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36°16′29″N 114°24′01″E / 36.2748°N 114.4002°E
Ye or Yecheng (simplified Chinese: 邺城; traditional Chinese: 鄴城; pinyin: Yèchéng; Wade–Giles: Yeh4-ch'eng2) was an ancient Chinese city located in what is now Linzhang County, Handan, Hebei province and neighbouring Anyang, Henan province.
Ye was first built in the Spring and Autumn period by Duke Huan of Qi, and by the time of the Warring States period the city belonged to the state of Wei. During the Han dynasty, Ye was the seat of Wei Commandery and an important regional center. Following the collapse of Han rule, Ye served as the military headquarters of the warlords Yuan Shao and Cao Cao. Under the latter's rule, Ye transformed into a political and economic center of China during the Three Kingdoms period, and during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern dynasties, it served as the capital for the Later Zhao, Ran Wei, Former Yan, Eastern Wei and Northern Qi dynasties.
History
editIn 204, Cao Cao wrestled the city of Ye from Yuan Shao's son Yuan Shang. As the preceding battle of Ye had destroyed the inner city, Cao Cao set about rebuilding the city in the mold of an imperial capital.[1] He initiated a number of works in Ye, digging canals in and around the city to improve irrigation and drainage, building the Hall of Civil Splendour (文昌殿) which was to become the centerpiece of Ye's palace complex,[2] and erecting the Bronze Bird Terrace in 210 that became much-celebrated in Chinese poetry. Cao Cao's impact on Ye was so extensive that he alone, more than any ruler of the city before and after, is associated with the city of Ye in the Chinese cultural memory.[3] Ironically, after Cao Cao's grandson Cao Huan was forced to abdicate to Sima Yan in February 266, Cao Huan was relocated to Ye where he lived for the rest of his life.[4]
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Ye was an important city for the Jie-led Later Zhao dynasty that unified most of northern China, later becoming its capital in 335 during the reign of Shi Hu. After Shi Hu's death, his adopted grandson, Ran Min, forcibly seized the city, where he founded the short-lived Ran Wei state in 350. The Xianbei-led Former Yan dynasty soon conquered Ran Wei in 352, and Ye became their capital from 357 up till its fall in 370.[5]
In the 490s, Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moved his capital from Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi) to Luoyang. This move was not welcomed by all. Antagonism grew between Xiaowen and his sinicized court and those who preferred to cling to the traditional Tuoba tribal ways, and it only increased with further changes calling for the abandonment of Tuoba dress and names. Eventually, under the leadership of Gao Huan (a Chinese general who was Tuoba in his ways and "outlook"[6]), the sinicization-dissenting 'northern garrisons' mutinied and captured Luoyang in 534. "At three days' notice its inhabitants were required to accompany Gao Huan to his own base, the city of Ye...where he declared himself the first Eastern Wei emperor."[7] "During most of the sixth century Ho-pei (Hebei) was the heart of an independent state with its capital at Yeh [Ye]...."[8] It remained the capital of the Eastern Wei dynasty and the Northern Qi dynasty until 580. At that time Ye was being used by a resistance force led by Yuchi Jiong, which was defeated by Yang Jian, founder of the Sui dynasty, and the city was razed to the ground.
Some scholars, such as Ku Chi-kuang[9] reported that the Hebei region continued to harbour separatist sympathies into the Tang dynasty. It was the region from which An Lushan launched his rebellion during the reign of the Tang Emperor Xuanzong. The city was razed after the rebellion's failure.
Extensive excavations of the city have been made in recent years, allowing Chinese historians to make detailed plans of the site. In 2012, archaeologists unearthed nearly 3,000 Buddha statues during a dig outside Ye. Most of the statues are made of white marble and limestone, and could date back to the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi dynasties (534–577 CE).[10]
A community of merchant Sogdians resided in Northern Qi era Ye.[11]
References
edit- ^ Tsao 2020, p. 16.
- ^ de Crespigny 2010, pp. 334–6.
- ^ Tsao 2020, p. 3.
- ^ ([咸熙二年十二月]甲子，使使者奉策。遂改次于金墉城，而终馆于邺，时年二十。) Sanguzohi, vol.04
- ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
- ^ Arthur Cotterell. The Imperial Capitals of China: An Inside view of the Celestial Empire. London: Pimlico, 2007, page 93.
- ^ Cotterell, p. 93
- ^ E. G. Pulleyblank. The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-Shan. Oxford University Press, London Oriental Series, Volume 4., 1966. Page 76.
- ^ "Ku Chi-kuang, "An-Shih Luan ch'ien chih Ho-pei Tao', Yen-ching Hsueh-pao 19 (1936), pp. 197-209
- ^ "Pictures: 3,000 Ancient Buddhas Unearthed in China". National Geographic. 2012-04-17. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7.
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2010). Imperial warlord : a biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18522-7.
- Tsao, Joanne (2020). The city of Ye in the Chinese literary landscape. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-42014-4. OCLC 1141200097.