to peck”). (This character is a variant form of 捅).

References

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00503
“吐”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
(Min Nan) “Query for 吐”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

Japanese

Kanji

吐

(Jōyō kanji)

vomit, belch, spit (out)

Readings

From Middle Chinese 吐 (MC thuX); compare Mandarin 吐 (tǔ):

Go-on: つ (tsu)、と (to, Jōyō)
Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)

From Middle Chinese 吐 (MC thuH); compare Mandarin 吐 (tù):

Go-on: つ (tsu)、と (to, Jōyō)
Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)

From native Japanese roots:

Kun: はく (haku, 吐く, Jōyō)、たぐり (taguri, 吐)、つく (tsuku, 吐く)、ぬかす (nukasu, 吐かす)

Compounds

哯吐(つだみ) (tsudami): (of an infant, etc) spitting out milk after taking a drink. See spit-up.
吐(と)息(いき) (toiki)
吐(と)気(き) (toki)
吐(と)逆(ぎゃく) (togyaku)
吐(と)血(けつ) (toketsu)
吐根(とこん) (tokon)
吐(と)剤(ざい) (tozai)
吐(と)泻(しゃ), 吐(と)瀉(しゃ) (tosha)
吐(と)漱(そう) (tosō)
吐(と)乳(にゅう) (tonyū)
吐(と)納(のう) (tonō)
吐(と)胸(むね) (tomune)
吐(と)露(ろ) (toro)
吐(はき)気(け) (hakike)
呕(おう)吐(と), 嘔(おう)吐(と) (ōto)
音(おん)吐(と) (onto)
談(だん)吐(と) (danto)
呑(どん)吐(と) (donto)
反(へ)吐(ど) (hedo)

Korean

Hanja

吐 (eum 토 (to))

Kwukyel form of 토 (to)

Vietnamese

Han character

吐: Hán Nôm readings: thổ, nhổ, giổ, giỗ

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