代える

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
代
か Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese かふ (kapu), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Cognate with 変(か)える (kaeru), 替(か)える (kaeru) and 換(か)える (kaeru).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かえる [kàérú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ka̠e̞ɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「代える」

Stem forms
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	代える	かえる	`[kàérú]`
Imperative (命令形)	代えろ	かえろ	`[kàéró]`
Key constructions
Passive	代えられる	かえられる	`[kàérárérú]`
Causative	代えさせる	かえさせる	`[kàésásérú]`
Potential	代えられる	かえられる	`[kàérárérú]`
Volitional	代えよう	かえよー	`[kàéyóꜜò]`
Negative	代えない	かえない	`[kàénáí]`
Negative perfective	代えなかった	かえなかった	`[kàénáꜜkàttà]`
Formal	代えます	かえます	`[kàémáꜜsù]`
Perfective	代えた	かえた	`[kàétá]`
Conjunctive	代えて	かえて	`[kàété]`
Hypothetical conditional	代えれば	かえれば	`[kàéréꜜbà]`

Verb

代(か)える • (kaeru) ^{←かへる (kaferu)^?}transitive ichidan (stem 代(か)え (kae), past 代(か)えた (kaeta))

Japanese verb pair
active	代える
mediopassive	代わる

substitute, use in place of, replace with, replace something with another
B(ビー)さんをA(エー)さんに代(か)える
bī-san o ē-san ni kaeru
Substitute Mr. A for Mr. B

Conjugation

Conjugation of "代える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	代え	かえ	kae
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	代え	かえ	kae
Shūshikei ("terminal")	代える	かえる	kaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	代える	かえる	kaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	代えれ	かえれ	kaere
Meireikei ("imperative")	代えよ¹ 代えろ²	かえよ¹ かえろ²	kaeyo¹ kaero²
Key constructions
Passive	代えられる	かえられる	kaerareru
Causative	代えさせる代えさす	かえさせるかえさす	kaesaseru kaesasu
Potential	代えられる代えれる³	かえられるかえれる³	kaerareru kaereru³
Volitional	代えよう	かえよう	kaeyō
Negative	代えない代えぬ代えん	かえないかえぬかえん	kaenai kaenu kaen
Negative continuative	代えず	かえず	kaezu
Formal	代えます	かえます	kaemasu
Perfective	代えた	かえた	kaeta
Conjunctive	代えて	かえて	kaete
Hypothetical conditional	代えれば	かえれば	kaereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

に代(か)えて (ni kaete): in place of…
代(か)え (kae): change, alteration, substitute
入(い)れ代(か)える (irekaeru): replace, substitute
着(き)せ代(か)える (kisekaeru): change clothes on a doll
背(せ)に腹(はら)は代(か)えられない (se ni hara wa kaerarenai), 背(せ)に腹(はら)は代(か)えられぬ (se ni hara wa kaerarenu): not able to escape an urgent problem without making some sacrifice

Related terms

代(か)わる (kawaru): substitute, be substituted for
変(か)える (kaeru): change, alter, convert
換(か)える (kaeru): exchange, interchange
替(か)える (kaeru): replace, change to something new

References

^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK2-1] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]