شفق

See also: شقق, سقف, and شقف

Arabic

Root
ش ف ق (š f q)
5 terms

Verb

شَفَقَ • (šafaqa) I (non-past يَشْفُقُ (yašfuqu) or يَشْفِقُ (yašfiqu), verbal noun شَفَق (šafaq) or شَفَقَة (šafaqa))

1. (construed with عَلَى (ʕalā)) to feel compassion with, have mercy upon, pardon
2. to love tenderly
3. (obsolete) to feel anxiety, to be cautious

Conjugation

    Conjugation of شَفَقَ (I, sound, impersonal passive, verbal nouns شَفَق, شَفَقَة)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						شَفَق, شَفَقَة šafaq, šafaqa
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						شَافِق šāfiq
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَشْفُوق mašfūq
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شَفَقْتُ šafaqtu	شَفَقْتَ šafaqta	شَفَقَ šafaqa		شَفَقْتُمَا šafaqtumā	شَفَقَا šafaqā		شَفَقْنَا šafaqnā	شَفَقْتُمْ šafaqtum	شَفَقُوا šafaqū
	f		شَفَقْتِ šafaqti	شَفَقَتْ šafaqat			شَفَقَتَا šafaqatā			شَفَقْتُنَّ šafaqtunna	شَفَقْنَ šafaqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَشْفُقُ, أَشْفِقُ ʔašfuqu, ʔašfiqu	تَشْفُقُ, تَشْفِقُ tašfuqu, tašfiqu	يَشْفُقُ, يَشْفِقُ yašfuqu, yašfiqu		تَشْفُقَانِ, تَشْفِقَانِ tašfuqāni, tašfiqāni	يَشْفُقَانِ, يَشْفِقَانِ yašfuqāni, yašfiqāni		نَشْفُقُ, نَشْفِقُ našfuqu, našfiqu	تَشْفُقُونَ, تَشْفِقُونَ tašfuqūna, tašfiqūna	يَشْفُقُونَ, يَشْفِقُونَ yašfuqūna, yašfiqūna
	f		تَشْفُقِينَ, تَشْفِقِينَ tašfuqīna, tašfiqīna	تَشْفُقُ, تَشْفِقُ tašfuqu, tašfiqu			تَشْفُقَانِ, تَشْفِقَانِ tašfuqāni, tašfiqāni			تَشْفُقْنَ, تَشْفِقْنَ tašfuqna, tašfiqna	يَشْفُقْنَ, يَشْفِقْنَ yašfuqna, yašfiqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَشْفُقَ, أَشْفِقَ ʔašfuqa, ʔašfiqa	تَشْفُقَ, تَشْفِقَ tašfuqa, tašfiqa	يَشْفُقَ, يَشْفِقَ yašfuqa, yašfiqa		تَشْفُقَا, تَشْفِقَا tašfuqā, tašfiqā	يَشْفُقَا, يَشْفِقَا yašfuqā, yašfiqā		نَشْفُقَ, نَشْفِقَ našfuqa, našfiqa	تَشْفُقُوا, تَشْفِقُوا tašfuqū, tašfiqū	يَشْفُقُوا, يَشْفِقُوا yašfuqū, yašfiqū
	f		تَشْفُقِي, تَشْفِقِي tašfuqī, tašfiqī	تَشْفُقَ, تَشْفِقَ tašfuqa, tašfiqa			تَشْفُقَا, تَشْفِقَا tašfuqā, tašfiqā			تَشْفُقْنَ, تَشْفِقْنَ tašfuqna, tašfiqna	يَشْفُقْنَ, يَشْفِقْنَ yašfuqna, yašfiqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَشْفُقْ, أَشْفِقْ ʔašfuq, ʔašfiq	تَشْفُقْ, تَشْفِقْ tašfuq, tašfiq	يَشْفُقْ, يَشْفِقْ yašfuq, yašfiq		تَشْفُقَا, تَشْفِقَا tašfuqā, tašfiqā	يَشْفُقَا, يَشْفِقَا yašfuqā, yašfiqā		نَشْفُقْ, نَشْفِقْ našfuq, našfiq	تَشْفُقُوا, تَشْفِقُوا tašfuqū, tašfiqū	يَشْفُقُوا, يَشْفِقُوا yašfuqū, yašfiqū
	f		تَشْفُقِي, تَشْفِقِي tašfuqī, tašfiqī	تَشْفُقْ, تَشْفِقْ tašfuq, tašfiq			تَشْفُقَا, تَشْفِقَا tašfuqā, tašfiqā			تَشْفُقْنَ, تَشْفِقْنَ tašfuqna, tašfiqna	يَشْفُقْنَ, يَشْفِقْنَ yašfuqna, yašfiqna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اُشْفُقْ, اِشْفِقْ ušfuq, išfiq			اُشْفُقَا, اِشْفِقَا ušfuqā, išfiqā				اُشْفُقُوا, اِشْفِقُوا ušfuqū, išfiqū
	f		اُشْفُقِي, اِشْفِقِي ušfuqī, išfiqī							اُشْفُقْنَ, اِشْفِقْنَ ušfuqna, išfiqna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	—	—	شُفِقَ šufiqa		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	يُشْفَقُ yušfaqu		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	يُشْفَقَ yušfaqa		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	يُشْفَقْ yušfaq		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—

Verb

شَفَّقَ • (šaffaqa) II (non-past يُشَفِّقُ (yušaffiqu), verbal noun تَشْفِيق (tašfīq))

1. (obsolete) to overcautiously produce in but a scanty fashion

Conjugation

    Conjugation of شَفَّقَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَشْفِيق)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَشْفِيق tašfīq
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُشَفِّق mušaffiq
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُشَفَّق mušaffaq
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شَفَّقْتُ šaffaqtu	شَفَّقْتَ šaffaqta	شَفَّقَ šaffaqa		شَفَّقْتُمَا šaffaqtumā	شَفَّقَا šaffaqā		شَفَّقْنَا šaffaqnā	شَفَّقْتُمْ šaffaqtum	شَفَّقُوا šaffaqū
	f		شَفَّقْتِ šaffaqti	شَفَّقَتْ šaffaqat			شَفَّقَتَا šaffaqatā			شَفَّقْتُنَّ šaffaqtunna	شَفَّقْنَ šaffaqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُشَفِّقُ ʔušaffiqu	تُشَفِّقُ tušaffiqu	يُشَفِّقُ yušaffiqu		تُشَفِّقَانِ tušaffiqāni	يُشَفِّقَانِ yušaffiqāni		نُشَفِّقُ nušaffiqu	تُشَفِّقُونَ tušaffiqūna	يُشَفِّقُونَ yušaffiqūna
	f		تُشَفِّقِينَ tušaffiqīna	تُشَفِّقُ tušaffiqu			تُشَفِّقَانِ tušaffiqāni			تُشَفِّقْنَ tušaffiqna	يُشَفِّقْنَ yušaffiqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُشَفِّقَ ʔušaffiqa	تُشَفِّقَ tušaffiqa	يُشَفِّقَ yušaffiqa		تُشَفِّقَا tušaffiqā	يُشَفِّقَا yušaffiqā		نُشَفِّقَ nušaffiqa	تُشَفِّقُوا tušaffiqū	يُشَفِّقُوا yušaffiqū
	f		تُشَفِّقِي tušaffiqī	تُشَفِّقَ tušaffiqa			تُشَفِّقَا tušaffiqā			تُشَفِّقْنَ tušaffiqna	يُشَفِّقْنَ yušaffiqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُشَفِّقْ ʔušaffiq	تُشَفِّقْ tušaffiq	يُشَفِّقْ yušaffiq		تُشَفِّقَا tušaffiqā	يُشَفِّقَا yušaffiqā		نُشَفِّقْ nušaffiq	تُشَفِّقُوا tušaffiqū	يُشَفِّقُوا yušaffiqū
	f		تُشَفِّقِي tušaffiqī	تُشَفِّقْ tušaffiq			تُشَفِّقَا tušaffiqā			تُشَفِّقْنَ tušaffiqna	يُشَفِّقْنَ yušaffiqna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		شَفِّقْ šaffiq			شَفِّقَا šaffiqā				شَفِّقُوا šaffiqū
	f		شَفِّقِي šaffiqī							شَفِّقْنَ šaffiqna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شُفِّقْتُ šuffiqtu	شُفِّقْتَ šuffiqta	شُفِّقَ šuffiqa		شُفِّقْتُمَا šuffiqtumā	شُفِّقَا šuffiqā		شُفِّقْنَا šuffiqnā	شُفِّقْتُمْ šuffiqtum	شُفِّقُوا šuffiqū
	f		شُفِّقْتِ šuffiqti	شُفِّقَتْ šuffiqat			شُفِّقَتَا šuffiqatā			شُفِّقْتُنَّ šuffiqtunna	شُفِّقْنَ šuffiqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُشَفَّقُ ʔušaffaqu	تُشَفَّقُ tušaffaqu	يُشَفَّقُ yušaffaqu		تُشَفَّقَانِ tušaffaqāni	يُشَفَّقَانِ yušaffaqāni		نُشَفَّقُ nušaffaqu	تُشَفَّقُونَ tušaffaqūna	يُشَفَّقُونَ yušaffaqūna
	f		تُشَفَّقِينَ tušaffaqīna	تُشَفَّقُ tušaffaqu			تُشَفَّقَانِ tušaffaqāni			تُشَفَّقْنَ tušaffaqna	يُشَفَّقْنَ yušaffaqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُشَفَّقَ ʔušaffaqa	تُشَفَّقَ tušaffaqa	يُشَفَّقَ yušaffaqa		تُشَفَّقَا tušaffaqā	يُشَفَّقَا yušaffaqā		نُشَفَّقَ nušaffaqa	تُشَفَّقُوا tušaffaqū	يُشَفَّقُوا yušaffaqū
	f		تُشَفَّقِي tušaffaqī	تُشَفَّقَ tušaffaqa			تُشَفَّقَا tušaffaqā			تُشَفَّقْنَ tušaffaqna	يُشَفَّقْنَ yušaffaqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُشَفَّقْ ʔušaffaq	تُشَفَّقْ tušaffaq	يُشَفَّقْ yušaffaq		تُشَفَّقَا tušaffaqā	يُشَفَّقَا yušaffaqā		نُشَفَّقْ nušaffaq	تُشَفَّقُوا tušaffaqū	يُشَفَّقُوا yušaffaqū
	f		تُشَفَّقِي tušaffaqī	تُشَفَّقْ tušaffaq			تُشَفَّقَا tušaffaqā			تُشَفَّقْنَ tušaffaqna	يُشَفَّقْنَ yušaffaqna

Noun

شَفَق • (šafaq) m (plural أَشْفَاق (ʔašfāq))

1. verbal noun of شَفَقَ (šafaqa, “to feel compassion with, have mercy upon”) (form I)
2. compassion, tender sympathy
3. ruddy light
   1. the evening twilight; afterglow, crepuscule; gloaming

      Coordinate term: غَلَسَ (ḡalasa, “the morning twilight”)

4. (obsolete) heed, anxiety, precaution
5. (obsolete) a kind of tenuously red garment
6. (obsolete) aloof region confining on a location, tract of the coast or the like (The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought:)

   Synonyms: عِرَاق (ʕirāq), نَاحِيَة (nāḥiya), مَجَاز (majāz), عِرْض (ʕirḍ), سَوَاد (sawād), صُقْل (ṣuql), عَضُد (ʕaḍud)

Declension

Declension of noun شَفَق (šafaq)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	شَفَق šafaq	الشَّفَق aš-šafaq	شَفَق šafaq
Nominative	شَفَقٌ šafaqun	الشَّفَقُ aš-šafaqu	شَفَقُ šafaqu
Accusative	شَفَقًا šafaqan	الشَّفَقَ aš-šafaqa	شَفَقَ šafaqa
Genitive	شَفَقٍ šafaqin	الشَّفَقِ aš-šafaqi	شَفَقِ šafaqi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	شَفَقَيْن šafaqayn	الشَّفَقَيْن aš-šafaqayn	شَفَقَيْ šafaqay
Nominative	شَفَقَانِ šafaqāni	الشَّفَقَانِ aš-šafaqāni	شَفَقَا šafaqā
Accusative	شَفَقَيْنِ šafaqayni	الشَّفَقَيْنِ aš-šafaqayni	شَفَقَيْ šafaqay
Genitive	شَفَقَيْنِ šafaqayni	الشَّفَقَيْنِ aš-šafaqayni	شَفَقَيْ šafaqay
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَشْفَاق ʔašfāq	الْأَشْفَاق al-ʔašfāq	أَشْفَاق ʔašfāq
Nominative	أَشْفَاقٌ ʔašfāqun	الْأَشْفَاقُ al-ʔašfāqu	أَشْفَاقُ ʔašfāqu
Accusative	أَشْفَاقًا ʔašfāqan	الْأَشْفَاقَ al-ʔašfāqa	أَشْفَاقَ ʔašfāqa
Genitive	أَشْفَاقٍ ʔašfāqin	الْأَشْفَاقِ al-ʔašfāqi	أَشْفَاقِ ʔašfāqi

Descendants

• Maltese: xefaq
• → Azerbaijani: şəfəq
• → Kazakh: шапақ (şapaq)
• → Northern Kurdish: şebeq
• → Persian: شفق
• → Turkish: şafak

References

• Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, pages 715–716
• Freytag, Georg (1833) “شفق”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 435
• Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “شفق”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎^[2] (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, pages 1249–1250
• Lane, Edward William (1863) “شفق”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎^[3], London: Williams & Norgate, page 1573
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شفق”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[4], London: W.H. Allen, page 547
• Wehr, Hans (1979) “شفق”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 559

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic شَفَق (šafaq).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ʃa.ˈfaq]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃä.fǽq]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃä.fǽq]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʃä.fǽq]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʃä.fǽq]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃæ.fǽɢ̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃä.fǽq]

Readings
Classical reading?	šafaq
Dari reading?	šafaq
Iranian reading?	šafağ
Tajik reading?	šafaq

Noun

شفق • (šafaq)

1. the evening twilight, afterglow, crepuscule

Further reading

• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “شفق”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim